Naypyidaw

Nay Pyi Taw
နေပြည်တော်
Naypyidaw
Capital City
Nay Pyi Taw
Location of Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
Coordinates: 19°45′N 96°6′E / 19.750°N 96.100°E / 19.750; 96.100Coordinates: 19°45′N 96°6′E / 19.750°N 96.100°E / 19.750; 96.100
Country  Myanmar
Division Naypyidaw Union Territory[1]
Subdivisions 8 townships
Settled 2005
Incorporated 2008
Government[2]
 • Chairman Myo Aung
Area[3]
 • Total 7,054.37 km2 (2,723.71 sq mi)
Elevation 115 m (377 ft)
Population
 • Total 924,608[4]
 • Density 131.1/km2 (339.5/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+06:30 (MMT)
Area code(s) 067

Naypyidaw, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw (Burmese: နေပြည်တော်; MLCTS: Nepranytau; pronounced [nèpjìdɔ̀], formerly known as Kyetpyay, Pyinmana or Kyatpyay, Pyinmana), is the capital city of Myanmar and seat of the government of Myanmar. It is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the Constitution.[1] It is unusual among Myanmar's cities, being an entirely planned city outside of any state or region, similar to Canberra in Australia, or Brasília in Brazil.

As the seat of the government of Myanmar, Naypyidaw is the site of the Union Parliament, the Supreme Court, the Office of the President of Myanmar, the Presidential Palace, the official residences of the Cabinet of Myanmar and the headquarters of government ministries and military. Naypyidaw is notable for its unusual combination of large size and very low population density.[5] The city hosted the 24th and 25th ASEAN Summit, the Ninth East Asia Summit, and the 2013 Southeast Asian Games.

Etymology

Naypyidaw is Burmese for "abode of the king", and is generally translated as "royal capital",[6] "seat of the king", or "abode of kings".[3] Traditionally, it was used as a suffix to the names of royal capitals, such as Mandalay, which was called Yadanabon Naypyidaw (ရတနာပုံနေပြည်တော်).

History

Naypyidaw has a short history. It was founded on a greenfield site near Pyinmana, about 320 kilometres (200 mi) north of the old capital, Yangon. Construction started in 2002.[3] At least 25 construction companies were hired by the military government to build the city, including Asia World and Htoo Ltd.[7]

On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of the country was quietly relocated from Yangon to a greenfield site about 320 km (200 mi) north of where it had been, with minimal explanation from the government.[8] The new capital's official name was made public on 27 March 2006, Myanmar's Armed Forces Day. Construction of this planned city began in 2002 and was completed by 2012.[9]

On 27 March 2006, more than 12,000 troops marched in the new capital in its first public event: a massive military parade to mark Armed Forces Day—which is the anniversary of then Burma's 1945 uprising against the Japanese occupation of Burma. Filming was restricted to the concrete parade ground which contains three enormous sculptures—depictions of King Anawrahta, Bayinnaung and Alaungpaya, who are considered the three greatest monarchs in the history of Myanmar. The city was officially named Naypyidaw during these ceremonies.[10]

Rationale behind moving the capital

It is not known why the capital was moved, but according to The Guardian, Than Shwe did it as a "vanity project".[11] Naypyidaw is more centrally located than the old capital, Yangon. It is also a transportation hub located adjacent to the Shan, Kayah, and Kayin states. It was felt by governmental and military leaders that a stronger military and governmental presence nearby might provide stability to those chronically turbulent regions.[12] Climate consideration could have also contributed to the capital transfer, since Yangon proved vulnerable to Cyclone Nargis, which killed over 100,000 people in Burma in May 2008. [] The decision of the capital transfer and the choice of the location of the new capital was affected by Burmese astologists [] The official explanation for moving the capital was that Yangon had become too congested and crowded with little room for future expansion of government offices.[3] During World War II nearby town of Pyinmana was the headquarters of general Aung San.

Geography and climate

Naypyidaw is located between the Bago Yoma and Shan Yoma mountain ranges. The city covers an area of 7,054.37 km2 (2,723.71 sq mi) and has a population of 924,608, according to official figures.[13]

Chaungmagyi Dam is located a few kilometers to the north of Naypyidaw, while Ngalaik Dam is a few kilometers to the south. The Yezin Dam is farther away in the north-east.

Cityscape

Apartment building in Naypyidaw

Naypyidaw is organized into a number of zones. As of 2013, the city is still lacking many of the facilities one would expect in a capital city.

Residential zones

The residential areas are carefully organized, and apartments are allotted according to rank and marital status.[14] The city currently has 1,200 four-story apartment blocks.[15] The roofs of apartment buildings are color-coded by the jobs of their residents; Ministry of Health employees live in buildings with blue roofs and Ministry of Agriculture employees live in those with green roofs.[14] High-ranking government officials live in mansions,[16] of which there are about 50.

Ministry zone

The city's Ministry zone contains the headquarters of Myanmar's government ministries. All the ministry buildings are identical in appearance.[17] A parliamentary complex consisting of 31 buildings[18] and a 100-room presidential palace are also located there.[14] The zone also contains the city hall building, which has many characteristics of Stalinist architecture, but with a Burmese-style roof.

Military zones

High-ranking military officers and other key officials live 11 km (6.8 mi) away from regular government employees in a complex said to consist of tunnels and bunkers; this area is restricted to the public.[14] The city also hosts a military base, which is inaccessible to citizens or other personnel without written permission.[9]

Diplomatic zone

The government has set aside 2 hectares (4.9 acres) of land each for foreign embassies and headquarters of United Nations missions. The Chinese embassy has formally opened its interim liaison office in 2017. The liaison office is the first foreign office to be permitted to open in Naypyidaw.[19] Bangladesh and Malaysia have also signed agreements to open embassies in Naypyidaw. The government confirms that proposals have been put forward by 11 other countries to move their embassies to Naypyidaw, namely Russia, China, the United States, India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey and Kuwait.[20] In February 2018, State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi chaired a meeting at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Naypyidaw where she urged foreign governments to move their embassies to the capital.

Wunna Theikdi Indoor Stadium

Hotel zone

The Hotel zone has a handful of villa-style hotels on the hilly outskirts of the city. There are currently twelve hotels located in or near Naypyidaw. Eight of these are located within the Naypyidaw Hotel Zone, and two are located in Laeway (Lewe) on the Yangon-Mandalay Road.[21] Forty villas were constructed near the Myanmar Convention Centre in preparation for the 25th ASEAN summit conducted in Naypyidaw in November 2014. Construction of the villas was begun in 2010 by the government. However, funds were limited, so the project was later put out to tender for completion by private sector investors. A total of 348 hotels and 442 inns were constructed to house the athletes and spectators of the 2013 Southeast Asian Games, which was hosted in Naypyidaw.[22]

Shopping

Myoma Market

Naypyidaw Myoma Market is currently the commercial centre of Naypyidaw. Other shopping areas include Thapye Chaung Market and Junction Centre Naypyidaw. Junction Centre is the city's first privately operated shopping centre.[13] There are also local markets and a restaurant area.

Recreation

Entrance to the National Herbal Park

Ngalaik Lake Gardens is a small water park situated along the Ngalaik Dam, near Kyweshin Village on Ngalaik Lake (about 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Naypyidaw). Opened in 2008, facilities at the Ngalaik Lake Gardens include water slides, natural resorts, lodging and a beach. The gardens are open to the public during Thingyan holidays.[23]

Also opened in 2008, the 81-hectare (200-acre) National Herbal Park has exhibits of plants having medicinal applications from all of the major regions of Myanmar. There are thousands of plants at the park, representing hundreds of different species.[24] Behind the city hall, there is a park with a playground and water fountain complex, which hosts a musical light show every night.[14]

The Naypyidaw Zoological Gardens opened in 2008 with 420 species and now with 1500 animals. The main attraction of the zoo is the climate-controlled penguin house. The animals were shipped to it from the old one in Yangon.[25][26] The Naypyidaw Safari Park officially opened on 12 February 2011.[27][28]

Naypyidaw also has two golf courses (Naypyidaw City Golf Course and Yaypyar Golf Course) and a gem museum.[21]

Landmark

Uppatasanti Pagoda

Similar in size and shape to the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Uppatasanti Pagoda was completed in 2009.[29] This new pagoda is named the Uppatasanti or "Peace Pagoda". The stake-driving ceremony for the pagoda was held on 12 November 2006.[30] The invitation card for the ceremony opened with a phrase "Rajahtani Naypyidaw (the royal capital where the king resides)".[31] The pagoda is just 30 cm (12 in) shorter than the Shwedagon Pagoda.[32] Uppatasanti translates roughly to "Protection against Calamity". It is the name of a sūtra prepared by a monk in the early 16th century. It is to be recited in time of crisis, especially in the face of foreign invasion.[33]

Administration

Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Complex (Parliament)
Lobby of Zeyathiri Beikman, the government guesthouse for high level delegations

Naypyidaw is a Union Territory under the direct administration of the President. Day-to-day functions are carried out on the President's behalf by the Naypyidaw Council led by a Chairperson. The Chairperson and members of the Naypyidaw Council are appointed by the President and include both civilians and Armed Forces representatives.[34]

The Naypyidaw Union Territory consists of the city proper (downtown) and eight surrounding townships.[13] Downtown is further divided into four wards. Pyinmana, Lewe, and Tatkone townships were all formerly part of Yamethin District. Oathara Thiri, Dekkina Thiri, Poppha Thiri, Zapu Thiri, and Zeyar Thiri are all new townships currently under construction. As of December 2009, most government ministry offices have been relocated to the administrative capital. Only the offices of ministries' directorates remain in Yangon.[13]

  • City proper (Wards)
    • Zeyatheiddhi (ဇေယျသိဒ္ဓိ ရပ်ကွက်, from Pali jeyyasiddi)
    • Pyinnyatheddhi (ပညာသိဒ္ဓိ ရပ်ကွက်, from Pali pañasiddi)
    • Bawgatheiddhi (ဘောဂသိဒ္ဓိ ရပ်ကွက်, from Pali bhogasiddi)
    • Mingalatheiddhi (မင်္ဂလာသိဒ္ဓိ ရပ်ကွက်, from Pali mangalasiddi)
  • Pre-existing townships
  • New Townships

There is sometimes some controversy about land use and changes in land ownership related to the urban spread of Naypyidaw. In late 2014, for example, there were suggestions in parliament that land grabs were occurring near the Dekkhinathiri Township and that existing laws needed to be amended to provide better protection for farmers.[35] There has also been criticism from some members of parliament about the size of the Naypyidaw Union Territory and the fact that money is being spent on urban infrastructure (such as lighting around lakes) although the facilities do not attract much use.[36]

Education and research

Basic Education

  • No. 1 Basic Education High School
  • No. 2 Basic Education High School

Higher Education

Yezin (a few kilometers north-east of Naypyidaw and Pyinmana)

Research

  • Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute (SABRI)[37]

Transport

Airport

Naypyidaw International Airport, also known as Ayelar Airport, is 16 km (10 mi) south-east of the city, between the towns of Ela and Lewe. It is served by all domestic airlines—Air Bagan, Air Mandalay, Myanmar National Airlines, FMI Air and Yangon Airways—with regular flights to Yangon and other cities across the country.[38] According to the Transport Ministry, the airport has a 3.6 kilometre runway, a control tower 69 meters high and 10 passenger boarding bridges and can take 50,000 to 65,000 flights annually.[39] Bangkok Airways and China Eastern Airlines serves the airport with international flights to and from Bangkok and Kunming.

Naypyidaw International Airport

Buses and taxis

Public transport services are limited between neighborhoods.[14] The four-lane, 323.2 km (200.8 mi) Yangon-Naypyidaw highway links Naypyidaw with Yangon directly and is part of the 563 km (350 mi)-long overall Yangon-Naypyidaw-Mandalay Expressway. There is a 20-lane boulevard; like most roads in the city, it is largely empty.[40] Naypyidaw has four-lane roads and multilevel, flower-covered roundabouts (traffic circles[41]). Government ministries run shuttle buses in the morning and evening to their respective buildings.[42]

The city has a central bus station[3] and one taxi company, which is operated by the military.[14]Motorbikes are banned from some roads in Naypyidaw city limits, including sections of Taw Win Yadana Road, as a result of hundreds of traffic accident-related deaths in 2009.[43]

Railways

Naypyidaw Railway Station

Naypyidaw railway station was opened at milepost No. (233/0), between Ywataw station and Kyihtaunggan station on the Yangon-Mandalay railroad with a station area of 2,700 m × 1,200 m (9,000 ft × 4,000 ft) and a covered area of 334.5 hectares (826.5 acres). Construction began on 8 December 2006 and Naypyidaw railway station was opened on 5 July 2009, even though the overpass, locomotive shed, concrete road leading up to the station, parking lot, passenger lounge and platform were not completed.[44]

Before the opening of Naypyidaw railway station, Naypyidaw was served by Pyinmana and Lewe stations, though only Pyinmana station is on the main rail line (which extends from Yangon-Bago-Naypyidaw-Thazi-Mandalay). Lewe station is on the way from Pyinmana to Kyaukpadaung. It takes nine hours by train to get from Yangon to Pyinmana; trains leave at 12:00 and arrive at 21:30 local time.[45]

In August 2011, Russian news media announced that a Russian-based firm would be constructing a 50-kilometre (31 mi) metro line, which would be the country's first underground rail system, underneath Naypyidaw.[46][47] However, the Rail Transportation Ministry then announced that the plan had been cancelled due to lack of demand and budgetary limits.[48]

Healthcare

Naypyidaw General Hospital

The city is served by five public hospitals: 1000-bed Naypyidaw General Hospital , Naypyidaw Women Hospital, Naypyidaw ENT Hospital, 100-bedded Naypyidaw Traditional Medicine Hospital and Naypyidaw Orthopaedic Hospital.[49][50][51][52] There is also a 300-bed Obstetric, Gynaecological and Children's Hospital of Defence Services, which is one of the teaching hospitals of Myanmar Defence Services Medical Academy. The nearby towns of Lewe, Pyinmana, and Tatkone each have one hospital.[21]

Sports

Naypyidaw F.C, a Myanmar National League football club, is based at Wunna Theikdi Stadium in Naypyidaw.

Main sights

Pagodas

Naypyidaw Gems Museum

Museums and memorials

Recreation

Safari Park (Naypyidaw)

Concert halls and theatres

  • Myanmar International Convention Centre 1 (MICC-1)
  • Myanmar International Convention Centre 2 (MICC-2)
  • Open-Air Theatre[54]

Arts and entertainment

The Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards are held annually in Naypyidaw given to the highest achievers in Burmese cinema.[55] There is a movie theater in the Junction Centre Mall in Naypyidaw. There are two others in nearby Pyinmana, and one in Tatkone Township.[21]

Communications

Since 2009, Naypyidaw has had mobile phone coverage.

Media

The headquarter of the Ministry of Information is located in Naypyidaw.

Print

The Myanmar Alin and the Kyaymon in Burmese and the New Light of Myanmar in English are available in Naypyidaw. Since 18 November 2011, the Ministry of Information has begun publishing a weekly journal called the Naypyidaw Times, to report on government policies.[56]

Radio

There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting in Naypyidaw. The main available channels in Naypyidaw are Radio Myanmar (operated by MRTV), Cherry FM, Mandalay FM, FM Bagan, Padamyar FM, Pyinsawaddy FM, Shwe FM and City FM.

Television

MRTV, MRTV-4 and Myawaddy TV are the main channels, broadcasting Burmese-language programmes in Naypyidaw. Privately owned enterprise Sky Net provides more than 70 pay-TV channels of local and international origin.

Consequences

The establishment of Naypyidaw was an extraordinary project. However, the shorter-term and long-term consequences of establishing the new capital are not yet clear.

Data on the economic impact of constructing Naypyidaw are scarce but the national economic impact of the huge construction effort must have been very considerable. One estimate puts the cost in the range of $3–4 billion although only part of this estimate is for cash spending because non-cash investments were also reportedly involved in supporting the construction effort.[57] There must have been a large localized construction boom, the result of which is that a vast new economic asset has been created.[58] On the other hand, current (mid 2014) utilization of the vast new asset is very low. Most of the remarkable main roads in the city (10 lane roadways are common) are ghost roads for much of the time. There are also large areas of vacant land between many buildings.[59]

One of the consequences of administration for the nation is that there is now continual travel by vehicles along the relatively new 300 km highway from Yangon to Naypyidaw. But the highway is four lanes for most of the way. There is clearly a large amount of excess capacity because there are relatively few vehicles for much of the time on the road. Most trucks traveling North from Yangon to Naypyidaw and Mandalay are prohibited from using the highway. The Asian Development Bank has estimated that allowing more trucks onto the road would save over $100 million per year in reduced traveling time and other savings.[60] Remarkably, there are plans to turn the road into a six lane highway because it is believed that a wider road would be safer to travel on.[61]

In March 2014, Naypyidaw was one of the locations featured on the British motoring TV show Top Gear during a two-part special event in Myanmar.

See also

References

  • Dulyapak Preecharushh, Naypyidaw: New Capital of Burma, 2009, White Lotus. ISBN 978-9744801302

Notes

  1. 1 2 "တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ". Weekly Eleven News (in Burmese). 20 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  2. ↑ "News Briefs". The Myanmar Times. Myanmar Consolidated Media. 20 March 2006. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Pedrosa, Veronica (20 November 2006). "Burma's 'seat of the kings'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
  4. ↑ Department of Population, Myanmar.
  5. ↑ "This 'empty' city is more than four times the size of London". indy100. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  6. ↑ "An Introduction to the Toponymy of Burma (October 2007) – Annex A" Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. p. 8, The Permanent Committee on Geographic Names (PCGN), United Kingdom
  7. ↑ "Buki Yuushuu". YouTube. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  8. ↑ "Naypyidaw: Burma". Geographical Names. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  9. 1 2 Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 650.
  10. ↑ "Burma's new capital stages parade". BBC News. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2006.
  11. ↑ Kennard, Matt; Provost, Claire (19 March 2015). "Burma's bizarre capital: a super-sized slice of post-apocalypse suburbia". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  12. ↑ McGeown, Kate (8 November 2005). Burma's confusing capital move. BBC News.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Construction of Myanmar new capital continues". People's Daily. Xinhua News. 24 December 2009.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Living in a ghost town. Bangkok Post. 18 October 2009.
  15. ↑ Peck, Grant (5 October 2007). "Myanmar's Remote Capital Is Still a Work in Progress". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ The Australian. "A monument to junta's fear". 16 October 2007
  18. ↑ "As poll looms, Myanmar still building parliament". Reuters. 17 January 2010.
  19. ↑ "China embassy opens interim liaison office in Naypyidaw". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  20. ↑ Mon, Su Myat. "Govt urges Naypyidaw move for embassies, but obstacles remain". Frontier Myanmar. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Myanmar Yellow Pages: Naypyidaw Listings Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ "New hotels rise in Naypyidaw ahead of SEA Games". Weekly Eleven. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  23. ↑ Briefing on construction of Naypyidaw Ngalaik Lake Gardens Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ "National herbal Park". tours in Myanmar. toursinmyanmar. 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  25. ↑ "Built to Order: Myanmar's New Capital Isolates and Insulates Junta". The New York Times. 24 June 2008.
  26. ↑ "Myanmar unveils zoo in remote new capital | MACAU DAILY TIMES". Macau Daily Times. March 27, 2008.
  27. ↑ "Safari Park (Naypyidaw) to open on 12 February". Bi-Weekly Eleven. Yangon. 26 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
  28. ↑ Archived 14 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ Than Shwe offers golden lotus to Uppatasanti Archived 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ Uppatasanti Pagoda, replica of Shwedagon Pagoda in Nay Pyi Daw Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ Steinberg, David (2009). Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-539068-1.
  32. ↑ Naypyidaw’s Version of Shwedagon Pagoda Nears Completion Archived 11 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ Weekly Eleven News Journal, Vol. 1, No. 44 (16 August 2006), p. 9.
  34. ↑ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Constitution_of_Myanmar_of_2008.pdf
  35. ↑ 'Call for amending Naypyitaw Development Law', The Nation, 12 December 2014.
  36. ↑ 'Naypyidaw Union Territory Should Be Shrunk, Says MP', Eleven, 11 February 2015.
  37. ↑ "China-Myanmar Established Biodiversity Research Institute Unveiled in Naypyidaw---Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.cas.cn. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  38. ↑ "News Briefs (New air destinations)". The Myanmar Times. Myanmar Consolidated Media. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
  39. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Myanmar opens international airport in new capital". U.S. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  40. ↑ Tun, Aung Hla (16 January 2010). "As poll looms, Myanmar still building parliament". Reuters.
  41. ↑ "Built to Order: Myanmar's New Capital Isolates and Insulates Junta". The New York Times. 24 June 2008.
  42. ↑ Varadarajan, Siddharth (21 January 2007). In phantom capital, a city slowly takes shape. The Hindu.
  43. ↑ Win Ko Ko Latt (21 March 2011). "Motorbike ban to be expanded in NPT". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  44. ↑ "New railway station reflects dignity of Naypyidaw" (PDF). The New Light of Myanmar. Ministry of Information. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  45. ↑ "Import, export licensing moving to Naypyidaw". The Myanmar Times. Myanmar Consolidated Media. 29 May 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
  46. ↑ Nikishenkov, Oleg (5 August 2011). "Moscow exports the metro – to Myanmar". Moscow Times. Russia & India Report. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  47. ↑ Wade, Francis (2 August 2011). "Russia to build metro in Naypyidaw: reports". Democratic Voice of Burma. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  48. ↑ Sann Oo (5 September 2011). "Subway plan for Naypyidaw too expensive, says minister". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  49. ↑ "EYE.ENT Hospital Naypyitaw". EyeMyanmar. 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  50. ↑ "Naypyidaw Hospital looks to boost hygiene, reception services". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  51. ↑ "Orthopaedic Specialist Hospital opens in Naypyidaw - Global New Light Of Myanmar". Global New Light Of Myanmar. 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  52. ↑ Inc, IBP (2015). Myanmar Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Handbook - Strategic Information and Regulations. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781312884472.
  53. ↑ Editor. "The Museum of Sport in Naypyidaw is exhibiting more than 300 medals won by the nation's athletes". Retrieved 2017-10-13.
  54. ↑ "Venues & Rates". travelnaypyitaw.org. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  55. ↑ "Naypyidaw's Oscar Event". The Irrawaddy. IPG. 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
  56. ↑ "Information Ministry launches 'Naypyitaw Times Journal'". 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  57. ↑ 'Surrounded by Poverty, a Lifeless Capital Stands Aloof', The New York Times, 13 December 2011.
  58. ↑ An estimated construction cost of $US 4 billion is also given in Insight Guides, Myanmar (Burma), London, APA publications, 2014, p. 198. This guide book describes Naypyidaw (p. 198) as "a sprawling, soulless white-elephant city of empty 8-lane highways and giant concrete buildings".
  59. ↑ For a brief description by a well-known international observer of the situation in late 2012, see Francis Fukuyama, 'What Myanmar Needs', The American Interest, 6 September 2012.
  60. ↑ Thomas Manch and Kyaw Lin Htoon, 'The road rules costing Myanmar billions', Frontier Myanmar, 14 December 2017.
  61. ↑ Construction on some sections of a six-lane highway are already underway (mid 2014) along the highway. Parts of the highway have already been widened to six lanes, and a number of bridges along the road are in the construction stage of being widened. For a discussion of safety concerns about the national highways to Naypyidaw, see the report about plans to improve the highway linking Naypyidaw and Mandalay at Kyaw Hsu Mon, 'Govt Calls for Foreign Investment in 'Death Highway' Upgrade', The Irrawaddy, 29 December 2014.
Naypyidaw
Preceded by
Rangoon		 Capital of Myanmar
6 January 2005 – present		 Succeeded by
Current
Preceded by
2011
Palembang, Indonesia and Jakarta, Indonesia		 Southeast Asian Games host
2013		 Succeeded by
2015
Singapore

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