Timeline of historical geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and significant changes in territory (viz. land annexation, cession or secession).

 2000s   1900s   1800s   1700s   1600s   1500s   1400s   1300s   1200s   1100s   1000s 
 1st Millennium CE   1st Millennium BCE   2nd Millennium BCE   3rd Millennium BCE   4th Millennium BCE 

Africa Asia Europe Oceania North America South America Antarctica

Maps

Changes usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as some unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.

Not all maps of the world of an age or period will be the same throughout the globe as different mapmakers (or their employers) may have different views on the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the countries of the world or possess different levels of technological and geographical insight, the maps created by them might differ significantly.

Common Era

2010s

YearDateEvent
2018 April 19The Kingdom of Swaziland changes its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini. Mbabane remains the capital.[1]
February 2The International Court of Justice (ICJ) rules that a strip of northern Isla Portillos of at the mouth of the San Juan River in Nicaragua belongs to Costa Rica.[2]
January 1Belgium and The Netherlands finalize an exchange of territory along the Meuse River.[3]. The agreement, initially signed on November 28, 2016, involves a one-for-two swap of three tiny islands, with the Netherlands gaining 24.7 acres (10.0 ha) of land near Oost-Maarland, so that pene-exclaves caused by the straightening of the Meuse can be fixed. Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden, which were formerly Belgian, were swapped for a former Dutch piece of land, Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier.[4]
2017 April 9Following a referendum, the Republic of South Ossetia changes its name to the Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania.
February 21The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh a day after a constitutional referendum takes place. The Republic of Azerbaijan continues to consider Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory, a position shared by the United Nations.[5][6]
January 29The Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.[7][8]
2016May 2The Czech Republic votes to adopt Czechia as its official short-form name in English.[9]
2015December 16The International Court of Justice (ICJ) cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving the Costa Rica–Nicaragua San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.[10]
December 11By presidential decree, the Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia.[11][12]
November 12Pakistan formally agrees to lease its Gwadar Port to China until 2059.[13]
June 6India and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves along their borders, simplifying the border.[14]
May 8Niger and Burkina Faso, in continuation with the implementation of the judgement of the International Court of Justice concerning the 2013 Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case, agreed to exchange 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain four).[15]
March 21After the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, the capital of Yemen is provisionally moved from Sana'a to Aden.
2014| May 11The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare their independence from Ukraine following a status referendum. Donetsk and Luhansk are proclaimed as their capitals. The referendum's results and the so-called republics' declarations were internationally unrecognized.
March 18The Republic of Crimea was annexed by the Russian Federation as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol. Ukraine itself and much of the international community maintain that Crimea is illegally occupied by Russia and legally remains an integral region of Ukraine.[16]
January 27The maritime dispute between Chile and Peru is resolved.[17]
2013October 24The Republic of Cape Verde decrees the official English-language rendering of its name to be the Republic of Cabo Verde,[18] following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste (neither of which use English as an official language).
September 28The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist with the loss of Zamboanga City.[19]
July 27The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik declares independence from the Philippines and claims all of Malaysian Borneo.[20]
April 16A border dispute between Niger and Burkina Faso is finally resolved, resulting in minor changes to the previously recognized border.
January 7The Libyan National Congress unofficially changes the name of the country from Libya to the State of Libya, which will be used until a new constitution is adopted.[21]
2012November 29The United Nations votes to upgrade Palestine's status from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.[22]
November 19Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia.[23]
August 20The Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
July 12The State of Azawad capitulates and is taken over by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group aiming for establishing Mali as an Islamist state, effectively being reabsorbed by the Republic of Mali.[24]
May 26Georgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital.
April 6Azawad proclaims its independence from the Republic of Mali as the State of Azawad[25] with Timbuktu as its capital.
January 1The Hungarian Republic changes its name to Hungary.[26]
2011December 31Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping December 30 entirely.[27]
October 23Libya supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya after its defeat at the Battle of Sirte by the National Transitional Council.
September 1Due to the loss of Tripoli on August 27, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya moves its capital from Tripoli to Sirte.
August 27The National Transitional Council takes over Tripoli, moving its capital from Benghazi to Tripoli.
July 9Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan after a referendum the previous January, with Juba as its capital.
March 31The French Republic accepts Mayotte in the Comoro Islands as the Department of Mayotte.
February 27After the Libyan Civil War started on February 15, the National Transitional Council was formed to act as "the political face of the revolution", based in Benghazi.[28]
February 2The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji.
January 11The People's Republic of China has received 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) from Tajikistan after a final ratification of a treaty ceding it[29]
2010October 21The Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
October 10The Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles and makes Curaçao and Sint Maarten two of its four constituent countries. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands.


2000s

YearDateEvent
2009September 1The United Kingdom changes the name of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital.
February 7The Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. La Paz and Sucre remain the capitals.
2008August 27The Russian Federation recognizes the independence of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia from Georgia. Georgia and much of the international community maintain that they are both were illegally occupied by Russia during Russo-Georgian War and legally remain integral regions of Georgia. Their capitals are Tskhinval and Sukhumi, respectively.
May 28The State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
February 17The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija declares its independence from the Republic of Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. Priština remains the capital. Serbia maintains that Kosovo remains a part of Serbia.
2007October 22The Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
February 21The French Republic separates the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy and the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Martin from the Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Gustavia and Marigot are the capitals respectively.
January 15The Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal. Kathmandu remains the capital.
2006October 7The Republic of Palau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud.
August 14The Federal Republic of Nigeria transfers sovereignty of Bakassi to the Republic of Cameroon.
June 5The Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
June 3Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as the Republic of Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
2005November 6The Union of Myanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw.
2004September 1The Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
February 27The French Republic elevates the Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia. Papeetē remains the capital.
January 4The Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
2003May 26The Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda. Kigali remains the capital.
March 28The French Republic revises its constitution. New polities include:
February 4The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
2002May 21The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its British Dependent Territories to that of a British Overseas Territory. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship.
May 20East Timor gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. East Timor was occupied by Indonesia in 1975, and was placed under United Nations administration in 1999. Dili remains the capital.
March 10The Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital.
February 14The State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
2001December 23The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
November 13The Islamic State of Afghanistan supersedes the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
July 1The "temporarily independent" Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as part of the Somali Republic. Garowe yields to Mogadishu as the capital.
JanuaryTaloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan government, falls to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad.
2000July 16Somalia changes its name to the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
February 6The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Russian Federation. Ƶovxar-Ġala (Grozny) yields to Moscow as the capital.

20th century

1990s

YearDateEvent
1999December 31The United States of America transfers full ownership of the Panama Canal Zone to the Republic of Panama.
December 20The Republic of Venezuela changes its name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Caracas remains the capital.
The Portuguese Republic transfers sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China as the Macau Special Administrative Region.
June 10The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo is formed in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
March 19The French Republic renames its Territory of New Caledonia as the special collectivity of New Caledonia in preparation for eventual independence. Nouméa remains the capital.
1998December 24The Republic of Bougainville is taken over by Papua New Guinea. Buka remains the capital.
December 16Part of the undefined border in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is defined by Chile and Argentina.
August 1The Puntland State of Somalia declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Garowe remains the capital.
July 22The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji supersedes the Republic of the Fiji Islands. Suva remains the capital.
May 6The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Aqmola to Astana.
1997December 10The Republic of Kazakhstan moves its capital from Almaty to Aqmola.
August 11The Democratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Fomboni remains the capital.
August 3The State of Anjouan declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Mutsamudu remains the capital.
July 4Independent State of Western Samoa changes its name to the Independent State of Samoa. Apia remains the capital.
July 1The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
May 25The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved to Taloqan from Mazar-i-Sharif.
May 17The Republic of Zaire changes its name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa remains the capital.
The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name to the Republic of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
1996September 26The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is formed, and declares its capital Kabul, captured from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, whose capital moves to Mazar-i-Sharif
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria changes the name of its capital Grozny to Dzokhar-Ghala.
The United Republic of Tanzania moves its capital from Dar-es-Salaam to Dodoma.
1995December 14The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to form Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
August 24The Republic of Georgia is renamed Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital.
August 22Ethiopia is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
August 7The Republic of Western Bosnia is taken over by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
July 26The Republic of Western Bosnia declares independence from the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
January 1The International Date Line is moved around Kiribati.
1994October 21The Laguna del Desierto, claimed by Chile, is awarded to Argentina by arbitration.
October 1Palau gains full independence from the United States of America as the Republic of Palau. Koror is the capital.
July 7The Democratic Republic of Yemen is reunited with Yemen.
May 21The Democratic Republic of Yemen secedes from Yemen. Aden is the capital.
April 27The nominally independent republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei are incorporated back into the Republic of South Africa.
March 1The Republic of South Africa transfers the sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands to the Republic of Namibia.
1993September 24The restored Kingdom of Cambodia supersedes the State of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Alma-Ata to Almaty.
May 24The State of Eritrea secedes from the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Asmara is the capital.
May 5The Republic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek remains the capital.
January 1The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic gain full independence with the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia). Prague remains the capital of the Czech Republic and Bratislava remains the capital of the Slovakia.
1992September 22The Republic of Kosova declares independence from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Pristina is the capital.
September 12The Democratic Republic of Madagascar changes its name to the Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
August 27The People's Republic of Angola changes its name to the Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
August 12The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed the Republika Srpska. Srpsko Sarajevo remains the capital.
July 23The Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of Abkhazia. Sukhumi remains the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Federation and declares the succession illegal.
May 29South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia.
April 27The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
April 6The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital.
March 15The State of Cambodia is taken over by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in order to put the government-in-exile National Government of Cambodia back in power.
March 12The Chechen Republic is renamed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
February 12Mongolia supersedes the Mongolian People's Republic. Ulaanbaatar remains the capital.
January 15The Socialist Republic of Slovenia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana remains the capital.
The Socialist Republic of Croatia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Croatia . Zagreb remains the capital.
January 12The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declares independence from the Republic of Azerbaijan.
1991December 25The Russian Federation (Russia) supersedes both the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Moscow remains the capital.
December 16The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata remains the capital until 1997.
December 12The Federal Republic of Nigeria moves its capital from Lagos to Abuja.
December 8The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine form the Commonwealth of Independent States as a successor organization to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Turkmenistan. Ashgabat remains the capital.
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent remains the capital.
November 28The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of South Ossetia. Tskhinvali is the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and declares the succession illegal.
November 1The Chechen Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Grozny is the capital
September 21The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
September 9The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe remains the capital.
September 8The Socialist Republic of Macedonia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje remains the capital. The Hellenic Republic protests the name of the new nation.
September 6The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
September 2The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Stepanakert remains the capital. The Republic of Azerbaijan considers Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory.
August 31The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The capital Frunze is renamed Bishkek.
August 30The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Azerbaijan. Baku remains the capital.
August 27The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Moldova. Chişinău remains the capital. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory.
August 25The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital.
August 24The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Ukraine. Kiev remains the capital.
August 21The Republic of Latvia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Latvia. Riga remains the capital.
August 20The Republic of Estonia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital.
August 19The Gagauz Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
June 10The People's Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of the Congo.
May 28The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is renamed Ethiopia. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
May 18The Republic of Somaliland declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Hargeisa is the capital. The international community considers Somaliland to be part of Somalia's sovereign territory.[30][31]
April 29The Republic of Albania supersedes the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
April 9The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital.
February 26The State of Kuwait regains its independence. Iraq relinquishes its claim to Kuwait.
1990December 1The Republic of Mozambique supersedes the People's Republic of Mozambique. Maputo remains the capital.
November 15The People's Republic of Bulgaria changes its name to the Republic of Bulgaria. Sofia remains the capital.
October 3The German Democratic Republic merges into the Federal Republic of Germany. Unified Germany regains full sovereignty and Allied occupation ends. Bonn yields to Berlin as the capital.
September 2The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tiraspol remains the capital.
August 28Iraq annexes the Republic of Kuwait as the Kuwait Governorate.
August 25The Republic of Abkhazia declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Sukhumi is the capital.
August 4The State of Kuwait changes its name to the Republic of Kuwait. Kuwait City remains the capital.
July 27The Byelorussian SSR declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital.
July 25The Republic of Fiji is renamed the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
May 22The Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) reunite to form the Republic of Yemen. Aden yields to San'a' as the capital.
May 17The Republic of Bougainville declares independence from Papua New Guinea. Buka is the capital.
May 8The Estonian SSR is renamed the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital.
May 4The Latvian SSR is renamed the Republic of Latvia and it declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Latvia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Riga remains the capital.
April 23The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic changes its name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Prague remains the capital.
March 30The Estonian SSR declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Estonia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tallinn remains the capital.
March 21South West Africa gains independence from South Africa as the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek remains the capital.
March 11The Republic of Chile moves its legislative capital from Santiago to Valparaíso. Santiago remains the administrative capital.
The Lithuanian SSR re-declares full independence as the Republic of Lithuania from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Vilnius remains the capital.
March 1The People's Republic of Benin changes its name to the Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
February 3The government-in-exile Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea becomes the National Government of Cambodia.

1980s

YearDateEvent
1989December 30The Polish People's Republic changes its name to the Republic of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
December 22The Socialist Republic of Romania changes its name to Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
October 23The Hungarian People's Republic changes its name to the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
September 30The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia secede from the Senegambia Confederation. Dakar remains the capital of Senegal. Banjul is again the capital of The Gambia.
September 26The Socialist Republic of Vietnam ends its occupation of the State of Cambodia.
June 18The Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Myanmar. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
The Federated States of Micronesia moves its capital from Kolonia to Palikir on Pohnpei.
May 1The State of Cambodia supersedes the People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
February 15The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ends its occupation of the Republic of Afghanistan.
1988November 16The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares sovereignty over the laws of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
November 15The State of Palestine declares independence from the State of Israel. It claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, territories considered to be occupied by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. East Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital.[32]
September 18The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital.
1987November 30The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
October 7The Republic of Fiji supersedes the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
February 22The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia supersedes the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg). Addis Ababa remains the capital.
January 1New Zealand becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Constitution Act. Wellington remains the capital.
1986November 4The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands becomes an insular area of the United States dissolving the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
November 3The eastern Caroline Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Federated States of Micronesia. Kolonia on Pohnpei is the capital.
October 21The Marshall Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Majuro is the capital.
April 15The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
March 3The Commonwealth of Australia becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Australia Act. Canberra remains the capital.
January 1Aruba leaves the Netherlands Antilles to become one of three constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following a change of the Charter for the Kingdom. Oranjestad is the capital.
1985October 12The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire supersedes the Republic of Ivory Coast. Yamoussoukro remains the capital.
October 10The Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
October 3In the Falkland Islands disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom, the Falkland Islands Dependencies becomes a separate territory known as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
1984November 29The Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina is solved. Argentina recognizes Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands as Chilean.
August 15Bourkina-Fasso changes its name to Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
August 4The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Bourkina-Fasso. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
February 4The Republic of Cameroon supersedes the United Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
January 1Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam). Bandar Seri Begawan remains the capital.
1983November 15The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from the Republic of Cyprus. North Nicosia is the capital. The international community considers the northern part of the island as Republic of Cyprus territory under Turkish occupation.
September 19The British Dependent Territory of Saint Christopher and Nevis gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis). Basseterre remains the capital.
March 21The Republic of Ivory Coast moves its capital from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro.
January 1The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its Crown Colonies to that of a British Dependent Territory.
1982August 15The unrecognized Kingdom of Rwenzururu is taken back by Uganda.
June 22Democratic Kampuchea becomes exiled from Kampuchea, despite being a widely recognized UN member state, becomes the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea.
June 14The United Kingdom recaptures the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) from the Argentine Republic. Britain restores the name of the capital Puerto Argentino to Stanley.
April 29The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka moves its capital from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte.
April 17The Dominion of Canada becomes a fully sovereign, independent state from the United Kingdom and is renamed to Canada after the passing of the Canada Act. Ottawa remains the capital.
April 18The Republic of Zimbabwe changes many colonial place names including that of its capital from Salisbury to Harare.
April 2The Argentine Republic seizes the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom. Argentina renames the Islands Islas Malvinas and Stanley the capital Puerto Argentino.
February 1The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia unite to form the Senegambia Confederation. Banjul yields to Dakar as the capital.
1981December 26The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone ceases to exist as the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq is fixed.
December 4The Republic of Ciskei is declared independent by the Republic of South Africa.
November 1Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom. St. John's remains the capital.
September 21The Crown Colony of Belize gains independence from the United Kingdom. Belmopan remains the capital.
1980December 19The United Kingdom divides the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla into the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher and Nevis and the Crown Colony of Anguilla. Basseterre remains the capital of Saint Christopher and Nevis, and The Valley becomes the capital of Anguilla.
July 30The New Hebrides gain independence from a British-French condominium as the Republic of Vanuatu. Port Vila remains the capital.
Israel passes the Jerusalem Law, expanding its declared capital of Jerusalem to include the annexed East Jerusalem. The United Nations declares the law null and void.
July 28Peruvian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Peru.
July 24The Republic of Vemerana is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
May 27The Republic of Vemerana declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
May 26Tafea is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.
April 18Southern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Salisbury remains the capital.
February 15Tafea declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium.

1970s

YearDateEvent
1979December 25The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupies the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
December 12The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia is dissolved as the United Kingdom regains control of Southern Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
October 27Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gain independence from the United Kingdom. Kingstown remains the capital.
October 1The United States of America dissolves the Panama Canal Zone and returns sovereignty to the Republic of Panama. The United States and Panama will jointly operate the Panama Canal until December 31, 1999.
September 20The Central African Empire changes its name back to the Central African Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
September 13The Republic of Venda is given independence by South Africa. Thohoyandou is the capital.
July 12The Gilbert Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati. South Tarawa remains the capital.
June 1The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) supersedes the Republic of Rhodesia, although neither are recognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
April 1Iran changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
March 26Israel agrees to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
February 22Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. Castries remains the capital.
February 11The Imperial State of Iran changes its name to Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
January 10The People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia). Phnom Penh remains the capital.
January 7The Socialist Republic of Vietnam occupies Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia).
1978December 29After a transition to democracy, the Spanish State is renamed the Kingdom of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
November 3Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of Dominica. Roseau remains the capital.
October 5The State of Comoros changes its name to the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. Moroni remains the capital.
October 1Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom. Funafuti remains the capital.
September 7The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka changes its name to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital.
July 7The Solomon Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom. Honiara on Guadalcanal remains the capital.
April 30The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Republic of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
1977December 6The Republic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent by South Africa. Mmabatho is the capital.
June 27The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas gains independence from the French Republic as the Republic of Djibouti. The city of Djibouti remains the capital.
March 2The Libyan Arab Republic changes its name to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Tripoli remains the capital.
1976December 28The Socialist People's Republic of Albania supersedes the People's Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
December 4The Central African Republic changes its name to the Central African Empire. Bangui remains the capital.
October 26The Republic of Transkei is given independence by South Africa. Mthatha is the capital.
August 7The Republic of North Solomons is taken by Papua New Guinea.
July 17The Republic of Indonesia declares that East Timor is the Indonesian Province of Timor Timur.
July 2The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam unite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City yields to Hanoi as the capital.
July 1The French Republic elevates its Overseas Territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to the Overseas Department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital.
June 29The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Seychelles. Victoria remains the capital.
June 24The Republic of the Philippines reinstates Manila as the capital. Quezon City, the capital from 1948, was incorporated with Manila and 15 surrounding suburbs to form Metro Manila. Baguio is no longer a summer capital.
June 23In the British Indian Ocean Territory, the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches are returned to Seychelles six days before its independence.
March 1Trinidad and Tobago is renamed the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Port-of-Spain remains the capital.
February 27The Polisario Front declares the creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the region known as Western Sahara. Laayoune is the proclaimed capital, while Tifariti serves as the temporary capital. Morocco considers the SADR part of its sovereign territory, while the United Nations considers Spain the administering state.
February 3The People's Republic of Mozambique changes the name of its capital from Lourenço Marques to Maputo.
1975December 30The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Antananarivo remains the capital.
December 7The Republic of Indonesia invades East Timor.
December 2Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) supersedes the Kingdom of Laos. Vientiane remains the capital.
November 30The Republic of Dahomey changes its name to the People's Republic of Benin. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
November 28The Portuguese colony of East Timor declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of East Timor. Dili remains the capital. Portugal and most other nations refuse to recognize the new government.
November 25Suriname (Dutch Guiana) gains full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the Republic of Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
November 22The restored Kingdom of Spain supersedes the Spanish State. Madrid remains the capital.
November 11Due to Angola achieving independence, Angolan Forces invaded the Republic of Cabinda, successfully taking it back.
November 14The Spanish State relinquishes control of Spanish Sahara. Both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania annex the region, now known as Western Sahara.
November 11The State of Angola gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital.
September 16The Territory of Papua and New Guinea gains independence from the Commonwealth of Australia as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby remains the capital.
September 1The Republic of North Solomons declares independence from Australia. Buka is the capital.
August 1The Republic of Cabinda declares independence from Portugal with little recognition. Cabinda is the capital.
July 12São Tomé and Príncipe gain independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The city of São Tomé remains the capital.
July 6The Comoros gain independence from the French Republic as the State of Comoros. Moroni on Grande Comore remains the capital.
July 5Cabo Verde gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Cape Verde. Praia on Santiago remains the capital.
June 25Mozambique gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Mozambique. Lourenço Marques remains the capital.
May 16The Kingdom of Sikkim unites with India as the State of Sikkim.
April 30The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam supersedes the Republic of Vietnam. The name of the capital is changed from Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City.
The capital of Malawi is moved from Zomba to Lilongwe
April 17Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes the Khmer Republic. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
1974December 13The Republic of Malta supersedes the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
October 19Niue becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing New Zealand citizenship.
September 10The Republic of Guinea changes its name to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and moves its capital from Madina do Boe to Bissau. The Portuguese Republic recognizes the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.
August 16Turkish army reach the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus, gaining about 40% of the territory of the island of Cyprus, after the invasion started on 20 July.
June 29The Tanna Nation is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
June 28The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) supersedes the Ethiopian Empire. Addis Ababa remains the capital.
March 24The Tanna Nation declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
February 22The Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
February 7Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. St. George's remains the capital.
January 4The Union of Burma changes its name to the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. Yangon remains the capital until 2005.
1973November 19Uruguay recognizes Martín García Island as Argentine.
September 24Portuguese Guinea declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Guinea. Recognition is limited. Madina do Boe is the temporary capital.
July 17The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
July 10The Bahamas gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Nassau remains the capital.
July 10The United Kingdom changes the name of its Crown Colony of British Honduras to the Crown Colony of Belize. Belmopan remains the capital.
June 1The Kingdom of Greece is renamed the Hellenic Republic
In the Gambia, the capital of Bathurst is renamed Banjul
1972June 2The United Republic of Cameroon supersedes the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
May 22The Dominion of Ceylon changes its name to the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
May 14Ryukyu Islands are returned to Japan
February 10The emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates. The city of Ras al-Khaimah yields to Abu Dhabi as the capital.
February 10The Island of Rockall Act 1972 formally incorporated Rockall into the United Kingdom
The capital of Indonesia, Djakarta, is renamed Jakarta
1971December 2The Trucial States gain full independence from the United Kingdom as the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi is the capital.
October 27The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to the Republic of Zaire. Kinshasa remains the capital.
October 25The Republic of China was replaced in the United Nations by the People's Republic of China.
September 3Qatar gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Qatar. Doha remains the capital.
September 1The Arab Republic of Egypt supersedes the United Arab Republic. Cairo remains the capital.
August 16Bahrain gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital.
April 19Sierra Leone is renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone
March 26The People's Republic of Bangladesh declares its independence from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Dhaka is the capital.
1970December 1The People's Republic of South Yemen changes its name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Aden remains the capital.
October 10Fiji gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital.
August 9The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is renamed the Sultanate of Oman
August 1The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of British Honduras from Belize City to Belmopan.
June 4The Kingdom of Tonga gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Nukuʻalofa remains the capital.
June 4The Gambia is renamed the Republic of the Gambia
March 18The Khmer Republic (Cambodia) supersedes the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh is the capital.
March 2Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declares itself the Republic of Rhodesia. Salisbury remains the capital.
March 2Guyana is renamed the Co-operative Republic of Guyana
January 15The Republic of Biafra capitulates and is reabsorbed by the military junta controlled Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu falls to Lagos.
January 3The Republic of the Congo is renamed the People's Republic of the Congo

1960s

YearDateEvent
1969December 18The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was divided, and the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was defined
October 21The Somali Democratic Republic supersedes the Somali Republic. Mogadishu remains the capital.
September 1After a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi, the Kingdom of Libya becomes the Libyan Arab Republic
May 25The Democratic Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Republic of the Sudan. Khartoum remains the capital.
March 19The Republic of Anguilla is taken back by the United Kingdom
January 4Ifni is ceded to Morocco
1968November 11The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
October 12Spanish Guinea gains independence from the Spanish State as the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Malabo remains the capital.
September 6The Kingdom of Swaziland gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Mbabane is the capital.
June 26The Allied occupied Bonin-Volcano Islands are given back to Japan
March 12Mauritius gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Mauritius. Port Louis remains the capital.
January 31Nauru gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship jointly administered by the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as the Republic of Nauru. Yaren remains the de facto capital.
1967November 7South Yemen declares its independence from the United Kingdom as the People's Republic of South Yemen. Aden is the capital.
September 20The Republic of Benin is taken over by Nigeria
September 19The Republic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra)
September 8Uganda is renamed the Republic of Uganda
August 17Biafra takes over the Benin region
August 14In Pakistan, the capital is moved from Rawalpindi to Islamabad
July 12The Republic of Anguilla declares independence from the United Kingdom
July 5French Somaliland is renamed French Territory of the Afars and Issas
June 10Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from the United Arab Republic (Egypt), the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria as a result of the Six-Day War.
May 30The Republic of Biafra secedes from the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu is the capital.[33]
January 24The Republic of the United States of Brazil changes its name to the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brasilia remains the capital.
1966November 30Barbados gains independence from the United Kingdom. Bridgetown remains the capital.
November 28The Republic of Burundi supersedes the Kingdom of Burundi. Bujumbura remains the capital.
November 24Río Encuentro-Alto Palena Dispute between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined by arbitration by Elizabeth II.
October 4The Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho. Maseru remains the capital.
September 30Bechuanaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana. Gaborone remains the capital.
July 6Nyasaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Malawi. Lilongwe remains the capital.
June 30The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes the name of its capital from Léopoldville to Kinshasa.
May 26The Crown Colony of British Guiana gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Georgetown remains the capital.
1965November 11The Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia issues its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom as Rhodesia, which goes unrecognized. Salisbury remains the capital.
November 8The United Kingdom creates the British Indian Ocean Territory from the Chagos Archipelago in Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from Seychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago
August 21The Romanian People's Republic changes its name to Socialist Republic of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
August 9The Republic of Singapore secedes from Malaysia. Singapore remains the capital.
August 4The Cook Islands becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing citizenship
July 26The British Protectorate over the Sultanate of Maldives ends. Male remains the capital.
February 18The Gambia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of the Gambia. Banjul remains the capital.
1964December 12Kenya is renamed Republic of Kenya
November 1The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
October 24Northern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia. Lusaka remains the capital.
September 21The Crown Colony of Malta gains independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital.
August 1The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) changes its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Léopoldville remains the capital.
July 6Malawi gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lilongwe remains the capital.
April 26The Republic of Tanganyika and the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Zanzibar City yields to Dar-es-Salaam as the capital.
March 4The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is established in the Republic of Cyprus between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities.
1963December 31Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland
December 15The Spanish colonies of Fernando Pó and Río Muni merge to form Spanish Guinea
December 12The Republic of Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Nairobi remains the capital.
December 10Independence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar from the United Kingdom
October 1The Federation of Nigeria is renamed the Federal Republic of Nigeria
September 23The United Suvadive Republic is reunited with the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo yields to Male as the capital.
September 16The Federation of Malaya unites with the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (Sabah) to form Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur remains the capital.
August 31Independence of the Republic of Singapore from the United Kingdom
June 30Independence of the Kingdom of Rwenzururu from Uganda with no recognition
May 1United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in New Guinea is transferred to Indonesia
April 25The Kingdom of Libya supersedes the United Kingdom of Libya. Tripoli remains the capital.
April 7The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
March 3The disputed area of the Trans-Karakoram Tract is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
January 15Katanga is taken back by Congo (Léopoldville)
The Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba gains independence from the United Kingdom. Zanzibar City remains the capital.
1962December 9Tanganyika is renamed the Republic of Tanganyika
November 21The disputed area of the Aksai Chin is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
November 14Eritrea becomes a province of the Ethiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation
October 9The Republic of Uganda gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kampala remains the capital.
October 1Netherlands New Guinea is transferred to United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
September 27Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) is overthrown by the Yemen Arab Republic. San'a becomes the capital.
September 26The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a
September 25Algeria becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
August 31The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago gains independence from the United Kingdom. Port of Spain remains the capital.
August 6The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of the Cayman Islands. George Town is the capital.
The Crown Colony of Jamaica gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kingston remains the capital.
July 3The French overseas department of Algeria gains independence from the French Republic. Algiers remains the capital.
July 1The Kingdom of Burundi and the Republic of Rwanda become independent from the Kingdom of Belgium. Bujumbura and Kigali are the respective capitals.
May 31The West Indies Federation is dissolved and member states return to their status as parts of the British West Indies. Chaguaramas yields to London as the capital. Most of the territories involved will become independent by 1983.
The Cayman Islands are split from Jamaica
Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands become their own separate British colonies
The British Leeward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, and Saint Kitts and Nevis
The British Windward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
March 3The United Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed in Antarctica an entity, the British Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty
January 1The Independent State of Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand. Apia remains the capital.
1961December 28The Syrian Arab Republic secedes from the United Arab Republic, leaving Egypt as the sole member of the federation. Cairo remains the capital of the UAR. Damascus is again the capital of Syria.
December 19The Republic of India annexes Goa, Daman and Diu from the Portuguese India.
December 9The Republic of Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital.
December 1The Netherlands New Guinea is renamed West Papua
October 1The southern portion of the British Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom and unites with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital.
September 28In the United Arab States, Syria leaves the United Arab Republic, returning to the name of the Syrian Arab Republic
September 28The Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli joins India, as Portugal ceases to claim it
September 28Portugal cedes São João Baptista de Ajudá to Dahomey
September 28Portuguese fort São João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah), is annexed by Dahomey
June 23The Antarctic Treaty System enters force to administer the continent of Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south.
June 19The State of Kuwait gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuwait City remains the capital.
May 31The Union of South Africa ceases to be a Commonwealth realm and changes its name to the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein remain the capitals.
Northern British Cameroon joins Nigeria
April 27The Republic of Sierra Leone gains independence from the United Kingdom. Freetown remains the capital.
January 14India annexes Portuguese India, and Portugal keeps claims on it
1960November 28The Islamic Republic of Mauritania gains independence from the French Republic. Nouakchott remains the capital.
October 1The Federation of Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lagos remains the capital.
September 22The Republic of Mali gains independence from the French Republic. Bamako remains the capital.
August 20The Republic of Senegal gains independence from the French Republic. Dakar remains the capital.
August 17The Gabonese Republic (Gabon) gains independence from the French Republic. Libreville remains the capital.
August 16The Republic of Cyprus gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lefkosia (Nicosia) remains the capital. The United Kingdom retains control of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
August 15The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gains independence from the French Republic. Brazzaville remains the capital.
August 13The Central African Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Bangui remains the capital.
August 11The Republic of Chad gains independence from the French Republic. N'Djamena remains the capital.
August 7The Côte d'Ivoire gains independence from the French Republic. Abidjan remains the capital.
August 5The Republic of Upper Volta gains independence from the French Republic. Ouagadougou remains the capital.
August 3The Republic of Niger gains independence from the French Republic. Niamey remains the capital.
August 1The Republic of Dahomey gains independence from the French Republic. Porto-Novo remains the capital.
The capital of Pakistan is moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi
July 11The Czechoslovak Republic changes its name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Prague remains the capital.
Independence of the State of Katanga from the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition
July 1The Somali Republic (Somalia) is created from a merger of the former colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. Mogadishu is the capital.
June 30The Belgian Congo gains independence from the Kingdom of Belgium as the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville). Léopoldville remains the capital.
June 26The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains independence from the French Republic. Antananarivo remains the capital.
June 20Independence of French Sudan from France with Senegal as the Mali Federation
April 27The Togolese Republic (Togo) gains independence from the French Republic. Lomé remains the capital.
April 21The Republic of the United States of Brazil moves its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.
January 1The Republic of Cameroun gains independence from the French Republic. Yaoundé remains the capital.
The British Virgin Islands become a separate colony from the West Indies Federation

1950s

YearDateEvent
1959July 4In the West Indies Federation, Turks and Caicos Islands becomes a separate colony from Jamaica
June 30Fernando Pó and Río Muni are merged to form Spanish Guinea.
April 4In French Africa, the colonies of Senegal and Soudan merge to form the Mali Federation.
January 3The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo is the capital.
1958December 19The French Colony of Niger joins the French Community
December 11The French Colony of Upper Volta joins the French Community
December 4The French Colony of Dahomey joins the French Community
The French Colony of Ivory Coast joins the French Community
December 1The French Colony of Ubangi-Shari joins the French Community as the Central African Republic
November 28Formation of the French Community:
  • The French Colony of Chad joins the French Community
  • The French Colony of Congo joins the French Community
  • The French Colony of Gabon joins the French Community
  • The French Colony of Mauritania joins the French Community
  • The French Colony of Senegal joins the French Community
  • The French Colony of French Sudan joins the French Community as Soudan
October 15The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains autonomy within the French Community. Antananarivo is the capital.
October 2The Republic of Guinea gains independence from the French Republic. Conakry is the capital.
October 1Sovereignty over Christmas Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia.
July 14The Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are created from the dissolution of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Baghdad remains the capital of Iraq. Amman is again the capital of Jordan.
April 10Spanish West Africa is disestablished:
March 8The United Arab States are created from Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and the United Arab Republic.
February 22The Egyptian Republic and the Syrian Arab Republic unite to form the United Arab Republic. Damascus yields to Cairo as the capital.
The French administered United Nations Trust Territory of French Togoland is renamed Togo.
February 14The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan unite to form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Amman yields to Baghdad as the capital.
January 12Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa.
January 3The United Kingdom establishes the West Indies Federation as a federation of most of the British West Indies, excluding the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas. The de jure capital is Chaguaramas on Trinidad and the de facto capital is Port of Spain on Trinidad.
1957August 31The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
August 14The Sherifian Empire is renamed the Kingdom of Morocco
July 25The Tunisian Realm is renamed the Tunisian Republic
March 6The Republic of Ghana gains independence from the United Kingdom. Accra is the capital.
January 1Saar is given to West Germany as the state of Saarland
1956December 13British Togoland is merged into the Gold Coast
October 29The international zone under joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium is reintegrated into Morocco
June 18The Egyptian Republic declares its complete independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo remains the capital.
April 7Spanish Morocco becomes part of Morocco
March 23Pakistan adopts a new constitution and changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Karachi remains the capital.
March 20The Tunisian Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Tunis is the capital.
March 2The Kingdom of Morocco gains independence from the French Republic. Rabat is the capital.
January 1The Republic of Sudan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Khartoum is the capital. Egypt relinquishes its claim to Sudan.
1955The Kingdom of Bhutan makes Thimphu the sole capital.
November 23The United Kingdom gives the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia
October 26The State of Vietnam is renamed the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)
September 18Rockall officially claimed by the United Kingdom
August 6The French overseas territory of Adélie Land and the Malagasy dependencies of the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam merge to form the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
May 15The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) regains its independence. Allied occupation ends. Vienna (German: Wien) is the capital.
1954December 20The French Republic recognizes the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital.
December 15The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Curaçao one of its three constituent countries as the Netherlands Antilles. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Surinam one of its three constituent countries as Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital.
October 26End of the Free Territory of Trieste, divided between Italy and Yugoslavia
August 11The Republic of India annexes Dadra and Nagar Haveli from the Portuguese India.
August 2In the Free Dadra, the capital is moved from Dadra to Silvassa
July 27The Free Dadra declared independence from Portugal with recognition only from India
March 7The Sultanate of Maldives supersedes the Republic of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
July 20The French Republic recognizes the independence of Vietnam divided between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Hanoi and Saigon are the respective capitals.
April 15Geneva Accords grant independence to Vietnam, provisionally divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam
1953November 9The Kingdom of Cambodia declares its independence from the French Republic. Phnom Penh is the capital.
October 22The Kingdom of Laos (Laos) gains independence from the French Republic. Vientiane is the capital.
August 1The British colonies of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland merge to form Rhodesia and Nyasaland
July 27The Korean Armistice Agreement is signed, establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone along the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
June 13The Egyptian Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Egypt. Cairo remains the capital.
April 15The United States of Venezuela is renamed the Republic of Venezuela[34]
January 1The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. Male remains the capital.
1952October 17The unrecognized Republic of the South Moluccas is taken back over by Indonesia
September 15Italian Eritrea is federated with the Ethiopian Empire
July 25The Territory of Puerto Rico becomes the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico upon ratification of the Constitution of Puerto Rico, choosing free association with the United States of America. San Juan remains the capital.
July 22The Republic of Poland changes its name to the Polish People's Republic. Warsaw remains the capital.
April 28End of Allied occupation of Japan
1951December 24The United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship, previously having been divided into the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica, British-administered Tripolitania and the French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames. Tripoli is the capital.
June 11Due to Portuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces, Portuguese East Africa is renamed Mozambique and Portuguese West Africa renamed Angola
May 23The unrecognized country of Tibet is taken over by China
February 15The Republic of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics exchange territory along their common border.
1950December 5The Kingdom of Sikkim signed a protectorate treaty with India, becoming a part of it
August 17The Republic of the United States of Indonesia becomes a unitary state and changes its name back to Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta remains the capital
April 25The Republic of the South Moluccas declares independence from Indonesia with no recognition
January 26The India adopts a republican constitution and changes its name to the Republic of India. New Delhi remains the capital.

1940s

YearDateEvent
1949December 27The Republic of Indonesia becomes a federation as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and its independence is formally recognised by the Netherlands. The capital returns to Jakarta from Yogyakarta.
December 8The government of the Republic of China leaves Mainland China for Taiwan where Taipei becomes the de facto capital.
December 5The State of Israel declares Jerusalem its official capital. Tel Aviv continues to serve as the de facto capital.
November 21The British administered protectorates of the Emirate of Cyrenaica, the occuptied territory of Tripolitania, and the French occupied territory of Fezzan merge to form a jointly administered Libya.
November 8The French Indochina remains form the French administered Kingdom of Cambodia
November 6The Australian administered Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua merge to form the Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
NovemberThe British occupied territory of Italian Somaliland is transferred to Italy as the Trust Territory of Somalia
October 20The Soviet backed East Turkestan Republic is taken over by the People's Republic of China
October 7The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established in occupied eastern Germany. East Berlin is the capital.
October 1Mao Zedong proclaims the People's Republic of China. Beijing is the capital.
September 9The Kingdom of Tripura merges with India
September 7The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is established in occupied western Germany. Bonn is the capital.
August 20The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
August 8The Indian protectorate of the Kingdom of Bhutan declares independence
July 19The area of Laos in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the Kingdom of Laos
June 20The 1948 Arab–Israeli War ends, resulting in former mandate territory split among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt
June 14The area of Vietnam in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the State of Vietnam, but North Vietnam still claims independence
May 23Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin established in U.S., British, and French occupation zones of Germany
May 11The Kingdom of Siam changes its name back to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
April 3The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
March 31The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as the Province of Newfoundland following the Newfoundland referendums. St. John's yields to Ottawa as the capital.
March 10Israel captures half of the land allotted to an Arab state under the Partition Plan, Jordan occupies the West Bank, and Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
March 2In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Central Java is established
March 1The Emirate of Cyrenaica is created from part of the British Military Administration of Libya. The capital is Benghazi.
1948November 26In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of East Java is established.
September 20Reorganization and naming of the Dutch colonies.
September 12The State of Hyderabad is reintegrated back into the Indian Union.
September 9Korea is divided between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Pyongyang and Seoul are the respective capitals.
August 30In the Dutch East Indies, the State of South Sumatra is established.
August 15Establishment of the Republic of Korea out of British/American/United Nations occupied Korea (South Korea).
July 17The Republic of the Philippines moves its capital from Manila to Quezon City.
May 14The State of Israel is established upon the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine. Tel Aviv is the capital.[35]
April 24In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is renamed the Sundanese State.
April 18Ireland is declared a republic.
April 1The Faroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency.
February 26In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is created.
February 4The Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Ceylon. Colombo remains the capital until 1982.
In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is renamed the Federation of East Kalimantan.
January 30In the United Kingdom, the Malayan Union is renamed the Federation of Malaya.
January 23In the Dutch East Indies, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation.
In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Madura is created.
January 14In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Territory of Banjar is created.
January 4The Union of Burma gains independence from the United Kingdom. Yangon (British Rangoon) is the capital until 2005.
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) moves its capital from Sana'a to Taiz.
1947December 30The Romanian People's Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Romania. Bucharest remains the capital.
December 26Sovereignty over the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia.
December 25In the Dutch East Indies, the Special Territory of East Sumatra is renamed the State of East Sumatra.
December 15France claims the Saar as a protectorate from allied-occupied Germany.
November 25The Dominion of New Zealand ceases to be a dominion of the British Empire.
November 1The League of Nations Mandate of Nauru is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory.
October 27The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan.[36]
October 16Seven of the Turtle Islands are ceded to the Philippines by the United Kingdom.
October 8In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Special Territory of East Sumatra is created.
September 15The Free Territory of Trieste is created in Central Europe.
August 27In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is created.
August 15The Dominion of India gains independence from the United Kingdom. New Delhi is the capital.
August 14The Dominion of Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Karachi is the capital.
August 12Independence of the Balochistan (Kalat State) from the United Kingdom.
July 18The South Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed by Japan, is transferred to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (under the United Nations, administered by the United States).
July 12In the Dutch East Indies, the following autonomous states are created:
May 12In the Dutch East Indies, the Federation of West Kalimantan is renamed the Special Territory of West Kalimantan.
February 10The Italian Republic cedes its concession in Tientsin to the Republic of China.
January 25The New Zealand administered League of Nations Mandate of Western Samoa is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory.
January 8In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of South Kalimantan is established.
1946September 15The People's Republic of Bulgaria supersedes the Tsardom of Bulgaria. Sofia is the capital.
July 4The Republic of the Philippines gains independence from the United States of America. Manila is the capital until 1948.
May 25The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan gains independence from a British League of Nations Mandate. Amman is the capital.
March 19The French Republic elevates its colonies of Algeria and Réunion to overseas departments.
The French Republic elevates its colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique to overseas departments.
The French Republic elevates its colony of Guyane (French Guiana) to an overseas department.
February 1The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
January 11The People's Republic of Albania supersedes the Democratic Government of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
January 4The Republic of Indonesia moves its capital from Jakarta to Yogyakarta.
1945December 2The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Belgrade remains the capital.
September 8The Kingdom of Thailand changes its name back to the Kingdom of Siam. Bangkok remains the capital.
September 2The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declares its independence from the French Republic. Hanoi is the capital.
The Empire of Japan surrenders to Allied Forces.
August 17The Republic of Indonesia declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Jakarta is the capital.
August 15Korea gains independence from the Empire of Japan. Seoul is the capital.
May 8The Greater German Empire surrenders to Allied Forces.
April 27The second Republic of Austria is established in occupied Austria. Vienna is the capital. The independence is recognised by the Allied Forces.
1944June 17The Kingdom of Iceland ends its personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark and becomes a republic. Reykjavík remains the capital.
1943November 22The Lebanese Republic (Lebanon) gains independence from the French Republic. Beirut is the capital.
JanuaryThe French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames is created when Free French forces from Chad invade southern Italian Libya. Sabha is the capital.
1942NovemberThe British Military Administration of Libya begins when British forces invade Cyrenaica from Egypt.
1940 June 7 The Realm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Norway and its possessions. Oslo is the capital.
May 17 The Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France and the Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France are created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital.
May 14 The Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
May 10 The Military Administration of Luxembourg and the Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg are created when German forces invade the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg City is the capital.
April 12 The Faroe Islands are put under British occupation.
April 9 The Kingdom of Denmark is taken over by German forces, while Greenland is granted autonomy.
March 30 The Provisional Government of China and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form the Reorganized National Government of China.
March 12 The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic is formed when Soviet forces invade the Finnish Democratic Republic. Petrozavodsk is the capital.
1946
1945
World map of colonisation in 1945.
1944
1943
1942
The Axis-controlled territory in Europe at the time of its maximal expansion (1941–42).
1941
1940

1930s

YearDateEvent
1939December 1The Finnish Democratic Republic is created after the invasion of Finland by the Soviet Union. Terijoki is the de facto capital.
October 12The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created after the invasion of the Republic of Poland by the Greater German Empire.
October 6The former territory of the Republic of Poland is partitioned between the Greater German Empire and the Soviet Union.
September 28The Republic of Poland falls as a government, entering military occupation by the Greater German Empire.
September 2The Free City of Danzig is annexed by the Greater German Empire. Danzig yields to Berlin as the capital.
July 10The third German Empire changes its name to the Greater German Empire. Berlin remains as the capital.
June 23The Kingdom of Siam changes its name to the Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok remains the capital.
April 1The Spanish State supersedes the Second Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
1938March 13The third German Empire absorbs the Federal State of Austria in Anschluss. Vienna yields to Berlin as the capital.
1937The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of Aden. The city of Aden becomes the capital.
December 29The Irish Free State changes its name to Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
1936The former colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of Curaçao following the implementation of several laws resulting from the 1922 abolition of colonies in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital.
1935Reza Shah Pahlavi changes the name of Imperial State of Persia to the Imperial State of Iran. Tehran remains the capital.
1934October 7The Catalan State is disestablished and is reabsorbed into the Spanish Republic. Barcelona yields to Madrid as the capital.
October 6The Catalan State proclaims itself independent of the Spanish Republic. Barcelona is the capital.
March 1The State of Manchuria is renamed the Great Empire of Manchuria. Hsinking remains the capital.
January 1Italy creates Italian Libya with the merger of the colonies of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. The capital is Tripoli.
1933March 23The third German Empire supersedes the Weimar Republic. Berlin remains the capital.
1932October 3The Iraqi Kingdom (Iraq) gains independence from the United Kingdom. Baghdad is the capital.
September 13The Socialist Republic of Chile changes its name back to the Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
June 4The Republic of Chile changes its name to the Socialist Republic of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
1931December 11By the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada gains full control over its foreign policy and thus independence from the United Kingdom. Ottawa remains the capital.
April 14The Second Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
1939
1938
1937
1936
1935
1934
1933
1932
1931

1920s

YearDateEvent
1929October 3The Kingdom of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Belgrade remains the capital.
October The Kingdom of Afghanistan supersedes the Emirate of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
FebruaryVatican City gains independence from the Kingdom of Italy. Vatican City itself is the capital.
January 6 The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
January The Emirate of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
1928December 29The Republic of China establishes Nanking as its official capital, later codified in the 1947 Chinese Constitution.
September 1The Kingdom of Albania supersedes the Republic of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
1927May 9The Commonwealth of Australia moves its capital from Melbourne to Canberra.
April 12The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changes its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London remains the capital.
January 29 Within the Nejd and Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies.
1926June 9Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
The Kingdom of Belgium moves the capital of its colony of the Congo from Boma to Leopoldville.
1925July 1The Republic of China relocates its provisional capital from Nanking to Canton.
January 22The Republic of Albania supersedes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
January 1The Kingdom of Norway changes the name of its capital from Kristiania to Oslo.
1924November 26The Mongolian People's Republic is established. Ulan Bator is the capital.
1923October 29The Republic of Turkey is established following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Ankara is the capital.
1922December 30The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tbilisi, Kharkov, and Smolensk yield to Moscow as the capital.
December 8Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State to again form a region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
December 6The Irish Free State is constituted as an independent dominion formed through the secession of the island of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin is the capital.
November 17The Ottoman Empire is dissolved. Its territories are mostly made protectorates of the victorious Allies of World War I.
March 12The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic, and the Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic unite to form the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Baku and Yerevan yield to Tbilisi as the capital.
February 28The Kingdom of Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo is the capital.
1921November 22The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of Afghanistan. Kabul remains the capital.
August 14 The Tuvan People's Republic supersedes Tannu Uriankhai and changes the name of its capital from Belotsarsk to Kyzyl.
February 25The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia supersedes the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital until 1922.
1920November 29The Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital until 1922.
April 28The Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Baku remains the capital until 1922.
February 29The Hungarian Kingdom supersedes the Hungarian Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
January 10 The United Kingdom officially takes over administration of German East Africa and changes its name to Tanganyika.
Map of Europe from the 1920s
1929
1927
1926
1925
  • December 6 - Britain adjusts the Egyptian border in favor of Italian Libya, giving it the Jarabub and Kufra oases.
  • June 29 - Britain transfers control of northern Jubaland to Italy, becoming the Italian colony of Oltre Giuba.
1922
1921
  • October 13 — Treaty of Kars:
    • Turkey relinquishes claims to Armenia
    • Turkey gains the area around Kars and southern Achara
  • October 13 — Niger established as a separate colony
  • October 12 — Upper Silesia divided between Poland and Germany
  • September 18 - Short-lived and unrecognized Rif Republic declared in Spanish Morocco.
  • August 14 - Tuvan People's Republic established as a Soviet satellite state.
  • June 1 — France reorganizes French West Africa, colony of Mauritania established
  • March 18 — Peace of Riga - new borders between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Belarus defined.
1920

1910s

YearDateEvent
1919August 14The Weimar Republic supersedes the second German Empire. Berlin remains the capital.
August 8Afghanistan declares its independence from the United Kingdom. Kabul is the capital.
The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
August 2The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
March 21The Hungarian Soviet Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. Budapest remains the capital.
March 1Oriental State of Uruguay changes its name to Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
February 27The Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vilnius is the capital.
January 1The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Belarusian People's Republic. Minsk and Smolensk remain joint capitals.
1918December 1Iceland, a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with home rule, becomes the fully sovereign state Kingdom of Iceland in personal union with Denmark. Reykjavík is the capital.
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia unite to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Zagreb yields to Belgrade as the capital.
November 28The Kingdom of Serbia annexes the Kingdom of Montenegro.
November 18The Republic of Latvia gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Riga is the capital.
November 16The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. Budapest remains the capital.
November 14The Republic of Poland supersedes the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw remains the capital.
November 2The Republic of Lithuania supersedes the Kingdom of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
November 1The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sana'a is the capital.
October 31The Hungarian Kingdom declares its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Budapest is the capital.
October 29The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs gains independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zagreb is the capital.
July 25The Kingdom of Belgium reabsorbs the Independent State of Flanders.
July 10The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic supersedes the Soviet Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
July 9The Kingdom of Lithuania supersedes the State of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital.
May 30Armenia changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital.
May 28Armenia and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic dissolve the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Yerevan and Baku are the respective capitals.
May 26The Democratic Republic of Georgia secedes from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
May 11The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus annexes the Emirate of Chechenia.
April 22The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tbilisi is the capital.
April 19The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic annexes the Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia).
March 25The Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia) gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Sukhumi is the capital.
March 25The Belarusian People's Republic declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Minsk and Hrodna are named the joint capitals.
March 12The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic moves its capital from Petrograd to Moscow.
February 24The Republic of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tallinn is the capital.
February 16The State of Lithuania declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vilnius is named the capital despite occupation by the Kingdom of Poland.
January 22The Ukrainian People's Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Kiev is the capital.
1917December 22The Independent State of Flanders declares its independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital.
December 6The Republic of Finland gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Helsinki is the capital.
December 2The Emirate of Chechenia declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vedeno is the capital.
November 7The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic supersedes the Russian Republic. Petrograd remains the capital.
September 14The Russian Republic supersedes the Provisional Government of Russia. Petrograd remains the capital.
March 15The Provisional Government of Russia supersedes the Russian Empire. Petrograd remains the capital.
1916November 5Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw is the capital.
1914March 7Albania becomes the Principality of Albania. Tirana remains the capital.
1912November 28Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Tirana is the capital.
January 1The Republic of China supersedes the Qing dynasty of China. Nanking is the provisional capital.
1911 December 29 The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia declares independence from the Qing dynasty of China. Niislel Khüree is the capital.
1910October 5The first Portuguese Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal. Lisbon remains the capital.
August 22The Korean Empire capitulates and is annexed by the Empire of Japan.
May 31The Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony unite as the Union of South Africa to gain independence from the United Kingdom.
January 15The French Republic creates French Equatorial Africa from its colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, and Oubangui-Chari. Libreville and Bangui yield to Brazzaville as the capital.
1919
Territory ceded by Bulgaria in the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
  • November 27 — Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine:
    • Western Thrace is ceded to the Entente
    • The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized and a small amount of land along the western border is ceded to it
    • Dobruja is given to Romania
  • September 25 — Spitsbergen awarded to Norway
New borders of the states formed by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary
  • September 12 - Bonin-Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips from French control to Italian Libya.
  • September 10 — Austria signs Treaty of Saint Germain:
  • July 10 — France and the United Kingdom agree on frontier between their mandates in the Cameroons
German losses as a result of the treaty of Versailles.
Poland and the Baltic states after the Treaty of Versailles.
1918
1917
1914
  • April 17 - Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of Russia.
1913

Treaty of Constantinople (1913) September 29

    • The Ottoman Empire regains the portions of Eastern Thrace it lost in the First Balkan War
    • The Balkan League gain all Ottoman territory west of a line joining Enez and Kıyıköy (thus the Ottomans lose all their European territory, except for what is roughly the southeastern half of Turkey's present-day European territory).

Treaty of Bucharest (1913) August 10


1912
1911

1900s

YearDateEvent
1909July 9The Kingdom of Siam transfers its southernmost provinces to British Malaya in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
1908November 15King Leopold II of Belgium sells his private Congo Free State to the Kingdom of Belgium. The colony is renamed the Belgian Congo. Boma remains the capital.
October 6Austria-Hungary formally annexes the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia (under de facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing the Bosnian crisis)
August 5The Kingdom of Bulgaria gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sofia is the capital.
1907December 17Ugyen Wangchuck establishes the Kingdom of Bhutan. Punakha is the winter capital and Thimphu is the summer capital.
September 26New Zealand gains independence from the United Kingdom. Wellington is the capital.
April 24The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Republic of Colombia is defined by the Bogotá Treaty. Brazil gains lands on the margins of the Solimoes River, at the area known as Cabeça de Cachorro (The Dog's Head).
March 23The Kingdom of Siam concedes territory to French Indochina in exchange for Trat.
1906The French Republic divides its colony of French Congo into the colonies of Gabon and Middle Congo. Libreville remains the capital of Gabon. Brazzaville becomes the capital of Middle Congo.
1905October 26The Kingdom of Sweden recognises the independence of the Kingdom of Norway.
September 5The Liaodong Peninsula and the Russian railway in south Manchuria are leased to the Empire of Japan following the Treaty of Portsmouth.
The Empire of Japan annexes Sakhalin Island south of 50°N following the Treaty of Portsmouth.
June 7The Kingdom of Norway declares its independence from the Kingdom of Sweden through dissolution of the personal union. Kristiania is the capital.
1904October 4The Franco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal control of Saguia el-Hamra (later northern Spanish Sahara) by the Kingdom of Spain.
February 13Following the Franco-Siamese Convention, the Kingdom of Siam concedes border territories to French Indochina in exchange for French-occupied Chantaburi.
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and British Guiana is defined by arbitration. About half of the disputed land goes to each side.
1903November 18The new Republic of Panama grants the United States of America control of the Panama Canal Zone. Balboa is the administrative center.
November 11The Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of the United States of Brazil sign the Treaty of Petrópolis. Bolivia receives land in Mato Grosso from Brazil, and Brazil absorbes the Republic of Acre.
November 3The Republic of Panama secedes from the Republic of Colombia. Panama City is the capital.
May 12Mauritania becomes a protectorate of the French Republic.
January 27The third Republic of Acre declares its independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
1902November 20British king Edward VII adjusts border in Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile).
May 31The United Kingdom creates the Orange River Colony from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Colony from the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal). Bloemfontein and Pretoria remains the respective capitals.
May 20The Republic of Cuba gains independence from the United States of America. Havana is the capital.
1901January 1The Commonwealth of Australia is established by federation of the British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Melbourne is the capital until 1927.
1900October 6The United Kingdom annexes the Orange Free State. Bloemfontein remains the capital.
May 28The United Kingdom occupies the Orange Free State. Bloemfontein remains the capital.
MarchThe first Republic of Acre capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Republic of Bolivia. Later the same year, the second Republic of Acre is declared with Antimary as its capital, and it is again reabsorbed by Bolivia.
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the French colony of Guyane (French Guiana) is defined by arbitration. The French troops that advanced to the margins of Araguari River repair to the Oiapoque River.

19th Century

Animated image depicting U.S. territorial growth

1890s

YearDateEvent
1899July 14The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary.
1898December 10The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Havana and San Juan are the respective capitals.
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Island of Guam to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War.
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Manila is the Spanish capital. The Philippine Republic maintains its sovereignty with Malolos as its capital.
November 2The Puna de Atacama dispute is defined by arbitration, of the 75,000 km2 in dispute 64,000 (85%) were awarded to the Argentine Republic and 11,000 (15%) to the Republic of Chile.
August 12The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu remains the capital.
July 25The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War. San Juan remains the capital.
June 12The Philippine Republic declares independence from Kingdom of Spain. Malolos is the capital.
The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz. Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital.
1897The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire. Hanseong remains the capital.
1895November 16The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony. Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital.
October 23The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa. Takasago Koku (Taiwan) becomes a Japanese colony. Taihoku (Taipei) is the capital.
JuneThe Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan.
May 23The Republic of Formosa declares independence from the Qing dynasty of China. Taipei is its capital.
February 5The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is defined by Grover Cleveland.
1894July 4The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Honolulu remains the capital.
1891Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.
1890November 29The end of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

1880s

YearDateEvent
1889November 15The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
March 9Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa.
1888The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa, ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital.
1887December 16The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate. Male remains the capital.
1886May 1King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State.
The United States of Colombia become the Republic of Colombia
1885September 6The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia. Sofia remains the capital.
September 1The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. Vryburg is the capital.
May 2King Leopold II of Belgium establishes his Congo Free State, a private government run by the International African Association.
1884October 18Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz)
August 3The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends. Pretoria remains the capital.
April 4Chile gains Antofagasta as part of the truce ending the (War of the Pacific) (made permanent in 1904)
The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers
German South-West Africa created[37]
German East Africa created
Togo created
Cameroon created
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland. Maseru is the capital.
1883October 20Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna (Treaty of Ancón)
Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River
1882March 6The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia. Belgrade remains the capital.
1881August 3The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains independence under British suzerainty. Pretoria remains the capital.
July 23The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined.
March 14The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital.
Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
1880The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo. Brazzaville is the capital.
December 6Federalization of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic.

1870s

YearDateEventMap
1878November 12The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River, claimed by Argentina and Paraguay, are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by Rutherford B. Hayes.
July 13The Principality of Bulgaria moves its capital from Plovdiv to Sofia. (Treaty of Berlin)
The Principality of Bulgaria according to the terms of the Treaties of San Stefano (black outline) and Berlin (green). Eastern Rumelia is shown in red.
The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly (Treaty of Berlin)
Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule. (Treaty of Berlin)
The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece (Treaty of Berlin)
Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin)
May 21The Principality of Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bucharest is the capital.
March 3The Principality of Bulgaria is established by the Treaty of San Stefano. Plovdiv is the capital.
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari (Treaty of San Stefano)
Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac (Treaty of San Stefano)
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence (Treaty of San Stefano)
Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire) (Treaty of San Stefano)
Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia (Treaty of San Stefano)
The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert. (Treaty of San Stefano)
The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province (Treaty of San Stefano)
Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government (Treaty of San Stefano)
The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces)
1877April 12The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony. Pretoria remains the capital.
1876February 3Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones. The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River are pending arbitration.
1875May 7Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup (Treaty of Saint Petersburg)
1874December 29The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic. Madrid remains the capital.
1873November 17With the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest, Budapest becomes the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
July 1Prince Edward Island joins Canada
February 11The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. Madrid remains the capital.
1872January 9Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso region
Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso region
1871July 20British Columbia joins Canada
May 10Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
January 1The second German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital. (Unification of Germany)
Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy
1870September 20Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church
September 4The third French Republic supersedes the second French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
July 20The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada.
July 15Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada

1860s

YearDateEvent
1868October 1The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia. Sucre remains the capital until 1898.
January 3Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan. The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, which is renamed Tokyo.
1867October 18The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America. New Archangel (Novoarkhangelsk now Sitka) is the capital.
July 1The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as the Dominion of Canada. Ottawa is the capital.
The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital.
June 19The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
May 29Austria-Hungary supersedes the Austrian Empire. Vienna remains the capital.
1866October 22The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Venice yields to Florence as the capital.
August 6The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies as the Crown Colony of British Columbia. New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa.
1865April 11The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America. The USA will readmit the 11 CSA states to full statehood between July 24, 1866, and July 15, 1870.
April 3The Confederate States of America moves its capital to Danville, Virginia.
March 3The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
The Kingdom of Italy moves its capital from Turin to Florence.
1864JulyThe Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by the Qing dynasty of China.
May 21Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece
April 10The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1863June 20The Union-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considered itself a part of the Confederate States of America) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia.
July 6The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales
May 8The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia
1862October 12The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic.
October 8Buenos Aires is declared provisional capital of the Argentine Republic.
April 12The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E
The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of British Honduras at the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The capital is Belize City.
1861December 12The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation.
December 10The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America
December 2Paraná is no longer the capital of the Argentine Confederation.
November 28The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America
November 20A splinter government of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America
October 31A splinter government of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America
September 17After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires
December 10Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America
May 29The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.
May 20The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
May 7The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
May 6The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
April 17The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America.
March 28Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America
March 17The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
February 13Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont
February 4The Confederate States of America, formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America. Montgomery, Alabama, is the capital for three months. Four more slave states will join by May 20.
February 1The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Texas. Austin remains the capital.
January 26The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana. Baton Rouge remains the capital.
January 19The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America, as the independent State of Georgia. Milledgeville remains the capital.
January 11The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Alabama Republic. Montgomery remains the capital.
January 10The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Florida. Tallahassee remains the capital.
January 9The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi. Jackson remains the capital.
The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule.
The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire. Monaco itself is the capital.
1860December 20The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina. Columbia remains the capital. Six more slave states will secede by February 1, 1861.
November 4Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches
October 21The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta
October 8The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic
June 14France annexes the Duchy of Savoy (Treaty of Turin)
June 12France annexes the County of Nice (Treaty of Turin)
March 22The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont
The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E
Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit[38]

1850s

YearDateEvent
1859December 8The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy
November 11After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation
November 10Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France (Treaty of Zürich)
France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Zürich)
June 6Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1858August 2The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia
May 28Qing dynasty China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun
May 22The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec.
1856January 1The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto.
1855February 7Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between (Treaty of Shimoda)
Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards (Treaty of Shimoda)
1854March 24The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná.
February 23The Orange Free State is established. Bloemfontein is the capital.
1853June 24The Gadsden Purchase gives a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States
May 1The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation
MarchThe Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing.
1852December 2The second French Empire supersedes the second French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
September 11The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires remains the capital, the Confederation is without capital until 1854.
February 3The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná
January 17The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec.
1851July 1The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales
May 1The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation
January 11The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom gains independence from the Qing dynasty of China.

1840s

YearDateEvent
1849August 13The Hungarian State capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Austrian Empire.
July 2The Papal States are restored as Rome falls
April 14The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Austrian Empire. Debrecen is the temporary capital.
March 29The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India
February 9Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto.
1848February 24The second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
February 2The United Mexican States surrenders its northern territory to the United States of America with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War.
1847July 26The African American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia is the capital.
1846November 28The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales
August 22The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic. México remains the capital.
June 18The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States.
February 17The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.[39][36]
1845December 29The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas. Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state.
The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies. Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands.
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu.
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley.
March 1The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again.
1844The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal.
February 27The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Santo Domingo is the capital.
1841February 10The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada. Kingston is the capital.
February 2The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador. San Salvador remains the capital.
1840November 16The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales

1830s

YearDateEvent
1839November 17The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City becomes the capital.
October 17The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin.
August 25The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca) are the respective capitals.
July 24The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil. Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year.
April 19The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in the personal Union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London.
The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade.
1838November 5The Republic of Costa Rica, the Republic of Nicaragua, and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America. San José, Managua, and Comayagua are the respective capitals.
1836December 28The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales.
October 28The Republic of North Peru, the Republic of South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Tacna is the capital.
September 6The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil. Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals.
August 11The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic. Lima remains the capital.
March 17The Republic of South Peru secedes from Peruvian Republic. Cusco is the capital.
March 2The Republic of Texas declares its independence from México. Washington is the first of six cities that will serve as temporary capital until 1839.
1835October 23The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States. México remains the capital.
1834The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador.
The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens.
1833January 3The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in October 1832 reasserting its sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Port Louis becomes the capital.
1832September 3The province of Catamarca joins the Federal Pact. End of the Unitarian League.
July 8The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact.
July 4The province of Salta joins the Federal Pact.
MayThe Kingdom of Greece supersedes the First Hellenic Republic. Nafplio remains the capital.
The province of San Juan joins the Federal Pact.
April 13The province of San Luis joins the Federal Pact.
The colony of Western Australia supersedes the British Swan River Colony in Australia.
1831October 20The Republic of New Granada supersedes Gran Colombia. Bogotá remains the capital.
October 12The province of La Rioja joins the Federal Pact.
August 20The province of Córdoba and the province of Santiago del Estero join the Federal Pact.
August 19The province of Corrientes joins the Federal Pact.
August 9The province of Mendoza joins the Federal Pact.
July 21Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels remains the capital.
January 4The United Kingdom combines Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana. Georgetown is the capital.
Signing of the Federal Pact by the province of Buenos Aires, the province of Entre Ríos, and the province of Santa Fe. Beginning of the Argentine Confederation.
1830October 4Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Brussels is the capital.
June 28The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo remains the capital.
May 13The Republic of Ecuador, and the Republic of Venezuela declare independence from Gran Colombia. Quito, and Caracas are the respective capitals.
February 3The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Greece. Nafplio is the capital.
July 5The Unitarian League is created among the Argentine provinces of San Luis, La Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, San Juan, Tucumán, Córdoba, Salta and Santiago del Estero.

1820s

YearDateEvent
1829The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia
1828August 27The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata as Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo is the capital.
Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil
1827August 18The centralist and unitary state of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
1826July 9The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile. Santiago remains the capital.
February 8The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is proclaimed as a centralist and unitary state.
1825December 3Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales
November 15The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Lisbon remains the capital.
August 29The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
August 25Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 6The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence. Chuquisaca (later Sucre) is the capital.
July 16The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E
The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname, Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands). The capital is Paramaribo.
1824December 9The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America
October 4The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Emperor Maximilian I. México remains the capital.
August 6Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America
July 2The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from Brazil. Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed at the same year.
1823JulyThe Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of El Salvador, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Honduras, and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City is the capital.
May 16The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José.
1822December 19The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
October 12The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital.
September 7The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
February 9Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti. Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital.
1821December 1The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital.
November 28Independence of Panama from Spain
September 21The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Cartago is the capital.
September 15The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain. Guatemala City, Comayagua, Managua, and San Salvador are the respective capitals.
August 24The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire. México remains the capital.
August 3Peru becomes the State of Peru. Lima remains the capital.
July 28Peru declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Lima is the capital.
July 18Cisplatina formally declares itself as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
July 3The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Lisbon.
March 25Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Nafplion is the capital.
February 19The United States of America receives Florida from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty
Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begins
1820October 8The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I. Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
February 1Federal League defeats the central government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Battle of Cepeda. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires.
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā.

1810s

Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America, 1700–present
YearDateEvent
1819December 17Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito
August 7The United Provinces of New Granada gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Bogotá is the capital.
1817April 5The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain
February 12The State of Chile again declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
January 20The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) as Cisplatina.
1816July 9The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
May 6Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments
1815December 16The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile.
November 21Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia. Kragujevac is the capital.
June 29The Federal League, an alliance of several Argentine Provinces and modern-day Uruguay, is established.
July 8The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
June 9The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire (Congress of Vienna)
Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa (Congress of Vienna)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino (Congress of Vienna)
The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca (Congress of Vienna)
The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria) (Congress of Vienna)
Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland. (Congress of Vienna)
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union. (Congress of Vienna)
Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia. (Congress of Vienna)
The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark (Congress of Vienna)
Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia (Congress of Vienna)
Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (Congress of Vienna)
Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse (Congress of Vienna)
British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized (Congress of Vienna)
The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate (Congress of Vienna)
German Confederation established. Frankfurt is the capital. (Congress of Vienna)
March 20The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
March 16The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals.
Sir Robert Brownrigg establishes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. Colombo becomes the capital.
The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton
1814November 4The Kingdom of Norway joins a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden. Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals.
October 2The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile.
May 17Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
April 11Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
April 6The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire. Paris remains the capital.
March 29The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands.
May 17Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel.
Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States.
May 17The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.)
January 14The Kingdom of Norway secedes Denmark–Norway. Christiania is the capital.
The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire. Andorra la Vella is the capital.
1813December 11The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire.
December 2The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire. Amsterdam is the capital.
October 19The Confederation of the Rhine dissolves.
October 12Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay. Asunción remains the capital.
August 7The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared
July 23The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate. Valletta remains the capital.
1812July 28The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire
May 28The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest
May 14France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
1811November 27The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established
July 5Venezuela declares independence from Spain
May 14Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Asunción is the capital.
March 28The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti. Cap-Haïtien is the capital.
1810December 13France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg)
September 18Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital.
September 16México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
July 20Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
July 13The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) is annexed by the first French Empire.
May 25May Revolution. The Spanish viceroy in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is replaced by the Primera Junta. Creation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires remains the capital.
May 22By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria
April 19The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain
AprilKamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon

1800s

YearDateEvent
1809October 14Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces (Treaty of Schönbrunn)
September 17Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina
March 29The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy
Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg.
1808March 7The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon.
1807JulyNapoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit
1806October 17The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I. Haiti splits in two with the State of Haiti in the north with its capital at Milot, and the Republic of Haiti in the south with its capital at Port-au-Prince.
August 6Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
July 25Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine. Frankfurt is the capital.
June 5The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) supersedes the Batavian Republic. Amsterdam remains the capital.
January 8The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony. Cape Town is the capital.
1805JulyFrance annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino
1804September 22Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
August 11Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, establishes the Austrian Empire. Vienna is the capital.
May 18The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic. Paris remains the capital.
March 4The French Republic sells Louisiane to the United States of America. New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) is the capital of the unorganized territory.
January 1The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital.
1803April 27As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate.
February 19The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation
1802Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic
1801August 20The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta.
June 6The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal.
The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain.
January 1The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin yields to London as the capital.
1800November 17The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia.
September 5French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital.
October 1After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France
1800February 17The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin.

18th Century

1790s

YearDateEvent
1799July 7Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him.
1798October 28The Gozitan Nation gains de facto independence from Malta with Rabat as its capital.
June 11The Order of Saint John capitulates to French forces and Malta is under French occupation with Valletta remaining the capital.
April 12The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared
January 4France annexes Mulhouse
1797April 17The House of Habsburg annexes the Republic of Venice.
October 18The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France. (Treaty of Campo Formio)
The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria (Treaty of Campo Formio)
Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic (Treaty of Campo Formio)
The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire (Treaty of Campo Formio)
1795January 19The Batavian Republic supersedes the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital.
October 24Third partition of Poland
France annexes Southern Netherlands
1793June 25Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France
March 23The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible
March 2France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm
1792December 17Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Napoleonic Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen
September 21The first French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. Paris remains the capital.
January 23Second partition of Poland
1791March 4The Vermont Republic joins the United States of America as the State of Vermont. Windsor yields to Philadelphia as the federal capital.
1790December 7The United States of Belgium capitulates to the House of Habsburg.
December 6The United States of America moves its temporary capital from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new United States Constitution.
January 11The United States of Belgium declares its independence from the House of Habsburg. Brussels is the capital.

1780s

YearDateEvent
1788January 26British colony of New South Wales is established
1785January 11The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Trenton to New York City.
1784November 1The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Annapolis to Trenton.
King Joseph II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1784July 1King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878.
Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska
1783November 26The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Princeton to Annapolis.
September 3The Kingdom of Great Britain signs the Treaty of Paris, recognizing the independence of the United States of America. Princeton remains the temporary capital.
November 26The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Princeton.
January 20Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain
April 19 [O.S. April 8]The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate
Province of Trinidad moves its capital from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España, its present location.
1782April  21Siam moves its capital from Thonburi to Bangkok, its present location.

1770s

YearDateEvent
1778July 27The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia.
1777October 1The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid, with the exception that Spain would rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales.
September 30The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York.
September 27United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces.
July 8The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic. Windsor remains the capital.
June 4The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital to Windsor.
March 4The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia.
January 15The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Westminster is the temporary capital.
1776December 20The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
July 4The United States of America (including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800.
May 4Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Providence is the capital.
1775The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
1772The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
Ayutthaya having been destroyed in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi.
August 5First partition of Poland

1760s

YearDateEvent
1768December 21Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital.
May 15Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica
1763February 12The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colony of the State of Brazil from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
February 10The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British.
The capital of the colony of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro
1762The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau
1761February 12The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of El Pardo, nullifying the Treaty of Madrid.

1750s

YearDateEvent
1758The Zunghar Khanate is annexed by Qing dynasty China.
1752Georgia becomes a colony of British North America[40]
1751The Kingdom of Portugal changes the name of its colonial State of Maranhão to State of Great-Pará and Maranhão.
September 21Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
1750January 13The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Madrid. Based on the uti possidetis concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central and north regions of Brazil. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Colonia del Sacramento and Portugal the Misiones Orientales.

1740s

YearDateEvent
1747Safavid Empire collapses[41]
OctoberThe Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
1740Prussia annexes Silesia from Austria

1730s

YearDateEvent
1737The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colonial State of Maranhão from São Luís to Belém.
1739September 18The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire
The Habsburg Monarchy cedes Oltenia to Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal)
January 1Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean

1720s

YearDateEvent
1729North Carolina and South Carolina become royal colonies, due to the division of the Province of Carolina
1728On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb
1721October 22Peter the Great proclaims the Tsardom of Russia an Empire
August 30Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad.
1720January 21Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia

1710s

YearDateEvent
1719November 9Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover
1718July 21The Ottoman Empire cede the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, part of northern Bosnia and Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) to the Habsburg Monarchy (Treaty of Passarowitz)
The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz)
Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac).
1715The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal.
November 28Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion
1714September 11Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Kingdom of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona). Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees.
September 7The Duchy of Milan is ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy
1713March and AprilThe Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The United Kingdom takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain. Spain also ceded: Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy; Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; lands in South America between Amazon River and Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal.
Gibraltar passes from Spain to Great Britain
1711The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867))
July 21The Russian Empire returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth

1700s

YearDateEvent
1707May 1The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[42] Edinburgh yields to London as the capital for all but judicial functions.
April 25Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa)
May 1The creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union

17th Century

YearDateEvent
1700The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople
1699January 26The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary). (Treaty of Karlowitz)
The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, comes de facto under Habsburg rule.(Treaty of Karlowitz)
The Ottoman Empire return Podolia to Poland-Lithuania.(Treaty of Karlowitz)
The Ottoman Empire cede the Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.(Treaty of Karlowitz)
1684The English Crown Colony of Bermuda supersedes the Somers Isles Company. Hamilton is the capital.
1685New York becomes a royal colony
1682Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River[43]
1681Pennsylvania becomes a colony
1674Shivaji founded Maratha Empire in Maharashtra
1664New Jersey founded
1663Rhode Island becomes a colony
1662Connecticut becomes a British royal colony
1661Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British
1660May 27The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen.
May 3The Treaty of Oliva cedes Ruhnu Island in Estonia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden
April 4The restored Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin are the respective capitals.
1658February 26The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Båhus and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde.
December 16The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital.
1658February 26Sweden gains in Danish-Norwegian regions of Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän (Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag and the 30 year ownership of Halland is made permanent in the treaty of Roskilde
1653May 4The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin
1649May 19The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England. London remains the capital.
1648The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire
The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653
1645August 13The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre & Särna, Gotland, Ösel and Halland, the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro.
1644October 30The Qing dynasty of China supersedes the Ming dynasty. Beijing remains the capital.
1640December 1Portugal separates from personal union with Spain
1638Delaware founded
1636England establishes the Crown Colony of Connecticut. Hartford is the capital.
1635Fasilides makes Gondar the first permanent capital of Ethiopia since the fall of the Zagwe Dynasty
1634Maryland founded
1628The Colony of Barbados moves its capital from Saint James Town to Bridgetown.
1626Dutch purchase Manhattan[44]
1627The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Barbados with its capital at Saint James Town.
1623New Hampshire founded
1621The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into the State of Brazil (capital, Salvador) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
1620Massachusetts founded
1617February 27In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia)
1612The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1610Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
1608The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro) for the second time.
1607Jamestown and Virginia Colony founded
1601January 17France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange

16th century

YearDateEventMap
1598Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia.
1596Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago
1594Virmadhalasuriya I of Sri Lanka moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kandy
1591*Moroccans conquer Timbuktu[45]
1581July 26The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain.
1581March 20Swedish Estonia is reorganized as the Duchy of Estonia.
1580JulyYermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia.
1580JulyPersonal union of Spain and Portugal
1578The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador.
1575The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago
Historical map of the world by Ortelius, 1570 CE
1573The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro).
1571March 18The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta.
1570December 13The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Lääne County and Hiiumaa Island to Sweden.
1569July 1The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital.
1563Denmark and Lithuania exchange some outlying territories of the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian Order
1562March 5The Livonian Order is incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the Duchy of Livonia.
1561June 15Northern Estonia pledges allegiance to Sweden and is annexed as Swedish Estonia.
1559June 15The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark.
1558July 18Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia.
1549The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil, with Salvador as the capital.
1542The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland. Dublin remains the capital.
The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales.
1536King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony.
1534The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies.
1532The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany.
1532Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca
1530October 26The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu.
1529April 22Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian about 144°40' west of Greenwich.)
1526Babur of the Mughal Empire defeats the sultan of Delhi
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, uniting the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy under a single ruler
1522Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
1521August 13The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region New Spain. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México.
King Mayadunne I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Sitawaka.
1513Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain
Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama
1504The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon
1501João da Nova discovers Ascension Island
1500April 22Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal, thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil.

15th century

YearDateEvent
1495June 7Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian about 46°0' west of Greenwich.
1493May 4Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.)
1492October 12While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago, which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola.
1490King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.
1499-1501Safavids conquer Persia
1490May 20Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
1490May 3Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca
1490October 12Christopher Columbus arrives at America when he sights land in The Bahamas[46]
1490January 2The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista.
1488Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope
1485King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs.
1482The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished
1481France gains the County of Provence
1478Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain.
1472The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
1469The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs.
145329 MayThe Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople, present day Istanbul.
1444MarchThe Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe.
1432MarchBurgundy acquires the County of Hainaut
1421The Ming dynasty of China moves its capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
1415August 21The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
1412King Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kotte.
1408King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda.

14th century

YearDateEvent
1392The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital.
1384The Burgundian Netherlands are established.
1368The Ming dynasty supersedes the Yuan dynasty of China. Nanjing is the capital.
1366Liège annexes the County of Loon
1358Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
1350With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai.
1349Dauphiné sold to France
1347June 7The Teutonic Order gives the former Danish Estonia over to the Livonian Order
1346November 1Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order
1341King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
1326The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia
1325March 13The Mexicas (Aztecs) founded Tenochtitlan, the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capital in the Americas.
1323King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Visegrád.
1323August 12The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland.
1316France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois
1315King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Temesvár.
1305France gains the County of Vivarais
1301France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River)

13th century

YearDateEvent
1299Ottoman Empire founded
1293March 10Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
1287King Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka back to Polonnaruwa.
1279March 19The Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty of China.
1279The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon
1278September 8The Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory of Andorra.
1278Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon
1276Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon
1272The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu.
February 1The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established.
August 10Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries.
1266July 2Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth
1260July 2Mongol Empire splits
1258May 11The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia
1258Mongols occupy Baghdad
1256King Béla IV moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Buda.
1245The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra
1238June 7The Livonian Order returns Danish Estonia to Denmark, but Järva County is ceded to the Livonian Order.
Sweden conquers central Finland.
1237May 12The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
1236Mongols invade Northern Korea
1235Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca
1235Kingdom of Mali established
1231Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon
1228AugustThe Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Livonia. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
1227FebruaryThe Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate the Estonians and conquer much of Danish Estonia.
1224AugustThe Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
1224July 24The Bishopric of Estonia cedes some of its land in Southeastern Estonia to the Bishopric of Livonia.
1224July 21The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia. The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
1223Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors
1220King Vijayabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Dambadeniya.
1219Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Harjumaa, Virumaa and Järvamaa as the Duchy of Estonia.
1218The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester.
1217Serbian kingdom established.
1216The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi.
1215The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia.
1210Mongols capture much of China.

12th century

YearDateEvent
1197The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished.
1190The Principality of Arbanon is established.
1185The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria.
1162The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England.
1162Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon.
1154Al-Idrisi creates an early world map named Tabula Rogeriana, which describes the Eurasian continent and the northern half of Africa.
1156King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
1139The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León.
1139The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
1130December 25The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished
1127The Song dynasty of China moves its capital from Bianjing to Lin'an.

11th century

YearDateEvent
1097King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London.
1092William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
1091Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily
1088The Principality of Taranto is established
1076Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana.
1076The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities
1076Muslims conquer Syria
1076Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established.
1066England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union
1065The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León
1065The Duchy of Limburg is established
1061Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'
1061Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans
1059The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope
1055King Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Polonnaruwa.
1018-1054At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland
1043Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona
1042The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established
1035The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon
1032Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire.
1030Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia.
1018English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland
1000King Stephen I establishes the Hungarian Kingdom. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are the official capitals.
1000Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway.
1000Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.

1st Millennium CE

10th century

YearDateEvent
987Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).
975Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
962February 2Otto the Great re-establishes the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
960January 3Emperor Taizu of Song establishes the Song dynasty of China. Bianjing remains the capital.
ca. 965The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
ca. 965The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
ca. 965The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
962King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire.
961King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which is wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
959Lower Lorraine is established
954The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
961The Kingdom of Nri is established
948The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
942England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
941Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
936Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
927July 12King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
927The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
922The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
920The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
920The County of Horne is established
918King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
918The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
918The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
916-917Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
910December 10The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
909The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
902The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya

9th century

YearDateEvent
895Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
891The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia.
891Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
880'sByzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880
Frankish kingdoms in 888
The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
878The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
876The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
873The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
872The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
870As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.
860Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
858Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
855Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
851The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
843
Partitions of Francia by the Treaty of Verdun
Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
843The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
843The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
831SeptemberPalermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
825The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex.
825The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
824The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
820The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
814Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
804Charlemagne establishes the Holy Roman Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
800Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony.

8th century

YearDateEvent
795The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors
788The Franks conquer Bavaria[47]
788The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
787Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
785Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
774Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
774The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
769Franks conquer Gascony
768-769Franks conquer Aquitania
759Franks conquer Septimania
754The Papal States is established
751The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
744Franks conquer Alemannia
734Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
718Kingdom of Asturias established
717Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
711A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.

7th century

YearDateEvent
690King Go establishes Balhae on the Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula.
690Muslims conquer North Africa[48]
681Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
680The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
676Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
634The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
630January 11The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
628Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
618June 18Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang. Chang'an is the capital.

6th century

YearDateEvent
553The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
538The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
538The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
508Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.

5th century

YearDateEvent
493Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
490Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
486The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
480A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered
476September 4Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
475The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo.
469The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
457-461Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
451-453Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
435The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa
429Vandals enter Africa
427The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
426Alans leave Hispania
418The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
411The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
405A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
402Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna

4th century

YearDateEvent
395January 17At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
370The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
370Huns appear north of the Black Sea
358Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
330May 11Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).[49]
324September 18Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
301September 3Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.

3rd Century

YearDateEvent
293Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
286April 1Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
274Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
273Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
271Roman Dacia is abandoned
269The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
260Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
240Gupta Empire forms in India

1st century

World in year 1.
YearDateEvent
3 CEThe Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.
5 CERomans conquer much of the Middle East
43-47 CEThe Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London
71-84 CEConquest of Wales and Scotland by Romans

Before the Common Era

Note: The common year numbering system follows the ordinal numbers rather than the cardinal numbers, thus there was no year "zero". The date January 1, 1 CE immediately followed the date December 31, 1 BCE. Thus, while the 2000s began on Saturday, January 1, 2000 CE, the official Third Millennium began on Monday, January 1, 2001 CE.

First Millennium BCE

YearDateEvent
18 BCEOnjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.
27 BCEJanuary 16The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. The city of Rome remains the capital.
30 BCEAugust 1Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
35 BCEThe Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
37 BCEDongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
58-50 BCERomans conquer Gaul
57 BCEHyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
63 BCERomans conquer Jerusalem
63 BCERomans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
111 BCEBy this date, Emperor Wu of Han had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from the Yue
133 BCEUpon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
133 BCERomans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
135 BCEWestern half of Minyue conquered by China
146 BCERomans conquer Iberia
146 BCEAncient Carthage is disestablished
146 BCERomans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
146 BCERoman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
148 BCEMithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
168 BCERomans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
180 BCEDemetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
187 BCEThe Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
194 BCEWanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
194 BCESeleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
194 BCERomans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
202 BCEFebruary 28Gaozu establishes the Han dynasty of China. Chang'an becomes the capital.
209 BCEThe Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
211 BCERomans capture Syracuse
221 BCEQin Shi Huang unifies ancient China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty of China. Xianyang becomes the capital.
230 BCEHan state conquered by Qin
238 BCEArsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
238 BCESardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
238 BCESicily becomes first Roman province
266 BCEAshoka unifies most of South Asia
281 BCELysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
291 BCEDemetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
294 BCEDemetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
301 BCEThe death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
305 BCEMacedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. Alexandria remains the capital.
306 BCEFollowing the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
309 BCESeleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
312 BCEMacedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
316 BCEThe states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
322 BCEChandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
323 BCEAlexander dies and his empire splits
329 BCEAlexander conquers Samarkand
330 BCEAlexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia. Alexander makes Babylon the capital.
332 BCEAlexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
338 BCEPhillip II of Macedon unites Greece
343 BCEArtaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
375 BCEZheng annexed by Han
380 BCENovemberPharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
387 BCEThe Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
399 BCEautumnPharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
404 BCEAmyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
404 BCEAthens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
405 BCEGela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
406 BCEAkragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
409 BCESelinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
479 BCEDelian League established
504 BCEKing Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara.
509 BCEThe Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. The city of Rome remains the capital.
515 BCEDarius the Great moves the capital of the Persian Empire to Persepolis.
525 BCEMayCambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
535 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
539 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
543 BCEKing Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital.
546 BCECyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
546 BCECyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
586 BCETraditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
605 BCEWith the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
609 BCEHarran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
612 BCENineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
650 BCEAncient Carthage is established
653 BCEAfter the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
657 BCEByzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
660 BCEFebruary 11Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
about 664 BCEPharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
671 BCEEsarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
694 BCEDeioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
695 BCEGordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
about 700 BCEPhoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
705 BCEThe capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
706 BCEThe capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
713 BCEThe Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
717 BCEThe Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
720 BCETraditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
about 728 BCEPharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
732 BCEThe Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
733 BCE-734 BCEThe city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
about 740 BCENubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
745 BCETiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
753 BCEApril 21Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
808 BCEKaranus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
about 875 BCEPharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
879 BCEAshurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
911 BCEAdad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. Assur remains the capital.
about 930 BCEThe Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
about 945 BCEPharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis remains the capital.

Second Millennium BCE

YearEvent
about 1004 BCEKing David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
about 1046 BCEWu establishes Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
about 1047 BCEShaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
about 1070 BCEPharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
about 1077 BCEThe New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1184 BCEGreeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
about 1188 BCEPharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu remains the capital.
about 1243 BCEAshur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
about 1230 BCEPharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
about 1243 BCETukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
about 1272 BCEMursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
about 1293 BCEPharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 1295 BCEPharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
about 1332 BCEPharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis.
about 1340 BCEAshur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1345 BCEPharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
about 1400 BCEKurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
about 1534 BCEAgum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
about 1534 BCEPharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1550 BCEThe New Kingdom of Egypt is established
about 1600 BCETang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yinxu is the capital.
about 1619 BCERahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1620 BCEDjehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
about 1624 BCESalitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
about 1650 BCEThe Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1710 BCENehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
about 1763 BCEHammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. Babylon remains the capital.
about 1778 BCEWegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenemhat-itj-tawy remains the capital.
about 1810 BCESumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
about 1894 BCESumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian Dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
about 1900 BCEZulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1940 BCEThe Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
about 1983 BCEAmenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.

Third Millennium BCE

YearEvent
about 2047 BCEUr-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.
about 2055 BCEThe Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established.
about 2070 BCEYu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng, Zhenxun are the capitals.
about 2112 BCEUtu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur.
about 2130 BCEMentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2160 BCEMeryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2165 BCENeferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2175 BCENetjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2181 BCEThe Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
about 2193 BCEThe Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people.
about 2270 BCESargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital.
about 2333 BCEDangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
about 2380 BCEUr-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash. Lagash is the capital.
about 2336 BCETeti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2484 BCEUserkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2580 BCEMesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
about 2655 BCESneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2686 BCEThe Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. Memphis remains the capital. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
about 2727 BCEDjoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital.
about 2860 BCEHotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.

Fourth Millennium BCE

YearEvent
about 3080 BCENarmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
about 3200 BCEThe regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
about 3200 BCEThe city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.

Tenth Millennium BCE

YearEvent
about 9000 BCEFirst stone structures at Jericho are built.
about 9500 BCEBuilding begins at Göbekli Tepe.

See also

Lists of capitals
Of countries
Of country subdivisions

References

  1. ↑ "The World Factbook - What's New". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Map: Costa Rica & Nicaragua Settle Border Dispute in Court. (2018). Polgeonow.com. Retrieved 4 February 2018, from http://www.polgeonow.com/2018/02/nicaragua-costa-rica-border-dispute-ruling-icj-2018.html
  3. ↑ Staudenmaier, Rebecca (January 1, 2018). "Belgium And Netherlands Swap Land In The New Year". Deutsche Welle.
  4. ↑ Cone, Allen (November 28, 2016). "Netherlands to grow 24.7 acres in land swap with Belgium". UPI.
  5. ↑ "Azerbaijan's Breakaway Nagorno-Karabakh Holds 'Illegal' Referendum". Radio Free Europe. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  6. ↑ "Artsakh Votes for New Constitution, Officially Renames the Republic". The Armenian Weekly. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Adegun, Aanu (January 29, 2017). "Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name". Naij.
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  22. ↑ World News (30 July 2015). "UN upgrades Palestinian status, bolstering statehood claim". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.
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  33. ↑ Recognized by Gabon, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia
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