Associated Press

The Associated Press
Not-for-profit cooperative
Industry News media
Founded May 22, 1846 (1846-05-22)[1]
Headquarters 200 Liberty Street New York City, New York, United States
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
  • Steven R. Swartz (Chairman)
  • Gary Pruitt (President and CEO)
Products Wire service
Revenue Decrease $568.13 million (2015)[2]
$1.6 million (2016)[2]
Number of employees
 3,200
Website www.ap.org

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. Its Statement of News Values and Principles spells out its standards and practices.[3]

The AP has earned 52 Pulitzer Prizes, including 31 for photography, since the award was established in 1917.

The AP has counted the vote in U.S. elections since 1848, including national, state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states, along with key ballot measures. AP collects and verifies returns in every county, parish, city and town across the U.S., and declares winners in over 5,000 contests.

The AP news report, distributed to its members and customers, is produced in English, Spanish and Arabic. AP content is also available on the agency's app, AP News. A 2017 study by NewsWhip revealed that AP content was more engaged with on Facebook than content from any individual English-language publisher.[4]

As of 2016, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters.[5] The AP operates 263 news bureaus in 106 countries.[6] It also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative. As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the "inverted pyramid" formula for writing which enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the story's essentials.

Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States' primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters and the English-language service of Agence France-Presse, are based outside the United States.

History

The Associated Press was formed in May 1846[7] by five daily newspapers in New York City to share the cost of transmitting news of the Mexican–American War.[8] The venture was organized by Moses Yale Beach (1800–68), second publisher of The Sun, joined by the New York Herald, the New York Courier and Enquirer, The Journal of Commerce, and the New York Evening Express.[9] Some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time; documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851. Initially known as the New York Associated Press (NYAP), the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press (1862), which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. An investigation completed in 1892 by Victor Lawson, editor and publisher of the Chicago Daily News, revealed that several principals of the NYAP had entered into a secret agreement with United Press, a rival organization, to share NYAP news and the profits of reselling it. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, the Western Associated Press was incorporated in Illinois as The Associated Press. A 1900 Illinois Supreme Court decision (Inter Ocean Publishing Co. v. Associated Press)—that the AP was a public utility and operating in restraint of trade—resulted in AP's move from Chicago to New York City, where corporation laws were more favorable to cooperatives.

When the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the rotary press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, on-the-spot reporting. Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity. The cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper (served 1925–48), who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and (after World War II), the Middle East. He introduced the "telegraph typewriter" or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914. In 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other news media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States.[10]

In 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. United States that the AP had been violating the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting member newspapers from selling or providing news to nonmember organizations as well as making it very difficult for nonmember newspapers to join the AP. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, headed by Hugh Baillie from 1935 to 1955.

Logo on the former AP Building in New York City

AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations; it created its own radio network in 1974. In 1994, it established APTV, a global video newsgathering agency. APTV merged with WorldWide Television News in 1998 to form APTN, which provides video to international broadcasters and websites. In 2004, AP moved its world headquarters from its longtime home at 50 Rockefeller Plaza to a huge building at 450 West 33rd Street in Manhattan—which also houses the New York Daily News and the studios of New York's public television station, WNET. In 2009, AP had more than 240 bureaus globally. Its mission—"to gather with economy and efficiency an accurate and impartial report of the news"—has not changed since its founding, but digital technology has made the distribution of the AP news report an interactive endeavor between AP and its 1,400 U.S. newspaper members as well as broadcasters, international subscribers, and online customers.

The AP began diversifying its news gathering capabilities and by 2007 AP was generating only about 30% of its revenue from United States newspapers. 37% came from the global broadcast customers, 15% from online ventures and 18% came from international newspapers and from photography.[11]

Web resource

The AP's multi-topic structure has resulted in web portals such as Yahoo! and MSN posting its articles, often relying on the AP as their first source for news coverage of breaking news items. This and the constant updating evolving stories require has had a major impact on the AP's public image and role, giving new credence to the AP's ongoing mission of having staff for covering every area of news fully and promptly. The AP was also the news service used on the Wii's News Channel.[12] In 2007, Google announced that it was paying to receive Associated Press content, to be displayed in Google News,[13] though this was interrupted from late 2009 to mid-2010, due to a licensing dispute.[14][15]

Timeline

  • 1849: the Harbor News Association opened the first news bureau outside the United States in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to meet ships sailing from Europe before they reached dock in New York.
  • 1876: Mark Kellogg, a stringer, was the first AP news correspondent to be killed while reporting the news, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
  • 1893: Melville E. Stone became the general manager of the reorganized AP, a post he held until 1921. Under his leadership, the AP grew to be one of the world's most prominent news agencies.
  • 1899: AP used Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph to cover the America's Cup yacht race off Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the first news test of the new technology.
  • 1914: AP introduced the teleprinter, which transmitted directly to printers over telegraph wires. Eventually a worldwide network of 60-word-per-minute teleprinter machines is built.
  • 1935: AP initiated WirePhoto, the world's first wire service for photographs. The first photograph to transfer over the network depicted an airplane crash in Morehouse, New York, on New Year's Day, 1935.
  • 1938: AP expanded new offices at 50 Rockefeller Plaza (known as "50 Rock") in the newly built Rockefeller Center in New York City, which would remain its headquarters for 66 years.[16]
  • 1941: AP expanded from print to radio broadcast news.
  • 1941: Wide World News Photo Service purchased from The New York Times.[17]
  • 1945: AP war correspondent Joseph Morton was executed along with nine OSS men and four British SOE agents by the Germans at Mauthausen concentration camp. Morton was the only Allied correspondent to be executed by the Axis during World War II. That same year, AP Paris bureau chief Edward Kennedy defied an Allied headquarters news blackout to report Nazi Germany's surrender, touching off a bitter episode that leads to his eventual dismissal by the AP. Kennedy maintains that he reported only what German radio already had broadcast.
  • 1951: AP war correspondent Prague bureau chief William N. Oatis was arrested for espionage by the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. He was not released until 1953.
  • 1994: AP launches APTV, a global video news gathering agency, headquartered in London.
  • 2004: The AP moved its headquarters from 50 Rock to 450 W. 33rd Street, New York City.[16]
  • 2006: AP joined YouTube.
  • 2008: The AP launched AP Mobile (initially known as the AP Mobile News Network), a multimedia news portal that gives users news they can choose and provides anytime access to international, national and local news. AP was the first to debut a dedicated iPhone application in June 2008 on stage at Apple's WWDC event. The app offered AP's own worldwide coverage of breaking news, sports, entertainment, politics and business as well as content from more than 1,000 AP members and third-party sources.[18]
  • 2010: AP launched multi-device World Cup Soccer Applications providing real-time news coverage of the 2010 World Cup on desktop, Apple and Android devices.
  • 2010: AP earnings fall 65% from 2008 to just $8.8 million. The AP also announced that it would have posted a loss of $4.4 million had it not liquidated its German-language news service for $13.2 million.[19]
  • 2011: AP revenue dropped $14.7 million in 2010. 2010 revenue totaled $631 million, a decline of 7% from the previous year. AP rolled out price cuts designed to help newspapers and broadcasters cope with declining revenue.
  • 2012: Gary B. Pruitt succeeded Tom Curley to become president and CEO. Pruitt is the 13th leader of AP in its 166-year history.[20]
  • 2016: AP Reports that income plummeted to $1.6 million from $183.6 million in 2015, a 99 percent decline.[21]
  • 2017: AP moved its headquarters to 200 Liberty Street, New York City.

AP sports polls

The AP conducts polls for numerous college sports in the United States. The AP college football rankings were created in 1936, and began including the top 25 teams in 1989. Since 1969, the final poll of each season has been released after all bowl games have been played.[22] The AP released its all-time Top 25 in 2016.[23] As of 2017, 22 different programs had finished in the number one spot of the poll since its inception.[24]

The AP college basketball poll has been used as a guide for which teams deserve national attention. The poll first began its poll of college basketball teams in 1949, and has since conducted over 1,100 polls. The college basketball poll started with 20 teams and was reduced to 10 during the 1960-61 college basketball season. It returned to 20 teams in 1968-69 and expanded to 25 beginning in 1989-90. The final poll for each season is released prior to the conclusion of the NCAA tournament, so all data includes regular season games only.[25] In 2017, The AP released a list of the Top 100 teams of all time. The poll counted poll appearances (one point) and No. 1 rankings (two points) to rank each team.[26]

AP sports awards

Baseball

The AP began its Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award in 1959, for a manager in each league.[27] From 1984 to 2000, the award was given to one manager in all of MLB.[28] The winners were chosen by a national panel of AP baseball writers and radio men. The award was discontinued in 2001.[27]

Basketball

Every year, the AP releases the names of the winners of its AP College Basketball Player of the Year and AP College Basketball Coach of the Year awards. It also honors a group of All-American players.

Football

Associated Press Television News

The APTN Building in London

In 1994, London-based Associated Press Television (APTV) was founded to provide agency news material to television broadcasters.[29] In 1998, AP purchased Worldwide Television News (WTN) from the ABC News division of The Walt Disney Company, Nine Network Australia and ITN London.[29] AP publishes 70,000 videos and 6,000 hours of live video per year, as of 2016. The agency also provides four simultaneous live video channels. AP was the first news agency to launch a live video news service in 2003.[30]

Litigation and controversies

Breach of contract and unfair competition

In November 2010 AP was sued by iCopyright for breach of contract and unfair competition. It accused the AP of launching a copyright-tracking registry built upon information and business intelligence that it had misappropriated from iCopyright.[31]

Christopher Newton

Washington, D.C. bureau reporter Christopher Newton, an AP reporter since 1994, was fired by AP in September 2002 after he was accused of fabricating sources since 2000, including at least 40 people and organizations. Prior to his firing, Newton had been focused on writing about federal law-enforcement while based at the Justice Department. Some of the nonexistent agencies quoted in his stories included "Education Alliance", the "Institute for Crime and Punishment in Chicago", "Voice for the Disabled", and "People for Civil Rights".[32]

Fair-use controversies

In June 2008, the AP sent numerous DMCA take down demands and threatened legal action against several blogs. The AP contended that the internet blogs were violating AP's copyright by linking to AP material and using headlines and short summaries in those links. Many bloggers and experts noted that the use of the AP news fell squarely under commonly accepted internet practices and within fair-use standards.[33] Others noted and demonstrated that AP routinely takes similar excerpts from other sources, often without attribution or licenses. AP responded that it was defining standards regarding citations of AP news.[34]

In August 2005, Ken Knight, a Louisiana photographer, sued the AP claiming that it had willfully and negligently violated Knight's copyright by distributing a photograph of celebrity Britney Spears to various media outlets including, but not limited to: truTV (formerly CourtTV), America Online and Fox News.[35] According to court documents the AP did not have a license to publish, display or relicense the photographs. The case was settled in November 2006.

In a case filed February 2005, McClatchey v. The Associated Press, a Pennsylvania photographer sued the AP for cropping a picture to remove the plaintiff's embedded title and copyright notice and later distributed it to news organizations without the plaintiff's permission or credit. The parties settled.[36]

In April 2011, Patricia Ann Lopez, a New Mexico courtroom sketch artist, sued the Associated Press claiming that the AP had violated her copyrights by reselling her images without a license and had deceptively, fraudulently and wrongfully passed off the artist's work as its own.[37] According to court documents the AP did not have a license to resell or relicense the images.

Shepard Fairey

In March 2009, the Associated Press counter-sued artist Shepard Fairey over his famous image of Barack Obama, saying the uncredited, uncompensated use of an AP photo violated copyright laws and signaled a threat to journalism. Fairey had sued the AP the previous month over his artwork, titled "Obama Hope" and "Obama Progress", arguing that he did not violate copyright law because he dramatically changed the image. The artwork, based on an April 2006 picture taken for the AP by Mannie Garcia, was a popular image during the 2008 presidential election and now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. According to the AP lawsuit filed in federal court in Manhattan, Fairey knowingly "misappropriated The AP's rights in that image". The suit asked the court to award AP profits made off the image and damages. Fairey said he looked forward to "upholding the free expression rights at stake here" and disproving the AP's accusations. In January 2011 this suit was settled with neither side declaring their position to be wrong but agreeing to share reproduction rights and profits from Fairey's work.[38]

Hot News

In January 2008, Associated Press sued competitor All Headline News (AHN) claiming that AHN allegedly infringed on its copyrights and a contentious "quasi-property" right to facts.[39][40] The AP complaint asserted that AHN reporters had copied facts from AP news reports without permission and without paying a syndication fee. After AHN moved to dismiss all but the copyright claims set forth by AP, a majority of the lawsuit was dismissed.[41] The case has been dismissed and both parties settled.[42]

In June 2010, Associated Press was accused[43] of having unfair and hypocritical policies after it was demonstrated that AP reporters had copied original reporting from the "Search Engine Land" website without permission, attribution, or credit.[44]

"Illegal immigrant"

In April 2013, AP stated that it had dropped the term "illegal immigrant" from its stylebook. AP follows ABC, NBC, and CNN in not using the term. Jose Antonio Vargas commended The Associated Press for its decision.[45]

Syndicated writer Ruben Navarrette criticized the decision, stating the reasoning behind the decision was political correctness and called the blog "incomprehensible".[46] Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano said of the decision, that she doesn't get involved in "vocabulary wars" and then stated "They are immigrants who are here illegally, that's an illegal immigrant".[47]

Hoax tweet and flash crash

On April 23, 2013, the AP's Twitter account was hacked to release a hoax tweet about fictional attacks in the White House that left President Obama injured.[48] This erroneous tweet resulted in a brief plunge of 130 points from the Dow Jones Industrial Average, removal of $136 billion from S&P 500 index,[49] and the temporary suspension of their Twitter account. Although all executed trades were considered final, the Dow Jones later restored its session gains.

Justice Department subpoena of phone records

On May 13, 2013, The Associated Press announced telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012, had been subpoenaed by the U.S. Justice Department and described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into news-gathering operations.[50][51] The AP reported that the Justice Department would not say why it sought the records, but sources stated that the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia's office was conducting a criminal investigation into a May 7, 2012 AP story about a CIA operation that prevented a terrorist plot to detonate an explosive device on a commercial flight.[52] The DOJ did not direct subpoenas to the AP, instead going to their phone providers, including Verizon Wireless.[53] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder testified under oath in front of the House Judiciary Committee that he recused himself from the leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James M. Cole, was in charge of the AP investigation and would have ordered the subpoenas.[54]

Claims of biased reporting

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In his book Broken Spring: An American-Israeli Reporter's Close-up View of How Egyptians Lost Their Struggle for Freedom, former AP correspondent Mark Lavie claims that the AP upheld a narrative line in which Arabs and Palestinians were entirely without blame in a conflict where all guilt lay with Israel.[55][56][57] Israeli journalist Matti Friedman accused AP of killing a story he wrote about the "war of words", "between Israel and its critics in human rights organizations", in the aftermath of the Israel/Gaza conflict of 2008–09.[55]

Governance

The Associated Press is governed by an elected board of directors.[58] Since April 2017, the chairman is Steven Swartz, president and CEO of Hearst Communications.

Board of Directors
Steven R. Swartz (Chairman)Hearst Corporation
Donna J. BarrettCommunity Newspaper Holdings, Inc.
Richard A BoehneThe E.W. Scripps Company
Elizabeth BrennerThe Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Journal Communications, Inc.
Robert BrownSwift Communications
William Stacey CowlesThe Spokesman-Review
Cowles Publishing Co.
Kirk DavisGatehouseMedia, LLC
New Media Investment Group
Michael GoldenThe New York Times Company
Bill HoffmanCox Media Group
Rob KingESPN
Terry J. KroegerBH Media Group
The Omaha World-Herald
Isaac LeeUnivision Communications, Inc.
Fusion
Robin McKinney MartinThe Santa Fe New Mexican and The Taos News
Gracia C. MartoreGannett Co., Inc.
Jim M. Moroney IIIA. H. Belo Corporation
William O. NuttingThe Ogden Newspapers Inc.
David M. PaxtonPaxton Media Group
Patrick J. TalamantesThe McClatchy Company
Paul C. TashTimes Publishing Company

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Documents Shed New Light on Birth of AP; Wire Older Than Originally Thought". Editor&Publisher. 31 January 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Consolidated Financial Statements" (PDF). The Associated Press. April 2015. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
  3. ↑ "News Values and Principles | AP". Associated Press. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  4. ↑ "AP content drives more Facebook engagements than individual publishers in June, July". Associated Press. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  5. ↑ "2016 Consolidated Financial Statements" (PDF). Associated Press. April 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  6. ↑ "A look at the AP through AP stats and figures". Associated Press. 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Associated Press Founded - This Day in History May 22". New York Natives. 2015-05-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  8. ↑ "Network effects". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  9. ↑ Press, Gil. "The Birth of Atari, Modern Computer Design, And The Software Industry: This Week In Tech History". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  10. ↑ "Wire That Photo". Popular Mechanics. Books.google.com. July 1937. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  11. ↑ Hau, Louis (2008-02-14). "Down On The Wire". Forbes. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-09. Last year, AP generated only about 30% of its revenue from U.S. newspapers. The rest came from global broadcast customers (37%), online ventures (15%) and other revenue sources, such as international clients and photography, (18%). Forbes.com is a customer of AP
  12. ↑ "Nintendo Customer Service: Wii News Channel". Nintendo. Retrieved 2009-11-17. Using the international resources of the Associated Press, the News Channel gives Wii users free access to stories in multiple categories from across the country and around the world.
  13. ↑ "Google News Becomes A Publisher". Information Week. August 31, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-26. 'Because the Associated Press, Agence France-Presse, U.K. Press Association and the Canadian Press don't have a consumer Web site where they publish their content, they have not been able to benefit from the traffic that Google News drives to other publishers,' Josh Cohen, business product manager for Google News, explained in a blog post.
  14. ↑ "Google Stops Hosting New AP Content". Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  15. ↑ "Google, AP reach deal for Google News content". CNET. August 30, 2010. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  16. 1 2 "AP leaves 50 Rock for West 33rd Street Headquarters". The Associated Press (Press release). 2004-07-19. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  17. ↑ Rachel L. Swarns, Darcy Eveleigh and Damien Cave (February 1, 2016). "Unpublished Black History". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2016. The Times's picture agency, Wide World News Photo Service, which had staff members in London, Berlin and elsewhere, was sold to The Associated Press in 1941.
  18. ↑ The Associated Press (2009-05-21). "AP Mobile rings in one-year anniversary" Archived February 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., AP, Press Release.
  19. ↑ "Associated Press Reports Narrow 2009 Profit". Media Post. 2010-04-30. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  20. ↑ "Gary Pruitt, of McClatchy, to become new president and CEO of The Associated Press". Associated Press. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  21. ↑ "Newspaper decline continues to weigh on AP earnings". Associated Press. Associated Press.
  22. ↑ "The best and worst of LSU's AP preseason poll history". NOLA.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  23. ↑ Williams, Blake. "What The Last Five Seasons Of The AP Poll Say About Trending Teams In College Football". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  24. ↑ "College football rankings: Who has been No. 1 in the AP preseason poll most often and how did they finish?". NCAA.com. 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  25. ↑ "AP Top 25 polls highlight Top 100 all-time in college basketball". The Denver Post. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  26. ↑ "Where does Syracuse basketball rank on the all-time AP Top 25?". syracuse.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  27. 1 2 AP Manager of the Year Award. Baseball-Almanac.com. Retrieved 2009-09-29. Although the award began in 1959, AP gave a "manager of the year" award in 1950 to Eddie Sawyer of the Philadelphia Phillies."Eddie Sawyer Honored in Baseball Vote". Prescott Evening Courier. November 8, 1950. p. Section 2, Page 1. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
  28. ↑ In 1959, when the AP began its Manager of the Year Award for a manager in each league, The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award (begun in 1936) was for one manager in all of MLB. In 1983, MLB began its own Manager of the Year Award, for a manager in each league. The following year (1984) the AP changed its award to one in all of MLB. In 1986, The Sporting News changed its award to one for each league.
  29. 1 2 Reuters. "A.P. Buys Worldwide Television News". Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  30. ↑ "AP experiments with live streams as appetite for up-to-the-minute video grows". 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  31. ↑ "The Messy Falling Out Between The AP And iCopyright". Paid Content. December 7, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Fib Newton". Slate.com. October 29, 2002. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  33. ↑ "AP's Fair Use Challenge (Harvard Law)". Berkman Center for Internet and Society. 2008-06-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  34. ↑ Hansell, Saul (June 16, 2008). "The Associated Press to Set Guidelines for Using Its Articles in Blogs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-09. The Associated Press...said that it will, for the first time, attempt to define clear standards as to how much of its articles and broadcasts bloggers and Web sites can excerpt without infringing on The A.P.'s copyright.
  35. ↑ Ken Knight v. The Associated Press. Text
  36. ↑ McClatchey v. The Associated Press. Text
  37. ↑ Lopez v. The Associated Press. Text
  38. ↑ Memmott, Mark (11 January 2011). "Shepard Fairey And AP Settle Copyright Dispute Over 'Hope' Poster". NPR. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  39. ↑ Schonfeld, Erick (February 22, 2009). "Hot News: The AP Is Living In The Last Century". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  40. ↑ Anderson, Nate. "Who owns the facts? The AP and the "hot news" controversy". Ars Technica.
  41. ↑ The Associated Press v. All Headline News Corp., 08 Civ. 323 (United States District Court, Southern District of New York 2009-02-17).
  42. ↑ "Citizen Media Law Project" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  43. ↑ Masnick, Mike (2010-06-01). "AP Sues Others For Copying Its Reporting, But Has No Problem Copying Bloggers Without Citation". TechDirt. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  44. ↑ Sullivan, Danny (2010-06-01). "How The Mainstream Media Stole Our News Story Without Credit". Daggle. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  45. ↑ Christina Costantini (2 April 2013). "Associated Press Drops 'Illegal Immigrant' From Stylebook". ABC News. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  46. ↑ Ruben Navarrette (6 April 2013). "Ruben Navarrette: Why 'illegal' immigrant is the right term". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  47. ↑ "Associated Press under scrutiny for nixing term 'illegal immigrant' from Stylebook". Fox News. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  48. ↑ Samantha Murphy (April 23, 2013). "AP Twitter Hack Falsely Claims Explosions at White House". Mashable. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Fake Tweet Erasing $136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans". Bloomberg. April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  50. ↑ Sanchez, Raf (2013-05-13). "US Justice Department secretly seizes Associated Press phone records". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  51. ↑ "US government secretly obtained Associated Press phone records". The Guardian. 15 May 2013.
  52. ↑ Ingram, David (2013-05-13). "Associated Press says U.S. government seized journalists' phone records". Reuters Canada. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  53. ↑ Gallagher, Ryan. "Verizon Wireless Secretly Passed AP Reporters' Phone Records to Feds". Slate. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  54. ↑ Curry, Tom. "Holder addresses AP leaks investigation, announces IRS probe". NBC News. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  55. 1 2 Matti Friedman (30 November 2014). "What the Media Gets Wrong About Israel". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  56. ↑ "Broken Spring by Mark Lavie". Times of Israel. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  57. ↑ Lavie, Mark (August 2014). "Why Everything Reported from Gaza is Crazy Twisted". The Tower. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  58. ↑ "Facts & Figures: AP Board of Directors". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-11-17.

Sources

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  • Fenby, Jonathan (1986). The International News Services. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-3995-2.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard Allen (1979). The American Wire Services: A Study of Their Development as a Social Institution. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-11774-4.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard Allen (1989). The Nation's Newsbrokers, Volume 1: The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0818-6.
  • Schwarzlose, Richard Allen (1990). The Nation's Newsbrokers, Volume 2: The Rush to Institution: From 1865 to 1920. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0819-4.
  • Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan. The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947 (2014)
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