List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect, the term culture specifically including aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, etc.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into ethnic subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted. Multiracial groups (such as Métis and Coloureds) should be listed as subgroups of the ethnic groups they are descended from.

Ethnic groups

The groups commonly identified as "ethnic groups" (as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar). Smaller groups (i.e. less than 100,000) are often indigenous peoples.

Name Native language (primary language) Primary homeland Population (millions; estimate) Subgroups Majority (plurality) religion and sect
Abazins Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza Abazinia (Russia) 0.2 million Askharua, Tapanta Islam → Sunni Islam
Abkhazians Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz Abkhazia (Georgia)[1] 0.2 million Bzyb, Abzhui, Zamurzakan Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Acoli Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Acholi Acoliland (Uganda, South Sudan) 1.2 million Christianity
Afar Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Afar Afaria (Ethiopia), Djibouti 2.3–4.2 million Islam
African Americans Indo-European → Germanic → English → African-American English[2] United States 40.9 million Gullah, Black Hebrew Israelites, Americo-Liberians, Black Nova Scotians (specifically descendants of Black Loyalists), Krio,[3] Black Seminoles Christianity → Protestantism
Afrikaners Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape), Namibia 3.5 million[4] Boers, Coloureds[5] (including Cape Coloureds, Griqua, Basters, Oorlam, and Goffal) Christianity → Protestantism
Agaw Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Agaw Agew Awi (Ethiopia) 0.9 million Bilen, Awi, Qemant Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Ahom Kra–Dai → Tai → Ahom[6] Assam (India) 3 million Hinduism
Akan Niger–Congo → Kwa → Potou-Tano → Akan Ghana, Ivory Coast 20 million[7] Asante, Akuapem, Akyem, Wassa, Abron, Anyi, Baoulé, Sefwi, Nzema, Ahanta, Tchaman, Abbé, Rastafaris, Antiguans,[8] along with numerous slave descendants[9] in[8] Jamaica[10] (including Jamaican Maroons, Krio,[3] Raizals, Afro-Costa Ricans,[11] Miskito Coast Creoles, and Bocas del Toro Creoles),and Suriname (including Afro-Suriname creoles[12] and Ndyuka) Christianity
Albanians Indo-European → Albanian Albania, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro (Ulcinj and Gusinje), Kosovo[13] 7–11.6 million Ghegs, Tosks, Kosovars, Cham Albanians, Arbëreshë, along with other significant populations in Turkey, Italy, Greece (including Arvanites),[14] Germany, Switzerland and United States Islam
Ambundu Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu Angola 4 million[7] Angolares Christianity
Amhara Afroasiatic → Semitic → Amharic Amharia (Ethiopia) 30 million Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Anuak Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Anuak Anuakia (Ethiopia) 0.3 million Christianity
Apache Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dene → Apache United States (Yavapai-Apache Nation, Apache Nation) 0.1 million Native American religion → Native American Church
Arabs Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic Arabia (Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) 450 million[15] Bedouins, Druze, Bahrainis,[16] Shirazi[17] (including Zanzibaris), Iraqis[18] (including Marsh Arabs), Jordanians, Kuwaitis, Lebanese[19] (including Maronites), Omanis, Qataris, Saudis, Syrians[18] (including Alawites), Emiratis, Yemenis (including Hadhrami), along with significant poulations in Brazil, Indonesia, Sudan,[20] Chad,[21] Iran, Turkey, India, Venezuela, and the United States Islam
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian Armenia, Republic of Artsakh 7 million Hemshin,[22] Cherkesogai, along with significant populations in Russia, United States, France, Georgia (including the Javakheti Armenians), Lebanon, and Germany Christianity
Aromanians Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian Southern Balkans[23] 0.3 million significant populations in Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Assyrians Afroasiatic → Semitic → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Assyria (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey) 2–3.3 million Mandaeans, Iraqis[18] (including Marsh Arabs), Syrians[18] (including Alawites), Rûm,[24] along with significant populations in the United States and Sweden Christianity
Austrians Indo-European → Germanic → Austro-Bavarian Austria 8-8.5 million South Tyroleans, along with significant populations in United States, Canada, and Australia Christianity → Catholicism
Avars Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar Avaristan (Russia) 1.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Aymara Aymaran → Aymara Bolivia, Peru, Chile 1.8 million Christianity → Catholicism
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azerbaijani Azerbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan (Iran) 28–35 million Qarapapaqs, Bayat,[25] Shahsevan, Karadaghis, Ayrums, along with significant populations in Georgia and Russia Islam → Shia Islam
Balanta Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bak → Balanta Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and The Gambia 0.4 million Islam, Traditional African religions
Balinese Austronesian → Sunda–Sulawesi → Balinese Bali (Indonesia) 4.2 million Hinduism → Balinese Hinduism
Balkars Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay-Balkar Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia) 0.13 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Balochis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Balochi Balochistan (Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan) 10 million significant populations in the United Arab Emirates and Turkmenistan Islam → Sunni Islam
Balti Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Ladakhi-Balti → Balti Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) 0.5 million Islam → Shia Islam
Bamars Sino-Tibetan → Lolo-Burmese → Burmish → Burmese Myanmar 30 million Anglo-Burmese[26] Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Bambara Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara Mali 2.7 million Haratin[27] Islam
Banda Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Banda Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.3 million Christianity
Bari Nilo-Saharan → Eastern Sudanic → Nilotic → Bari South Sudan, Uganda 1 million Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mandari, Kuku Christianity
Bariba Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Savannas → Bariba Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) 1.4 million Islam
Bassa Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Kru → Bassa Bassaland (Liberia) 0.6 million Christianity → Protestantism
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Bashkortostan (Russia) 2 million Islam
Basques Basque Basque Country (Spain, France) 2.4 million[28] signiifcant populations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Uruguay Christianity → Catholicism
Beja Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Beja Sudan, Egypt, Eritrea 1.2 million Bishari, Ababda, Hadendoa, Hedareb, Amarar, Beni-Amer Islam → Sunni Islam
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian Belarus 9.5–10 million significant populations in the United States, Ukraine, and Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Bembe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega–Binja → Bembe[29] Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania 0.6 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Bengalis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Bengali Bangladesh, India (West Bengal, Tripura, Barak Valley) 300 million[30] Sylhetis, Bangladeshis, along with significant populations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States Islam, Hinduism
Berbers Afroasiatic → Berber[31] Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisa, Libya, Mauritania, Western Sahara) 25–30 million[32]–50 million[33][34][35][36][37] Tuaregs, Kabyle, Chaoui, Arab-Berbers[38] (including Algerians, Libyans, Moroccans, Sahrawi, Tunisians), along with significant populations in France (including Arabs in France),[39] Belgium (including Moroccans in Belgium), and the Netherlands (including Moroccan-Dutch) Islam → Sunni Islam
Berta Nilo-Saharan → Berta Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia) 0.2 million Islam
Beti Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Beti Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea 3 million Fang, Ewondo, Eton, Bulu, Bebil, Bebele Christianity
Bissa Niger–Congo → Mande → Bissa Burkina Faso 0.7 million Islam
Bodo Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo-Garo → Bodo Bodoland (India) 1.5 million Bathouism
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro) 3–4.5 million significant populations in Serbia, Turkey, Austria, Germany and the United States Islam → Sunni Islam
Brahui Dravidian → Brahui Pakistan 2.4 million[40] Islam
Bretons Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Breton[41] Brittany (France) 6–8 million Christianity → Catholicism
Bubi Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Bube Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) 0.1 million[42] Fernandino Christianity, Traditional African religions
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria, Western Outlands (Serbia), Budjak (Ukraine) 9–11.3 million Pomaks, along with significant populations in Turkey, Ukraine and Moldova, Romania and Serbia, Germany, Spain and the United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan Catalan Countries (Spain, France) 8–10 million[43] Valencians, Balearics, Andorrans Christianity → Catholicism
Chamorro Austronesian → Sunda-Sulawesi → Chamorro Mariana Islands (United States) 0.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Chechens Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Vainakh → Chechen Chechnya (Russia) 1.5-2 million Kists Islam → Sunni Islam
Cherokee Iroquoian → Cherokee[44] United States (North Carolina, Tennessee)[45] 0.3 million[46] Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band Christianity
Chin Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Chin[31] Chin State (Myanmar) 2.1 million Kukis, Thadou, Paite, Simte, Zou, Lamkang, Kom, Lushai, Hmar, Anal, Koireng, Zomi, Mizo Christianity
Choctaw Muskogean → Choctaw Choctaw Nation (United States) 0.2 million Native American religion
Chokwe Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia 1.3 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Chutiya Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo-Garo → Deori[47] Assam (India) 2.5 million Deori Hinduism
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Chuvashia (Russia) 2 million Virjal, Anatri Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Circassia (Russia) 4–8 million Circassian tribes: Adygeans, Kabardians, Cherkess, Shapsugs Islam → Sunni Islam
Chewa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyasa → Chewa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 12 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Cornish Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Cornish[48] Cornwall (United Kingdom) 6–11 million significant populations in the United States and Australia Christianity
Corsicans Indo-European → Romance → Corsican Corsica (France) 0.3 million Christianity
Cree Algic → Algonquian → Cree Creeland (Canada), Montana 0.4 million Métis (including Métis in Canada), Oji-Cree Christianity
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Croatian Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.5–8.5 million Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Sokci, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), Austria, United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Australia and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → Czech Czech Republic 10–12 million Bohemians, Moravians, Silesians, along with significant populations in United States and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Dagaaba Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Dagaare Ghana, Burkina Faso 1 million Traditional African religions, Islam, Christianity
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → Danish Denmark 7 million significant populations in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Germany. Christianity → Protestantism
Dargins Northeast Caucasian → Dargin → Dargwa Darginstan in Dagestan (Russia) 0.7 million Islam
Dinka Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dinka Dinkaland (South Sudan) 5 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Duala Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sawabantu → Duala Littoral Region (Cameroon) 0.4 million Kole, Mboko, Kwe, Wovea, Subu, Mungo, Limba Christianity, Traditional African religions
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium) 16–29 million[49] Flemings, Arubans Mennonites,[50] Surinamese (including Afro-Surinamese creoles),[12] Dutch Indonesians, along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Christianity
Dyula Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Dyula Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali 2.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Efik Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Efik Cross River State (Nigeria) 0.6 million Christianity, Traditional African religions → Efik mythology
Egyptians Afroasiatic → Egyptian → Coptic[51] Egypt 100 million Sa'idis, Copts Islam → Sunni Islam
English Indo-European → Germanic → Anglic → English England (United Kingdom) 100 million Australians, English Canadians, Kriols,[52] English Americans, Anglo-Burmese[26] Christianity → Protestantism
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Estonian Estonia 1.2 million Võros, Setos Christianity → Protestantism
Ewe Niger–Congo → Gbe → Ewe Togo, Ghana 6.7 million Christianity
Fijians Austronesian → Oceanic → Central Pacific → Fijian Fiji 0.6 million Christianity → Protestantism
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish Finland, Meänmaa (Sweden), Ingria (Russia) 6.5 million Kvens, Forest Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden (including Tornedalians), Russia, United States, and Canada. Christianity → Protestantism
Fon Niger–Congo → Gbe → Fon Dahomey (Benin) 4.1 million[7] Numerous slave descendants (particularly Afro-Haitians (including Louisiana Creoles), Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, and Afro-Puerto Ricans) Traditional African religions → West African Vodun
French Indo-European → Romance → French France, Romandy (Switzerland), Wallonia-Brussels (Belgium), Aosta Valley (Italy) 100 million[53] Walloons, Romands, Arpitans, Pieds-Noirs,[54], Waldensians, Quebecers, Métis (including Métis in Canada), Haitians (including Afro-Haitians), French West Indians, French Guianese, along with significant populations in the United States (including Louisiana Creoles), Madagascar, and Australia Christianity → Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian[31] Frisia (Netherlands, Germany) 1.5 million West Frisians, East Frisians, North Frisians Christianity → Protestantism
Friulians Indo-European → Romance → Rhaeto-Romance → Friulian Friuli (Italy) 0.6 million Christianity → Catholicism
Fula Niger–Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Senegambian → Fula West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Mali)[55] 20-25 million Wodaabe, Haratin,[27] Toucouleur Islam
Fur Nilo-Saharan → Darfuran → Fur Darfur (Sudan) 1 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Ga-Adangbe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga-Dangme[31] Greater Accra (Ghana) 2 million Ga, Adangbe Christianity
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Gagauzia (Moldova), Budjak (Ukraine) 0.2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Galicians Indo-European → Romance → Galician Galicia (Spain) 3.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Ganda Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Ganda Buganda (Uganda) 6.3 million Abayudaya[56] Christianity, Traditional African religions
Garifuna Arawakan → Igneri → Garifuna Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[57] 0.6 million Black Caribs Christianity → Catholicism
Gbagyi Niger–Congo → Volta–Niger → Nupoid → Gwari Nigeria 0.4 million Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions
Georgians Kartvelian → Georgian Georgia 5–7 million Adjarians, Mingrelians, Svans, Bats Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → German Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Alsace (France) 100–150 million[58] Bavarians, Franconians, Hessians, Swabians, Alsatians, German Swiss, Liechtensteiners, Pomeranians, Volga Germans, Baltic Germans, Silesian Germans, Carpathian Germans, Danube Swabians, Transylvanian Saxons, Amish, Hutterites, Mennonites,[50] along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Chile, Kazakhstan, Belgium, and Denmark. Christianity
Gorontaloan Austronesian → Gorontalo-Mongondow → Gorontaloan Gorontalo (Indonesia) 1.9 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Greeks Indo-European → Greek Greece, Cyprus 14–17 million Greek Cypriots,[59] Pontic Greeks,[60] Cappadocian Greeks,[60] Sarakatsani, Urums, [61] Griko people, along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes), Ukraine, Georgia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Guaranís Tupian → Tupi-Guarani → Guarani Amazonia (Paraguay) 0.3 million Paraguayans Christianity → Catholicism
Gujarati Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati Gujarat (India) 50–60 million[62] Gujarati Americans, Zarabes Hinduism
Gumuz Afroasiatic → Komuz → Gumuz Benishangul-Gumuz Region (Ethiopia) 0.2 million Traditional African religion
Gurage Afroasiatic → Semitic → Gurage Guragia (Ethiopia) 3.6 million Christianity
Gurma Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Gurma[31] Gurmaland (Burkina Faso), Niger 3.3 million Islam
Gurunsi Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi[31] Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo 0.9 million Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Nuna, Kassena Traditional African religions, Islam → Sunni Islam
Hadiya Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Hadiyya Ethiopia (Hadiya and Gurage Zones) 1 million Christianity
Hajongs Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo–Garo → Hajong[63] India (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Bangladesh 0.2 million Hinduism
Han Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese China, Taiwan 1,300 million[64] Hui[65] (including Dungan), along with significant populations in the United States, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,[66] Indonesia, Myanmar (including Panthays), Canada, the Philippines (including Sangley), Peru, Australia, Vietnam, Japan, Russia, France (including Chinois), the United Kingdom, South Africa, Italy, Germany, Korea, Spain, India, Laos, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Panama Chinese folk religion[67]
Harari Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopian → Harari Hararia (Ethiopia) 0.2 million Islam
Hausa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa Hausaland (Niger, Nigeria) 50 million Islam
Hawaiians Austronesian → Polynesian → Hawaiian[68] Hawaii (United States) 0.5 million Christianity
Hazaras Indo-European → Iranian → Persian → Hazaragi Afghanistan 7–8 million Islam → Shia Islam
Herero Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Herero Hereroland (Namibia), Angola 0.3 million OvaHimba, Ovambanderu Christianity
Hmong Hmong–Mien → Hmongic → Hmong China (Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Hubei), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand 14-15 million Hmong Americans Hmong folk religion
Huli Trans–New Guinea → Engan → Huli Southern Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea) 0.3 million Christianity
Hungarians Uralic → Ugric → Hungarian Hungary, Székely Land (Romania), Felvidék (Slovakia) 13.1–14.7 million Jasz, Palóc, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys and Csangos), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Germany, the United States, and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Hutu Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi[69] Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 18.5 million Christianity
Ibibio Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Ibibio Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) 5 million Christianity
Icelanders Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic Iceland 0.5 million Christianity → Protestantism
Igbo Niger–Congo → Igboid → Igbo Igboland (Nigeria) 34 million[7] Antiguans,[8] Bahamians,[8][70] Barbadians,[8] along with numerous slave descendants (particularly Kriols,[52] Afro-Dominicans of Dominica, Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Vincentians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, and Afro-Puerto Ricans) Christianity
Ijaw Niger–Congo → Ijaw[31] Nigeria (Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta States) 10 million Christianity
Ingushes Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Vainakh → Ingush Ingushetia (Russia) 0.7 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Inuit Eskimo–Aleut → Inuit[31] Greenland (Denmark), Canada (Nunavut, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, NunatuKavut), Alaska (United States) 0.2 million Greenlandic Inuit (including Kalaallit) Christianity
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Goidelic → Irish[71] Ireland (Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom) 70–80 million[72] Irish Travellers and significant populations in the United States,[73] the United Kingdom,[74] Australia, Canada, Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand Christianity → Catholicism
Iroquois Iroquoian[75] Haudenosauneega (United States, Canada) 0.2 million Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora Longhouse Religion
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italian Italy[76] 60–140 million[77] Sicilians, Waldensians, Argentines, along with significant populations in Brazil, the United States, Venezuela, Canada, France, Peru, Uruguay, Australia, Germany, Chile and the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Japanese Japonic → Japanese Japan 133 million Kantō, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tōhoku, Hōnichi, Satsugū, Chūgoku, Echigo, Tōkai, Shinshuu, Hokuriku, Hachijō, Nikkei Shinto
Javanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Javanese Java (Indonesia) 105 million[78] Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Samin, Banyumasan, Javanese Malaysians Islam → Sunni Islam
Jews Afroasiatic → Semitic → Canaanite → Hebrew[79] Israel 17-20 million Ashkenazim, Sephardim, Mizrahim, Teimanim, Etiopim, Italkim, Romaniotes, Juhurim, Krymchaks, Bene Israel (see also Jewish ethnic divisions). Significant populations in the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Russia, Germany, and Australia Judaism
Jingpo Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Jingpho Kachin State (Myanmar), Yunnan (China) 1.1 million Animism
Jola Niger–Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Bak-Bijago → Jola Jolaland (Senegal) 0.5 million Traditional African religions
Kalanga Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kalanga Zimbabwe, Botswana 0.9 million Nambya Traditional African religion, Christianity
Kalenjin Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Nandi–Markweta[80] Rift Valley Province (Kenya) 5 million Keiyo, Tugen, Marakwet, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot, Pökoot,[81] Sebei,[81] Okiek[81] Christianity
Kannadigas Dravidian → Kannada Karnataka (India) 37–55 million Hinduism
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri Kanuriland (Nigeria), Niger, Chad, Cameroon 10 million Kanembu Islam
Karachays Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay-Balkar Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) 0.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Karakalpaks Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) 0.6 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Karen Sino-Tibetan → Karen[31] Karen State (Myanmar), Thailand 7 million Karen, Pwo Karen Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Karenni Sino-Tibetan → Karenni Kayah State (Myanmar) 0.2 million Kayan Animism, Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Kashmiris Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Kashmiri Kashmir (India, Pakistan) 5.6 million[82][83] Kashmiri Pandits, Kashmiris of Punjab Islam → Sunni Islam
Kashubians Indo-European → Slavic → Pomeranian → Kashubian Kashubia (Poland) 0.6 million Christianity → Catholicism
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Kazakhstan 17 million significant populations in China, and Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Khas Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Nepali Nepal 12.9 million Chhetri, Bahun Hinduism
Khakas Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Khakas Khakassia (Russia) 0.1 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Khamti Kra–Dai → Tai → Khamti Myanmar, India 0.2 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Khmer Austroasiatic → Khmer Cambodia 15–17 million Cambodian Americans Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Kikuyu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Kikuyu Kenya 9.9 million Christianity
Komi Uralic → Permic → Komi Komi Republic, Permyakia (Russia) 0.6 million Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Izhma Komi Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Konkani Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Konkani Goa (India) 7.4 million Hinduism
Kongo Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kongo Kongoland (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola) 10 million[7] Lari, Vili, Mayombe, Bahamians,[8][70] along with numerous slave descendants (particularly Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Trinbagonians, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Ecuadorians, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro-Brazilians (including Pardo Brazilians), and Afro-Surinamese) Christianity, Traditional African religions → Kongo religion
Konjo Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Konjo Rwenzori Mountains (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) 1.5 million[84] Nande Christianity
Koreans Koreanic → Korean Korea 82.5 million[85] significant populations in the United States, China, Russia, Japan, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and the Philippines Buddhism, Christianity
Kumyks Turkic → Kypchak → Kumyk Kumykia (Russia) 0.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Kunama Nilo-Saharan → Kunama Eritrea, Ethiopia 0.3 million Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Kurds Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Kurdish Kurdistan (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria) 30–38 million Kurmanjis, Sorans, Zazas, Yazidis, Shabak, along with significant populations in France and Germany. Islam → Sunni Islam
Kyrgyz Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 4.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Laks Northeast Caucasian → Lak Lakia in Dagestan (Russia) 0.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Lango Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Lango Uganda 1.8 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Lao Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao Laos 4 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian Latvia 1.5–1.6 million Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians Christianity → Protestantism
Laz Kartvelian → Zan → Laz Lazistan (Turkey, Georgia) 0.2–1 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Lega Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega–Binja → Lega Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.5 million Traditional African religions
Lezgins Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian Lezgistan (Russia, Azerbaijan) 1 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian Lithuania 3.7–4.1 million Samogitians, Aukstaitians, Lietuvninkai Christianity → Catholicism
Luba Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Luban[31] Lubaland (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 13 million Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga, Hemba, Songe Christianity, Traditional African religions
Luo Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo → Luo Kenya, Tanzania 7 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Luxembourgers Indo-European → Germanic → High German → Luxembourgish Luxembourg, Arelerland (Belgium) 0.5 million significant populations in Brazil, and United States Christianity → Catholicism
Lurs Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Luri Iran 5 million Islam → Shia Islam
Maasai Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Eastern Nilotic → Maasai Maasailand (Tanzania, Kenya) 1.7 million Samburu Maasai faith
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Macedonian Republic of Macedonia 2.5 million Torbesh, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Australia and Greece Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Madi Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Moru–Madi → Ma'di Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda 0.4 million Christianity
Mafa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Biu–Mandara → Mafa Cameroon 0.8 million Christianity
Makassarese Austronesian → Makassaric → Makassarese South Sulawesi (Indonesia) 3 million Sunni Islam
Malays Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malay Malay world (Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia) 30 million Kedahans, Pattani, Kelantanese, Terengganuans, Pahang, Perakians, Berau, Bruneians, Cape Malays[86] Islam → Sunni Islam
Malayali Dravidian → Malayalam Kerala (India) 40–60 million significant populations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain Hinduism
Maldivians Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian Maldives 0.4 million Mahls Islam → Sunni Islam
Maltese Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Siculo-Arabic → Maltese Malta 0.7 million Gozitans Christianity → Catholicism
Manchu Tungusic → Manchu[87] Manchuria (China) 10.4 million Manchu shamanism, Buddhism
Mandinka Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding[31] Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast 13 million[7] numerous slave descendants (particularly Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Panamanians, and Cape Verdeans) Islam
Manx Indo-European → Celtic → Gaelic → Manx[88] Isle of Man 0.1 million significant populations in Australia, United States, and Canada Christianity → Protestantism
Māori Austronesian → Polynesian → Māori[89] New Zealand 0.9 million Cook Islanders Christianity
Mapuche Araucanian → Mapudungun Wallmapu (Chile, Argentina) 1.7 million Huilliche Christianity
Marathi Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Marathi Maharashtra (India) 87 million[90] Mahar Hinduism
Mari Uralic → Mari Mari El (Russia) 0.6 million Meadow Mari, Hill Mari Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Masa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masa[31] Cameroon, Chad 0.5 million Christianity, Islam
Masalit Nilo-Saharan → Maban → Masalit Sudan, Chad 0.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Mayans Mayan[31] Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas), Honduras, El Salvador 7 million Achi, Chuj, Ch'orti', Itza, K'iche', Q'eqchi', Xinca, Tektitek, Huastecan, Mopan, Lacandon, Chontal, Akatek, Jakaltek, Q'anjob'al, Tzeltal, Mocho', Tojolab'al, Mam, Ixil, Tzotzil, Poqomam, Yucatecan, Motozintlecos, Awakatek, Kaqchikel, Sakapultek, Sipakapense, Uspantek, Ch'ol, Tz'utujil, Hispanic Belizeans, Guatemalans Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion
Mbaka Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Ngbaka → Mbaka Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.3 million Christianity → Catholicism, Traditional African religions
Mende Niger–Congo → Mande → Southwestern Mande → Mende Sierra Leone (Southern and Eastern Provinces) 1.9 million Islam
Merina Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malagasy Antananarivo Province (Madagascar) 5 million Christianity
Mijikenda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sabaki → Mijikenda Coast Province (Kenya), Tanga Region (Tanzania) 2 million Chonyi, Giriama, Digo, Segeju Christianity
Minahasan Austronesian → Philippine → Minahasan Minahassa Peninsula (Indonesia) 1.4 million Christianity → Protestantism
Minangkabau Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Minangkabau Indonesia 8 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Mishing Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Mishing India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh) 0.7 million Donyi-Polo
Miskito Misumalpan → Miskito Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) 0.2 million Christianity → Protestantism, Animism
Mixtec Oto-Manguean → Mixtecan → Mixtec Mexico 0.9 million Trique, Cuicatecs Christianity → Catholicism
Mon Austroasiatic → Monic → Mon Mon State (Myanmar) 1.1 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Mongo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bangi-Ntomba → Mongo[91] Democratic Republic of the Congo 12 million Iyaelima, Mbole, Mpama, Nkutu, Dengese, Tetela Christianity, Traditional African religions
Mongols Mongolic[31] China (Inner Mongolia, Dzungaria), Mongolia, Russia (Buryatia, Kalmykia) 11 million Buryats, Oirats (including Kalmyks), Daur, Moghol, Hamnigan, Monguor, Yugur, Khatso, Santa, Bonan, Sart Kalmyks, Soyot, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Altai Uriankhai, Ordos, Kanja Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Montenegrins Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Montenegrin Montenegro 0.6 million significant populations in Serbia, and United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mordvins Uralic → Mordvinic[31] Mordovia (Russia) 0.8 million Erzyas, Mokshas, Teryukhans, Qaratays Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Mossi Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Mossi Mossiland (Burkina Faso) 7.6 million Islam
Murut Austronesian → Southwest Sabahan → Murutic[31] Murutia (Malaysia) 0.1 million Okolod, Keningau, Tagal, Paluan, Selungai, Timugon, Serudung, Sembakung, Tidong, Kalabakan, Bulungan, Bookan Christianity → Catholicism
Muscogee Muskogean → Muscogee Muscogee (Creek) Nation (United States) 0.1 million Coushatta, Alibamu, Hitchiti, Natchez, Seminole, Yuchi, Shawnee Native American religion → Creek mythology
Naga Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga[92] India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar 4 million Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Mao, Maram, Poumai, Rongmei, Sangtam, Sumi, Tangkhul, Tangsa, Zeliang Christianity
Nahuas Uto-Aztecan → Nahuan → Nahuatl Mexico 2.5 million Christianity → Catholicism
Nama Khoe → Khoekhoe Namaland (Namibia), South Africa 0.3 million[4] Damara, Coloureds[5] (including Cape Coloureds, Griqua, Basters, Oorlam, and Goffal) Christianity
Navajo Dené–Yeniseian → Na-Dené → Athabaskan → Navajo Navajo Nation (United States) 0.3 million Christianity → Catholicism
Ngalop Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Dzongkha Bhutan 0.7 million Kheng, Bumthang Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Nias Austronesian → Northwest Sumatran → Nias Nias island (Indonesia) 1 million Christianity
Nogais Turkic → Common Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Stavropol District, Astrakhan Oblast (Russia) 0.1 million Ak Nogai, Karagash Islam → Sunni Islam
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Norway 12 million significant populations in the United States, and Norwegian Canadians Christianity → Protestantism
Nubians Nilo-Saharan → Nubian[31] Nubia (Egypt, Sudan) 2–15 million Hill Nubians, Sudanese Arabs[20] Islam
Nuer Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Nuer Nuerland (South Sudan) 5 million Traditional African religions
Nuristanis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani[31] Nuristan (Afghanistan) 0.3 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Occitans Indo-European → Italic → Romance → Occitan[93] Occitania (France, Italy, Spain) 16 million Aranese Christianity
Odia Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Odia Odisha (India) 32 million[94] Hinduism
Ojibwe Algic → Algonquian → Ojibwe Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) 0.2 million Oji-Cree, Odawa, Potawatomi, Mississaugas Midewiwin
Oromo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo Oromia(Ethiopia), Kenya 35–45 million[95] Islam → Sunni Islam
Ossetians Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Ossetian South Ossetia (Georgia),[96] North Ossetia-Alania (Russia) 0.8 million Iron, Digor Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Otomi Oto-Manguean → Otomian → Otomi Mexico 0.7 million Christianity → Catholicism, Mesoamerican religion
Ovambo Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Oshiwambo Ovamboland (Namibia), Angola 1.6 million Christianity → Protestantism
Ovimbundu Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu Angola 6 million Christianity
Pamiris Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Pamir[31] Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China) 0.3 million Islam → Shia Islam
Pa'O Sino-Tibetan → Karenic → Pa'O Myanmar 1.8 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Pashtuns Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Pashto Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan) 40–60 million[97] Pashtun Americans Islam → Sunni Islam
Persians Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Persian Iran 49 million Islam → Shia Islam
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Polish Poland 58–60 million[98][99][100][101][102] significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway Christianity → Catholicism
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese Portugal 42-125 million[103] Azoreans, Madeirans, Brazilians, Cape Verdeans, Luso-Indians, Macanese, along with significant populations in the United States, Venezuela, France, Canada, South Africa, Angola, the United Kingdom, and Portuguese Luxembourger. Christianity → Catholicism
Punjabis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Punjabi East and West Punjab (Pakistan, India) 121 million[104] Sikhs, along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Islam
Purépecha Purépecha Michoacán (Mexico) 0.2 million Christianity → Catholicism
Qashqai Turkic → Oghuz → Qashqai Iran 1 million Islam → Shia Islam
Quechua Quechuan[31] Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador 10 million Christianity → Catholicism
Rajbongshi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rangpuri India (Assam, West Bengal) 3.8 million Hinduism
Rakhine Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Burmish → Rakhinenese Rakhine State (Myanmar) 3.5 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Rejangese Austronesian → Bidayuh → Rejang Rejang Lebong Regency (Indonesia) 1.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Rohingyas Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya Rakhine State (Myanmar) 2.4 million[105] Islam
Romani Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Romani Europe[106] (Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom) 12 million Roma, Iberian Kale, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Romanichal, Sinti, Manush, Romanisæl, Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, Boyash, Lom, Dom, along with significant populations in[107] Turkey, the United States, and Brazil. Christianity[108]
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Romania, Moldova, Chernivtsi Oblast and Budjak (Ukraine) 24 million[109] Moldovans, along with significant populations in Italy, Germany, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and France. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Russian Russia 130–150 million[110] Cossacks,[111], Pomors, Lipovans, along with significant populations in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Germany, the United States, Uzbekistan, Israel, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Estonia, Turkmenistan, France, Lithuania and Azerbaijan. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ryukyuans Japonic → Ryukyuan[31] Ryukyu islands (Japan) 1.9 million Amami, Miyako, Yonaguni, Yoron, Ishigaki, Yaeyama, Kikai Ryukyuan religion
Rusyns Indo-European → Slavic → Rusyn Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland) 0.1 million[112][113][114] Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos [115] Christianity
Saho Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Saho Eritrea 0.5 million Islam
Samoans Austronesian → Polynesian → Samoan Samoan Islands (Samoa, American Samoa) 0.6 million American Samoans Christianity
Sangirese Austronesian → Philippine → Sangiric → Sangirese Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) 0.6 million Christianity → Protestantism
Sami Uralic → Finno-Ugric → Sami[31] Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) 0.1 million Inari Sami, Kildin Sami, Lule Sami, Northern Sami, Pite Sami, Skolt Sami, Southern Sami, Ter Sami, Ume Sami Christianity → Protestantism
Sara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara[31] Chad, Central African Republic 3–4 million Traditional African religions
Sardinians Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian Sardinia (Italy) 1.7 million[116] Christianity → Catholicism
Scottish Indo-European → Celtic → Goidelic → Scottish Gaelic[117] Scotland (United Kingdom) 28–40 million[72] Ulster Scots,[118], Orcadians, Shetlanders, Highlanders, along with significant populations in the United States (including Scotch-Irish Americans), Canada, Australia, and Argentina Christianity → Protestantism
Senufo Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Senufo[31] Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso 3 million Nafana Traditional African religions
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Serbian Serbia, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Montenegro 9.6–12.5 million Kosovo Serbs, Triestine Serbs, along with significant populations in Croatia, Germany, Austria, France, and Sweden Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Serer Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Serer Senegal 1.8 million Noon, Laalaa, Ndut, Niominka, Palor, Saafi, Toucouleur Islam
Shan Kra–Dai → Tai → Southwestern Tai → Shan Shan State (Myanmar) 4—6 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Luo Nilotic → Shilluk South Sudan 1.5 million Christianity → Catholicism
Shona Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Shona Mashonaland (Zimbabwe) 10.7–11.7 million Manyika, Ndau Christianity, Traditional African religions
Sidama Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Sidaama Sidamia (Ethiopia) 8.5 million Christianity
Silesian Indo-European → Slavic → Lechitic → Silesian Silesia (Poland), Czech Silesia (Czech Republic) 2 million Cieszyn Vlachs, Silesian Gorals Christianity → Catholicism
Siddi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili → Sidi[119] Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sindh), India (Karnataka, Gujarat, Hyderabad) 0.4 million Islam
Silt'e Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopian Semitic → Silt'e Siltia (Ethiopia) 1 million Islam
Sindhis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi Sindh (Pakistan) 40 million Indian Sindhis Islam
Sinhalese Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhalese Sri Lanka 16 million[120] British Sri Lankans Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Sioux Siouan → Sioux Lakota (United States) 0.2 million Lakota, Dakota, Nakoda, Assiniboine Native American religion
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak Slovakia 6 million significant populations in Czech Republic, Serbia, Hungary, United States and Canada Christianity → Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Slovene Slovenia 2.5 million Carinthian Slovenes, Italy Slovenes Christianity → Catholicism
Soga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes Bantu → Soga Busoga (Uganda) 2.1 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Somalis Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Somali Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) 16–20 million Hawiye, Darod, Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir, along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada Islam
Songhai Nilo-Saharan → Songhai Mali, Niger 4.5 million Zarma Islam
Soninke Niger–Congo → Mande → Soninke Mali 1 million Haratin[27] Islam
Sotho Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Sotho Free State (South Africa), Lesotho 5.3–6.4 million Pedi Christianity, Traditional African religions
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish Spain 47[121]–500 million Castilians, Andalusians, Asturians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Aragonese,[122] Extremadurans, Mirandese, Canary Islanders,[123] Mexicans, Colombians, Argentines, Peruvians, Venezuelans, Chileans, Ecuadorians, Guatemalans, Cubans, Bolivians, Dominicans,[124] Hondurans, Paraguayans, Salvadorans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Uruguayans, Hispanic Belizeans, Fernandino along with significant populations in France, Brazil, and the United States (including Hispanic and Latino Americans, Californios, Tejanos, Hispanos of New Mexico, and Puerto Ricans) Christianity → Catholicism
Sundanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese Java 40 million Bantenese, Baduy, Cirebonese Islam → Sunni Islam
Sukuma Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sukuma Tanzania 5.5 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Swahili Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sabaki → Swahili Swahili coast (Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros) 0.5[125]-1.8 million[126] Shirazi[17] (including Zanzibaris) Islam
Swazi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Swazi Mpumalanga (South Africa), Swaziland 2.4 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Swedish Sweden 14.2 Million Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, along with significant populations in Finland (including Åland Swedes), the United States, Canada, Argentina and the United Kingdom Christianity → Protestantism
Tabasaran Northeast Caucasian → Samur → Tabasaranese Tabasaranstan (Russia) 0.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Tagalogs Austronesian → Philippine → Tagalog Philippines 30 million Filipino Americans Christianity → Catholicism
Tahitians Austronesian → Polynesian → Tahitian[127] Tahiti (France) 0.2 million Christianity
Tajiks Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Tajik Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 18–27 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Tama Nilo-Saharan → Eastern Sudanic → Taman → Tama Chad, Sudan 0.3 million Islam
Tamils Dravidian → Tamil Tamil Nadu (India), Sri Lanka (Northern and Eastern Provinces) 78 million[128] Indian Tamils, Sri Lankan Tamils, along with significant populations in Malaysia, South Africa, the United States, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France (including Malbars). Hinduism
Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar Tatarstan (Russia), Crimea 6.8 million Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Mishar Tatars, Finnish Tatars, Dobruja Tatars, Chinese Tatars, Nagaybak, Kryashens Islam → Sunni Islam
Telugu Dravidian → Telugu India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) 90 million[129] Hinduism
Temne Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Mel → Temne Sierra Leone 2.2 million Islam
Thais Kra–Dai → Thai Thailand 59 million Southern, Khorat, Lanna, Isans, Tai Lü, Thai Americans Buddhism
Tibetans Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Bodish → Tibetic[31] Tibet (China) 6.2 million Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Tigrayans Afroasiatic → Semitic → Tigrinya Eritrea, Tigrayia (Ethiopia) 9 million Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Tigre Afroasiatic → Semitic → Ethiopic → Tigre Eritrea 1.8 million Islam
Tiv Niger–Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Tivoid → Tiv Nigeria 7 million Christianity
Tiwa Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Bodo-Garo → Tiwa India (Assam, Meghalaya) 0.2 million Hinduism
Toraja Austronesian → Sunda–Sulawesi → Toraja Indonesia (North Toraja Regency, Sulawesi) 1.1 million Christianity
Toubou Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Tebu[31] Toubouland (Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya) 0.7 million Daza, Teda Islam → Sunni Islam
Tsonga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tswa-Ronga → Tsonga Mozambique, South Africa 6 million Traditional African religions
Tswana Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Tswana South Tswanaland (South Africa), Botswana 6 million Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Rolong Christianity
Turkana Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Eastern Nilotic → Turkana Turkanaland (Kenya) 1 million Christianity → Catholicism
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkey, Northern Cyprus 63–72 million Turkish Cypriots,[130] Meskhetian Turks,[131] Yörüks, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, the United States, Syria,[132] and Iraq[132] Islam → Sunni Islam
Turkmens Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen Turkmenistan 6 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Tutsi Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi[69] Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 3 million Banyamulenge Christianity, Islam
Tuvans Turkic → Siberian → Tuvan Tuva (Russia) 0.3 million Tozhu Tuvans, Todzhans Tuvans Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Twa Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi[69] Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 0.1 million Traditional African religions
Udmurts Uralic → Permic → Udmurt Udmurtia (Russia) 0.6 million Besermyan Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Ukrainian Ukraine 38–59 million[133] Boykos, Hutsul, Poleshuks, Cossacks,[111] along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Argentina, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Romania Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Uyghurs Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur Uyghuristan (China) 10 million Uyghurs in Kazakhstan Islam → Sunni Islam
Uzbeks Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 25 million Uzbeks in Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Venda Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Tshivenda Vendaland (South Africa) 1 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Vietnamese Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese Vietnam 84 million[134] significant populations in the United States, Cambodia, France, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany and Laos Buddhism → Mahayana, Vietnamese folk religion
Wa Austroasiatic → Palaungic → Waic → Wa Wa State (Myanmar) 1.2 million Buddhism, Animism
Welayta Afroasiatic → Omotic → Ometo → Wolayitta Wolayitia (Ethiopia) 2 million Christianity
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Welsh[135] Wales (United Kingdom) 6–16.3 million significant populations in Argentina, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Christianity → Protestantism
Wolof Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Wolof Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) 6.2 million[7] numerous slave descendants[9] (particularly Afro-Kittians, Afro-Nevisians, Afro-Saint Lucians), Haratin[27] Islam → Sunni Islam
Xhosa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa Xhosaland (South Africa) 8 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Yakuts Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut Yakutia (Russia) 0.5 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodox
Yoruba Niger–Congo → Volta-Niger → Edekiri → Yoruba Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin) 43 million[7] Egun, Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, Oku, Bahamians,[8][70] along with numerous slave descendants (particularly Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, and Afro-Brazilians (including Pardo Brazilians)) Christianity, Islam
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Zaghawa Chad 0.4 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Zande Niger–Congo → Zande Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan 1.1 million Christianity
Zapotec Oto-Manguean → Zapotecan[31] Mexico 1.1 million Christianity → Catholicism
Zhuang Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang[31] Zhuangia (China) 18 million Moism
Zulu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Zulu KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) 10–11 million Northern Ndebele Christianity, Traditional African religions

    Lists of ethnic groups

    by status
    regional lists

    See also

    Notes and references

    1. ↑ Abkhazia is currently a de facto independent state.
    2. ↑ The majority of African Americans are bi-dialectal and speak both standard American English and African-American English.
    3. 1 2 Many Krio are also the descendants of other liberated/freed slaves.
    4. 1 2 Not including the 6.3 million Coloureds.
    5. 1 2 In addition to being an Afrikaner-, and Nami-descendant community, many Coloureds also share ancestry with at least one of the major ethnic groups residing in South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, particularly the San, who were historically grouped with the Nami by academics.
    6. ↑ Although the Ahom ruled over the indigenous Assamese, they eventually adopted the native language. Today, the Ahom speak Assamese, and the Ahom language is solely reserved for religious usage.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The population number here most likely does not include descendants of those who were sold in the Atlantic slave trade.
    8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The slave populations in the Americas consisted of over forty-five different African ethnic groups, with the following eight being the most numerous: Akan, Ambundu (who were frequently grouped with the Ovimbundu), Fon (who were frequently grouped with other Gbe speakers), Igbo, Kongo, Mandinka (who were frequently grouped with other Mande speakers), Wolof, and Yoruba. This article will limit listing these groups to these eight ethnicities, particularly the ones who are believe to be the most numerous of these slave populations.
    9. 1 2 This term will refer only to the African diaspora in the Americas.
    10. ↑ The Afro-Jamaicans also have notable Igbo ancestry. Of the African-slave descendant populations in America, the Jamaicans are one of the few groups to predominately derived from one ethnicity.
    11. ↑ The Afro-Costa Ricans refers to the descendants of Jamaican immigrants who arrived in the late 19th century; the original Costa Rican slave population largely integrated into the dominant Spanish population and are extinct as a unique community.
    12. 1 2 Its listing as an Akan sub-group is largely based on the fact that the Afro-Surinamese religion Winti is mostly based on the Akan religion with some Fon influence.
    13. ↑ Kosovo is currently a de facto independent state.
    14. ↑ Since the 19th century, the Arvanites have viewed themselves as being Greek.
    15. ↑ This number, largely retrieved from the Arab League population, may include members who are actually of non-Arab descent, such as the Arab-Berbers and the Egyptians, and those who don't even see themselves as Arab, such as the Somalis and the Afar. Despite speaking an Arabic language, the Maltese are almost never considered a part of the Arab people.
    16. ↑ The Baharna also have notable Persian, Jewish, and Assyrian ancestry.
    17. 1 2 Although the Shirazi claim to have originated from Iran, they are mainly of Arab and Swahili descent.
    18. 1 2 3 4 The ethnonyms Iraqis and Syrians refers to those of Arab and Assyrian descent who make up the majority of both countries' populations. Both groups primarily identify themselves as being Arab.
    19. ↑ Although the Lebanese are usually considered to be an Arab subgroup, this is not an universal position as some Lebanese, especially the Maronites, reject this notion and view themselves as being the descendants of the ancient Phoenician population (see Phoenicianism). Although genetic studies have shown the majority of Lebanese, regardless of religion, are in fact the descendants of the Phoenicians, the idea that they are a separate ethnic group remains largely confined to Lebanese Christians.
    20. 1 2 Although the Sudanese Arabs are mostly made up of ethnic Arabs who had migrated into Sudan, a significant portion of them are actually Arabized Nubians.
    21. ↑ The Baggara also include some non-Arab members such as the Fula.
    22. ↑ Because the Hemshin are largely Muslim and have largely hidden their Armenian ancestry, they are sometimes considered a separate ethnic group. This is also why they are not listed as a diaspora population.
    23. ↑ The Aromanians are considered to be descendants of the Romanised people of Southern Balkans and they live scattered in many settlements of that region.
    24. ↑ Although the Rûm are also referred to as Antiochian Greek Christians, the designation "Greek" refers to the Rûm's usage of Koine Greek in their liturgy. Other than some Greek ultranationalists, the Rûm are usually seen (including by themselves) as being of Assyrian origin.
    25. ↑ The Bayat have also been seen as a sub-group of the Turkmens and the Turks.
    26. 1 2 Although the Anglo-Burmese is largely used for those of English and Bamar descent, the term can also be used for anyone with European and Burmese (as in any of ethnic groups within Myanmar) ancestry.
    27. 1 2 3 4 Because the Haratin tend to follow their former master's culture, the former slave population, who are either of Bambara, Fula, Soninke, of Wolof descent, are sometimes classified as being Arab-Berbers.
    28. ↑ This number does not include the millions of Latin Americans who are of Basque descent.
    29. ↑ The majority of the Bembe, especially those residing in Tanzania, speak Swahili.
    30. ↑ roughly 170 million in Bangladesh and 130 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East, 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
    31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Language family. With some exceptions, the speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
    32. ↑ "North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring". Fox News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
    33. ↑ Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. ISBN 0631227350. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
    34. ↑ "Berber people". Retrieved 2016-08-17.
    35. ↑ Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Steven, L. Danver, M.E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p.23
    36. ↑ Temehu.com. "Berbers (Imazighen) of North Africa: Libya, Algeria & Morocco". www.temehu.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    37. ↑ These numbers may not include the Arab-Berbers, who largely identify as being Arab.
    38. ↑ The ethnonym Arab-Berbers refer to the Arab-speaking populations of Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and Tunisia who largely identify themselves as being Arab despite actually being mostly Berber descent.
    39. ↑ The Arab population in France is predominantly Arab-Berber.
    40. ↑ "Brahui". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    41. ↑ Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority of Bretons only speak French. Gallo, a language spoken by Bretons near the Brittany-Normandy border, has also suffered from this policy.
    42. ↑ Not including the unknown number of Fernandinos.
    43. ↑ Including all population with Catalan heritage, language, and culture.
    44. ↑ Due to the United States's long history of forced assimilation, the vast majority only speak English.
    45. ↑ Due to the forced relocation of the Cherokee, the majority now reside in Oklahoma.
    46. ↑ Number of enrolled tribal members. About 0.8 million claim to have Cherokee ancestry.
    47. ↑ Originally known as Deori-Chutia, the Deori language is now limited to the Deori people, and the vast majority of the Chutiya only speak Assamese.
    48. ↑ The Cornish language first went extinct in the late 18th century. While the language was revived during the early 20th century, the vast majority of the Cornish only speak English.
    49. ↑ In the 1950s (the peak of traditional emigration) about 350,000 people left the Netherlands, mainly to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Argentina and South Africa. About one-fifth returned. The maximum Dutch-born emigrant stock for the 1950s is about 300,000 (some have died since). The maximum emigrant stock (Dutch-born) for the period after 1960 is 1.6 million. Discounting pre-1950 emigrants (who would be about 85 or older), at most around 2 million people born in the Netherlands are now living outside the country. Combined with the 13.1 million ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands, there are about 16 million people who are Dutch, in a minimally accepted sense. Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006', (external link) Archived 16 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (in Dutch)
    50. 1 2 The Mennonites has seen dramatic increase of non-Dutch/German members.
    51. ↑ The original ancient Egyptian language, which around the 1st century AD became the Coptic language, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and now survives as a sacred language. Today, the Egyptians (including the Copts) speak Arabic.
    52. 1 2 In addition to being an English-, and Igbo-descendant community, many Kriols have at least one of the major ethnic groups residing in Belize (with the exception of the Garifuna).
    53. ↑ Estimates range from anywhere between 66 and 106 million. The French language has an estimated 75 million native speakers. The CIA Factbook does not report any French ethnicity (considering it a nationality), giving the ethnic composition of France as "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic".
    54. ↑ Because the Pieds-Noirs (a French diaspora that had resided in Algeria) have been forced to flee back to France, they are not listed as one of the diaspora population.
    55. ↑ As one of the largest nomadic people in the world whose settlements are rather disperse, it's impossible to claim any specific area in West Africa as a primary homeland of the Fula. The countries listed here are the present-day locations of famous Fula states: Futa Jallon, Futa Toro, Great Fulo, and Massina. (The Sokoto Caliphate was founded on traditionally Hausa land, which is why Nigeria is not listed.)
    56. ↑ Unlike most Jewish populations, the Abayudaya are acknowledged to be entirely made up of Ganda converts to Judaism. The Abayudaya themselves do not claim to possess any ancient Israelite ancestry.
    57. ↑ Due to large-scale deportations of the Garifuna only a few live in Saint Vincent; the vast majority now reside in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
    58. ↑ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), p. 171; "Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined..."
    59. ↑ The term applies to the autochthonous Cyprus nationals with Greek ancestry, who are not considered part of the Greek diaspora and have a diaspora of their own .
    60. 1 2 Because the Pontic and Cappadocian Greeks (two former Greek diasporas that had resided in Turkey) have been deported back to Greece, they are not listed as being a part of the diaspora population.
    61. ↑ Turkish-speaking ethnic Greeks in Georgia and Ukraine
    62. ↑ CIA Factbook (2014) estimates 55 million in India. SIL Ethnologue cites 46 million native speakers of Gujarati. About 1 million in Pakistan and 1 million in the USA.
    63. ↑ It is believed that around the late 19th century, the Hajong language shifted from being a Sino-Tibetan language to an Indo-Ayran one.
    64. ↑ 1.24 billion (92% of total population) in the China (CIA Factbook 2014 est.), about 22 million in Taiwan, and an estimated 50 million Overseas Chinese
    65. ↑ Because of their Islamic faith, the Hui tend to be seen as a separate ethnic group (particularly by the Chinese government).
    66. ↑ Due to frequent intermarriages, many of the Thai Chinese have significant amount of Thai ancestry.
    67. ↑ As a group numbering more than a billion people with a diaspora population in almost every country, whose own native country is officially atheist, and has a long history of religious syncretism as well as two schools of thoughts that may or may not constitute as a religion, it is extremely difficult to determine the majority religion of the Han.
    68. ↑ Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.
    69. 1 2 3 Refers only to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
    70. 1 2 3 Many Bahamians also have high amounts of African American ancestry.
    71. ↑ The Irish were predominantly Gaelic-speaking until the 17th century, but significantly anglicized during the early modern period. Since the mid-19th century, the large majority of Irish have been native speakers of English.
    72. 1 2 ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400 (29 May 2009). "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". www.scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    73. ↑ An unknown number of them are actually Scottish. Until the arrival of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine, the descendants of the Ulster Scots referred to themselves as Irish.
    74. ↑ Not including the Northern Irish.
    75. ↑ Refers only to the languages of the six nations that made up the Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. All six are either threatened or endangered, and the vast majority of the Iroquois speak either Canadian or American English.
    76. ↑ Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country, James D. Fearon. Department of Political Science, Stanford University
    77. ↑ Figures cited range anywhere between some 60 and 140 million, the latter figure including citizens of Brazil and the United States who identify as of partial Italian ancestry. The Italian language has some 60 million native speakers.
    78. ↑ 102 million in Indonesia (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate); small numbers in Malaysia, Suriname and elsewhere.
    79. ↑ Despite the successfully revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English served as the lingua franca of Israel.
    80. ↑ Also known as Kalenjin proper. However, the Kalenjin ethnicity is sometimes extended to speakers of the other branches of the larger Kalenjin language family: Elgon, Ogiek, and Pökoot.
    81. 1 2 3 Not part of the Nandi–Markweta language family.
    82. ↑ ORGI. "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues −2001". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
    83. ↑ Shakil, Mohsin. "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)".
    84. ↑ Including 0.9 million Nande speakers.
    85. ↑ 50 million in South Korea, 25 million in North Korea, roughly 7 million in diaspora.
    86. ↑ As a group that historically have been seen as part of the Coloured community, the Cape Malays also have significant amount of non-Malayan ancestry, particularly the major ethnic groups residing in South Africa that were traditionally Muslim.
    87. ↑ Manchu is a critically endangered language; the vast majority of Manchu speak Chinese.
    88. ↑ The Manx language is almost extinct due to the language shift to English, although there are current efforts to revive the language.
    89. ↑ Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.
    90. ↑ 87 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
    91. ↑ The Lingala language is often used by urban-residing Mongo.
    92. ↑ Refers only to the languages not part of the Kuki-Chin branch. The other four branches of the Kuki-Chin–Naga language family are Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme. It should be noted that although the Naga people are usually seen as a single ethnic group (both by themselves and by outsiders), it is unknown whether these four Naga branches are actually related to each other.
    93. ↑ Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority of Occitans only speak French.
    94. ↑ "Odia". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    95. ↑ About 38 million in Ethiopia, ~2 million in Kenya, roughly half a million in diaspora. Afan Oromo language has an estimated 45 million native speakers.
    96. ↑ South Ossetia is currently a de facto independent state.
    97. ↑ About 30 million in Pakistan and 12 million in Afghanistan; Penzl and Sloan, Pashto Grammar (2009) estimated a total number of Pashto speakers between 40 and 60 million. SIL Ethnologue in 2011 estimated an ethnic population of 49 million.
    98. ↑ 37.5–38 million in Poland and 21–22 million ethnic Poles or people of ethnic Polish extraction elsewhere. "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)" Archived 2017-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.
    99. ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (pdf) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
    100. ↑ Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. November 2015. pp. 129–136. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6.
    101. ↑ Central Statistical Office (January 2013). "The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
    102. ↑ Estimated over 20,000,000 Polish Diaspora Świat Polonii, witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspólnota Polska: "Polacy za granicą" Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (Polish people abroad as per summary by Świat Polonii, internet portal of the Polish Association Wspólnota Polska)
    103. ↑ Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former colonial empire. Portugal has 11 million nationals. The 42 million figure is due to a study estimating a total of an additional 31 million descendants from Portuguese grandparents; these people would be eligible for Portuguese citizenship under Portuguese nationality law (which grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals). Emigração: A diáspora dos portugueses Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (2009)
    104. ↑ Lahnda/Western Punjabi 90,512,900 Pakistan and other countries (2014). Eastern: 28,200,000 India (2001), other countries: 1,314,770. Ethnologue 19.
    105. ↑ David Mathieson (2009). Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya Take to the Seas. Human Rights Watch. p. 3. ISBN 9781564324856.
    106. ↑ Although they are believed to have originated from India, the Romani are usually seen as not having a primary homeland.
    107. ↑ As the Romani do not possess a primary homeland, this article will only list populations outside of Europe.
    108. ↑ Gall, Timothy L, ed. (1998), Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life, 4. Europe, Cleveland, OH: Eastword, pp. 316, 318, ‘Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)’; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort...
    109. ↑ "Romanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
    110. ↑ Estimates range between 130 and 150 million. 111 million in the Russian Federation (2010 census), about 16 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belarus, 0.6 M Latvia, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up to 10 million Russian diaspora elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe).
    111. 1 2 The Cossacks also include other members native to Eastern Europe.
    112. ↑ Number includes self-identified Rusyns and Lemkos in the national censuses of Slovakia, Serbia, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia and Ukraine, although the number of people with Rusyn ancestry is considered to be much larger.
    113. ↑
    114. ↑
    115. ↑ The classification of Hutsuls and Boykos under Rusyns is disputed by Ukrainians and some members of their communities.
    116. ↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". www.demo.istat.it. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    117. ↑ The Scottish were predominantly Gaelic-speaking until the 11th century, when it was gradually phased out by the Kingdom of Scotland, which promoted the usage of Middle English. This version, which eventually developed into a separate language called Scots, was also gradually phased out following the complete unification of Scotland and England. Today, the large majority of Scottish have been native speakers of English.
    118. ↑ Although they are sometimes referred to as Scotch-Irish, the Ulster Scots have very little Irish ancestry.
    119. ↑ The Sidi language has been extinct since the 20th century and now tend to speak the dominant language of their region.
    120. ↑ "Sinhala". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    121. ↑ There is no clear definition of Spanish ethnicity. In Spain, ethnic identity is divided into regional groups, and internationally, Spanish ethnicity is not clearly delineated from "Spanish ancestry" in the territories of the former colonial empire, meaning that a large portion of Latin Americans who claim to be Spanish are actually either Basque, Catalan, or Galician. There are 41 million Spanish nationals in Spain, and some 2 million living abroad. The total worldwide rounds to more than 47 million.
    122. ↑ Although their language is considered to be separate from Spanish, because the marriage between Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon is often seen as the start of the Unification of Spain, the Aragonese tend to be viewed as being part of Spanish ethnicity.
    123. ↑ The Canary Islanders also have notable Berber ancestry.
    124. ↑ the Dominicans also have significant amounts of African and Taíno ancestry.
    125. ↑ "Swahili facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Swahili". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
    126. ↑ The number of ethnic Swahili is unknown, although most publications tend to stick with 500,000. Either way, it is universally believed that ethnic Swahili population is significantly smaller than the 100 million people who use Swahili in their everyday lives.
    127. ↑ As French is the only official language in French Polynesia, the majority of Tahitians only speak French.
    128. ↑ 73 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate, subject to rapid population growth), 2 million in Sri Lanka (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 3 million in diaspora.
    129. ↑ 89 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
    130. ↑ The term applies to the autochthonous Cyprus nationals with Turkish ancestry, not to be confused with the more recent Turkish settlers who have migrated after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots have a diaspora of their own.
    131. ↑ Because the Meskhetian Turks (a former Turkish diaspora that had resided in Georgia and have some Georgian ancestry) have been deported out of Georgia and have been largely unable to return, they are not listed as being a part of the diaspora population.
    132. 1 2 Despite their name, the Syrian and Iraqi Turkmens have little to do the main ethnic group of Turkmenistan.
    133. ↑ Project, Joshua. "Ukrainian – Joshua Project". www.joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
    134. ↑ 80 million in Vietnam (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 4 million in diaspora.
    135. ↑ Although Welsh is the only Celtic language in the United Kingdom not to suffer threats of extinction, many of the Welsh speak English.
    • Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
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