Brahui language

Brahui
براهوئی
Region Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan
Ethnicity Brahui
Native speakers
 2.43 million (2011-2014)[1]
Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq), Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 brh
Glottolog brah1256[2]
Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.[3]

Brahui[4] /brəˈhuːi/[5] (Brahui: براهوئی‎) is a Dravidian language spoken primarily by the Brahui people in the central part of Baluchistan province in Pakistan, and in scattered parts of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan,[6] and by expatriate Brahui communities in Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Iraq.[7] It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian-speaking neighbour population of South India by a distance of more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi).[3] Kalat, Khuzdar, Mastung, Quetta, Bolan, Nasirabad district of Balochistan Province are predominantly Brahui-speaking. Brahui is also spoken in Sindh, mostly in Larkana and NawabShah divisions.

Distribution

Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar, and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighboring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui.[3] The 2013 edition of Ethnologue reports that there are 4 million speakers of the language, and primarily in the Pakistan province of Balochistan.[8] There are also an unknown very small number of expatriate Brahuis in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, Iranian Balochistan, and Turkmenistan.[7]

Dialects

There are no important dialectal differences. Jhalawani (southern, centered on Khuzdar) and Sarawani (northern, centered on Kalat) dialects are distinguished by the pronunciation of *h, which is retained only in the north (Elfenbein 1997). Brahui has been influenced by the Iranian languages spoken in the area, including Persian, Balochi, and Pashto.[9]

Phonology

Brahui vowels show a partial length distinction between long /aː eː iː oː uː/ and diphthongs /aɪ aʊ/, and short /a i u/.

Brahui consonants show patterns of retroflexion but lack the aspiration distinctions found in surrounding languages, and include several fricatives such as the voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ], a sound not otherwise found in the region.[10]

Consonants
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lateral
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ k ʔ
voiced b d̪ ɖ g
Affricate voiceless t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ɬ ʃ x h
voiced z ʒ ɣ
Nasal m n̪ ɳ
Approximant l j w
Flap ɾ ɽ

Stress

Stress in Brahui follows a quantity-based pattern, occurring either on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short.

Orthography

Arabic script

Brahui is the only Dravidian language which is not known to have been written in a Brahmi-based script; instead, it has been written in the Arabic script since the second half of the 20th century. [11] In Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, the Nastaʿlīq script is used in writing.

Latin script

More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of Brahui Roman Likvar) was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the University of Balochistan in Quetta, and adopted by the newspaper Talár.

Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:[4]

b á p í s y ş v x e z ź ģ f ú m n l g c t ŧ r ŕ d o đ h j k a i u ń ļ

The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.


Endangerment

According to a 2009 UNESCO report, Brahui is one of the 27 languages of Pakistan that are facing the danger of extinction. They classify it in "unsafe" status, the least endangered level out of the five levels of concern (Unsafe, Definitely Endangered, Severely Endangered, Critically Endangered, and Extinct).[12]

Publications

Talár is the first daily newspaper in the Brahui language. It uses the new Roman orthography, and is "an attempt to standardize and develop [the] Brahui language to meet the requirements of modern political, social and scientific discourse."[13]

History

There is no consensus as to whether Brahui is a relatively recent language introduced into Balochistan or remnant of an older widespread Dravidian language family. According to Josef Elfenbein (1989), the most common theory is that the Brahui were part of a Dravidian invasion of north-western India in 3rd millennium BC, but unlike other Dravidians who migrated to the south, they remained in Sarawan and Jahlawan since before 2000 BC.[14] However, some other scholars see it as a recent migrant language to its present region. They postulate that Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE. The absence of any older Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a Northwestern Iranian language, and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.[15] One scholar places the migration as late as the 13th or 14th century.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Brahui". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Brahui". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. 1 2 3 Parkin 1989, p. 37
  4. 1 2 Bráhuí Báşágal, Quetta: Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan, April 2009, retrieved 2010-06-29
  5. ↑ "Brahui". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ↑ "A slice of south India in Balochistan".
  7. 1 2 "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37" department of linguistics, University of Kerala
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ Emeneau 1962
  10. ↑ Bashir 2016, p. 274.
  11. ↑ http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ "Бесписьменный язык Б."
  12. ↑ Moseley 2009
  13. ↑ Haftaí Talár, Talár Publications, retrieved 2010-06-29
  14. ↑ electricpulp.com. "BRAHUI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  15. ↑ Witzel 1998, p. 1, which cites Elfenbein 1987
  16. ↑ Sergent 1997, pp. 129–130

Sources

  • Bashir, Elena (December 2003), "Brahui - Notes", South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas (PDF), retrieved 2010-06-29
  • Bashir, Elena L. (2016), "Contact and convergence. Baluchistan", in Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena L., The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide, World of Linguistics, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 271–84, ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8
  • Bray, Denys. The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar. Gian Publishing House, 1986.
  • Elfenbein, J. H. (1987), "A Periplus of the 'Brahui Problem'", Studia Iranica, 16 (2): 215–233, doi:10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604
  • Emeneau, Murray B. (1962), "Bilingualism and structural borrowing", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106 (5): 430–442, JSTOR 985488
  • Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2009), Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, UNESCO, OCLC 435877932
  • Parkin, Robert (1989), "Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology", Indo-Iranian Journal, 32 (1): 37–43, doi:10.1007/BF00182435
  • Sergent, Bernard (1997), Genèse de l'Inde, Bibliothèque scientifique Payot, ISBN 9782228891165, OCLC 38198091
  • Witzel, Michael (February 1998), "The Languages of Harappa", in Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark, Proceedings of the Conference on the Indus Civilisation (PDF), Madison, Wisconsin
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