Overseas Chinese

Chinese diaspora
海外华人/海外華人
Total population
c. 50 million[1][2][3]
(2012 estimate)
 Singapore 2,571,000[4]
 Christmas Island
Above majority population		 981
 Thailand 10,349,900[5]
 Malaysia 6,642,000[6]
 United States 5,025,817[7]
 Indonesia 2,832,510[8]
 Canada 1,769,195[9]
 South Korea 1,643,611[10]
 Myanmar 1,637,540[11][12]
 Philippines 1,350,000[13]
 Australia 1,213,903[14]
 Cambodia 982,600[15]
 Peru 900,000-1,300,000[16]
 Vietnam 823,071[17]
 Japan 730,890[18]
 France 700,000[19]
 United Kingdom 466,000[20]
 Venezuela 420,000[21]
 South Africa 300,000–400,000[22]
 Russia 200,000–400,000[23][24]
 Italy 320,794
 Brazil 300,000[25]
 India 196,000
 Laos 190,000
 United Arab Emirates 180,000
 New Zealand 147,570
 Spain 145,245[26]
 Panama 135,000
 Cuba
Above minority population		 114,242
Languages
Languages of China and various languages of the countries they inhabit
Religion
Predominantly Buddhism, Taoism with Confucianism. Significant Christian, small Muslim and other religious minorities.
Related ethnic groups
Chinese people

Chinese diaspora (Archaic. traditional Chinese: 海外華人; simplified Chinese: 海外华人; pinyin: Hǎiwài Huárén) are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the People's Republic of China (the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macau) or Republic of China (Taiwan). They can be of the Han Chinese ethnic majority, or from any of the other ethnic groups in China.[27]

Terminology

Huáqiáo (simplified Chinese: 华侨; traditional Chinese: 華僑; pinyin: Huáqiáo) or Hoan-kheh in Hokkien (Chinese: 番客), refers to people of Chinese citizenship residing outside of China. At the end of the 19th century, the Chinese government realized that the overseas Chinese could be an asset, a source of foreign investment, and a bridge to overseas knowledge; thus, it began to recognize the use of the term Huaqiao.[28] The modern term haigui (simplified Chinese: 海归; traditional Chinese: 海歸) refers to returned overseas Chinese and guīqiáo qiáojuàn (simplified Chinese: 归侨侨眷; traditional Chinese: 歸僑僑眷) to their returning relatives.[27]

Huáyì (simplified Chinese: 华裔; traditional Chinese: 華裔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-è) refers to people of Chinese descent residing outside of China, regardless of citizenship.[29] Another often-used term is 海外華人 (Hǎiwài Huárén), a more literal translation of Chinese diaspora; it is often used by the PRC government to refer to people of Chinese ethnicities who live outside the PRC, regardless of citizenship.

Chinese dispora who are ethnically Han Chinese, such as Cantonese, Hoochew, Hokkien, Hakka, or Teochew refer to themselves as 唐人 (Tángrén), pronounced tòhng yàn in Cantonese, toung ning in Hoochew, Tn̂g-lâng in Hokkien, and tong nyin in Hakka. Literally, it means Tang people, a reference to Tang dynasty China when it was ruling China proper. This term is commonly used by the Cantonese, Hoochew, Hakka and Hokkien as a colloquial reference to the Chinese people, and has little relevance to the ancient dynasty.

The term shǎoshù mínzú (simplified Chinese: 少数民族; traditional Chinese: 少數民族) is added to the various terms for the Chinese Dispora to indicate those in the diaspora who would be considered ethnic minorities in China. The terms shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén; shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén; and shǎoshù mínzú hǎiwài qiáobāo (simplified Chinese: 少数民族海外侨胞; traditional Chinese: 少數民族海外僑胞) are all in usage. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the PRC does not distinguish between Han and ethnic minority populations for official policy purposes.[27] For example, members of the Tibetan diaspora may travel to China on passes granted to certain people of Chinese descent.[30] Various estimates of the Chinese diaspora minority population include 3.1 million (1993),[31] 3.4 million (2004),[32] 5.7 million (2001, 2010),[33][34] or approximately one tenth of all Chinese diaspora (2006, 2011).[35][36] Cross-border ethnic groups (跨境民族, kuàjìng mínzú) are not considered Chinese diaspora minorities unless they left China after the establishment of an independent state on China's border.[27]

Some ethnic groups who have historic connections with China, like the Hmong may not associate themselves as part of the Chinese diaspora.[37]

History

The Chinese people have a long history of migrating overseas. One of the migrations dates back to the Ming dynasty when Zheng He (1371–1435) became the envoy of Ming. He sent people – many of them Cantonese and Hokkien – to explore and trade in the South China Sea and in the Indian Ocean.

Qing Dynasty and Republic of China

Chinese merchants in Penang Island, Straits Settlements (present-day Malaysia), c. 1881.

When China was under the imperial rule of the Qing Dynasty, subjects who left the Qing Empire without the Administrator's consent were considered to be traitors and were executed. Their family members faced consequences as well. However, the establishment of the Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a tributary state of Qing China, attests that it was possible to attain permission. The republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned.

Chinese Filipino
A Chinese Filipino wearing the traditional Maria Clara gown of Filipino women, c. 1913.
Chinese Vietnamese
A Chinese Vietnamese merchant in Hanoi, c. 1885.

Under the administration of the Republic of China from 1911 to 1949, these rules were abolished and many migrated outside the Republic of China, mostly through the coastal regions via the ports of Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Shanghai. These migrations are considered to be among the largest in China's history. Many nationals of the Republic of China fled and settled down in South East Asia mainly between the years 1911–1949, after the Nationalist government led by Kuomintang lost to the Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Most of the nationalist and neutral refugees fled Mainland China to Southeast Asia (Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines) as well as Taiwan (Republic of China). Many nationalists who stayed behind were persecuted or even executed.[38][39]

The presence of Chinese junk in northern Borneo on Kinabatangan, North Borneo as been photographed by Martin and Osa Johnson in 1935.

Most of the Chinese who fled during 1911–1949 under the Republic of China settled down in Singapore and Malaysia and automatically gained citizenship in 1957 and 1963 as these countries gained independence.[40][41] Kuomintang members who settled in Malaysia and Singapore played a major role in the establishment of the Malaysian Chinese Association and their meeting hall at Sun Yat Sen Villa. There is some evidence that they intend to reclaim mainland China from the Communists by funding the Kuomintang in China.[42][43]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the ROC tended to seek the support of overseas Chinese communities through branches of the Kuomintang based on Sun Yat-sen's use of expatriate Chinese communities to raise money for his revolution. During this period, the People's Republic of China tended to view overseas Chinese with suspicion as possible capitalist infiltrators and tended to value relationships with Southeast Asian nations as more important than gaining support of overseas Chinese, and in the Bandung declaration explicitly stated that overseas Chinese owed primary loyalty to their home nation.

Waves of immigration

Map of Chinese migration from the 1800s to 1949.

Different waves of immigration led to subgroups among overseas Chinese such as the new and old immigrants in Southeast Asia, North America, Oceania, the Caribbean, South America, South Africa, and Europe. In the 19th century, the age of colonialism was at its height and the great Chinese diaspora began. Many colonies lacked a large pool of laborers. Meanwhile, in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in China, there was a surge in emigration as a result of the poverty and ruin caused by the Taiping rebellion.[44] The Qing Empire was forced to allow its subjects to work overseas under colonial powers. Many Hokkien chose to work in Southeast Asia (where they had earlier links starting from the Ming era), as did the Cantonese. The city of Taishan in Guangdong province was the source for many of the economic migrants. For the countries in North America and Australasia, great numbers of laborers were needed in the dangerous tasks of gold mining and railway construction. Widespread famine in Guangdong impelled many Cantonese to work in these countries to improve the living conditions of their relatives. Some overseas Chinese were sold to South America during the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1867) in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. After World War II many people from the New Territories in Hong Kong emigrated to the UK (mainly England) and to the Netherlands to earn a better living.

Chinese women and children in Brunei, c. 1945.
1967 photo of Indonesian-Chinese family from Hubei ancestry, the second and third generations.

From the mid-19th century onward, emigration has been directed primarily to Western countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina and the nations of Western Europe; as well as to Peru, Panama, and to a lesser extent to Mexico. Many of these emigrants who entered Western countries were themselves overseas Chinese, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period during which the PRC placed severe restrictions on the movement of its citizens. In 1984, Britain agreed to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the PRC; this triggered another wave of migration to the United Kingdom (mainly England), Australia, Canada, US, South America, Europe and other parts of the world. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 further accelerated the migration. The wave calmed after Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. In addition, many citizens of Hong Kong hold citizenships or have current visas in other countries so if the need arises, they can leave Hong Kong at short notice. In fact, after the Tiananmen Square incident, the lines for immigration visas increased at every consulate in Hong Kong.

Cho Huan Lai Memorial
Sandakan Massacre Memorial
Memorials dedicated to Overseas Chinese who perished in northern Borneo (present-day Sabah, Malaysia) during the World War II after being executed by the Japanese forces.

In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. Author Howard French estimates that over one million Chinese have moved in the past 20 years to Africa.[45]

More recent Chinese presences have developed in Europe, where they number nearly a million, and in Russia, they number over 200,000, concentrated in the Russian Far East. Russia’s main Pacific port and naval base of Vladivostok, once closed to foreigners and belonged to China until the late 19th century, as of 2010 bristles with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses. A growing Chinese community in Germany consists of around 76,000 people as of 2010.[46] An estimated 15,000 to 30,000 Chinese live in Austria.[47]

Chinese diaspora experience

Commercial success

Thai Chinese in the past set up small enterprises such as street vending to eke out a living.

Chinese diaspora are estimated to control US$ 2 trillion in liquid assets and have considerable amounts of wealth to stimulate economic power in China.[48][49] The Chinese business community of Southeast Asia, known as the bamboo network, has a prominent role in the region's private sectors.[50][51]

In North America, Europe, and Oceania, occupations are diverse and impossible to generalize; ranging from catering to significant ranks in medicine, the arts, and academia.

Chinese diaspora often send remittances back home to family members to help better them financially and socioeconomically. China ranks second after India of top remittance-receiving countries in 2010 with over US$51 billion sent.[52]

Assimilation

Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor, 2006

Chinese diaspora vary widely as to their degree of assimilation, their interactions with the surrounding communities (see Chinatown), and their relationship with China.

Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community and is also the most successful case of assimilation, with many claiming Thai identity. For over 400 years, Thai-Chinese have largely intermarried and/or assimilated with their compatriots. The present Thai monarch, Chakri Dynasty, is founded by King Rama I who himself is partly Chinese. His predecessor, King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, is the son of a Chinese immigrant from Guangdong Province and was born with a Chinese name. His mother, Lady Nok-iang (Thai: นกเอี้ยง), was Thai (and was later awarded the feudal title of Somdet Krom Phra Phithak Thephamat).

Since their early migration, many of the Overseas Chinese have adopted local culture, especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand with large Peranakan community. Most of them in Singapore were once concentrated in Katong.

In the Philippines, Chinese from Guangdong were already migrating to the islands from the 9th century, and have largely intermarried with either indigenous Filipinos or Spanish colonisers. Their descendants would eventually form the bulk of the elite and ruling classes in a sovereign Philippines. Since the 1860s, most Chinese immigrants have come from Fujian; unlike earlier migrants, Fujianese settlers rarely intermarried, and thus form the bulk of the "unmixed" Chinese Filipinos. Older generations have retained Chinese traditions and the use of Minnan (Hokkien), while the majority of younger generations largely communicate in English, Filipino, and other Philippine languages, and have largely layered facets of both Western and Filipino culture onto their Chinese cultural background.

In Myanmar, the Chinese rarely intermarry (even amongst different Chinese linguistic groups), but have largely adopted the Burmese culture whilst maintaining Chinese cultural affinities. In Cambodia, between 1965 and 1993, people with Chinese names were prevented from finding governmental employment, leading to a large number of people changing their names to a local, Cambodian name. Indonesia, and Myanmar were among the countries that do not allow birth names to be registered in foreign languages, including Chinese. But since 2003, the Indonesian government has allowed ethnic Chinese people to use their Chinese name or using their Chinese family name on their birth certificate.

A Malaysian Chinese praying in Puu Jih Shih Temple, Sandakan, Sabah in front of Guanyin during Chinese New Year in 2013.

In Vietnam, Chinese names are pronounced with Sino-Vietnamese readings. For example, the name of the previous Chinese president, 胡錦濤 (pinyin: Hú Jǐntāo), would be transcribed as "Hồ Cẩm Đào". In Western countries, the overseas Chinese generally use romanised versions of their Chinese names, and the use of local first names is also common. Vietnamese people have adopted some Chinese traditions, ancient Chinese characters, philosophy such as Confucianism, Taoism after centuries of the rule of China[53] until the establishment of Ngo dynasty (Han-Nom: 吳朝); some Hoa people adopt the Vietnamese culture due to their similarities, however many Hoa still prefer maintaining Chinese cultural background (See Sinic world or Adoption of Chinese literary culture). The official census from 2009 accounted the Hoa population at some 823,000 individuals and ranked 6th in terms of its population size. 70% of the Hoa live in cities and towns, mostly in Ho Chi Minh city while the remainder live in the countryside in the southern provinces.[17]

On the other hand, in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, the ethnic Chinese have maintained a distinct communal identity.

In East Timor, a large fraction of Chinese are of Hakka descent.

Discrimination

Chinese diaspora have often experienced hostility and discrimination.

In countries with small ethnic Chinese minorities, the economic disparity can be remarkable. For example, in 1998, ethnic Chinese made up just 1% of the population of the Philippines and 4% of the population in Indonesia, but have wide influence in Philippines and Indonesian private economy.[54] The book World on Fire, describing the Chinese as a "market-dominant minority", notes that "Chinese market dominance and intense resentment amongst the indigenous majority is characteristic of virtually every country in Southeast Asia except Thailand and Singapore".[55] Chinese market dominance is present in Thailand, which is noted for its lack of resentment, while Singapore is majority ethnic Chinese.

This asymmetrical economic position has incited anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer majorities. Sometimes the anti-Chinese attitudes turn violent, such as the 13 May Incident in Malaysia in 1969 and the Jakarta riots of May 1998 in Indonesia, in which more than 2,000 people died, mostly rioters burned to death in a shopping mall.[56] During the colonial era, some genocides killed tens of thousands of Chinese.[57][58][59][60][61]

During the Indonesian killings of 1965–66, in which more than 500,000 people died,[62] ethnic Chinese were killed and their properties looted and burned as a result of anti-Chinese racism on the excuse that Dipa "Amat" Aidit had brought the PKI closer to China.[63][64] The anti-Chinese legislation was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998.

It is commonly held that a major point of friction is the apparent tendency of overseas Chinese to segregate themselves into a subculture. For example, the anti-Chinese Kuala Lumpur Racial Riots of 13 May 1969 and Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were believed to have been motivated by these racially biased perceptions.[65] This analysis has been questioned by some historians, most notably Dr. Kua Kia Soong, the principal of New Era College, who has put forward the controversial argument that the 13 May Incident was a pre-meditated attempt by sections of the ruling Malay elite to incite racial hostility in preparation for a coup.[66] In 2006, rioters damaged shops owned by Chinese-Tongans in Nukuʻalofa.[67] Chinese migrants were evacuated from the riot-torn Solomon Islands.[68]

Ethnic politics can be found to motivate both sides of the debate. In Malaysia, ethnic Chinese tend to support equal and meritocratic treatment on the expectation that they would not be discriminated against in the resulting competition for government contracts, university places, etc., whereas many "Bumiputra" ("native sons") Malays oppose this on the grounds that their group needs such protections in order to retain their patrimony. The question of to what extent ethnic Malays, Chinese, or others are "native" to Malaysia is a sensitive political one. It is currently a taboo for Chinese politicians to raise the issue of Bumiputra protections in parliament, as this would be deemed ethnic incitement.[69]

Many of the Chinese diaspora who worked on railways in North America in the 19th century suffered from racial discrimination in Canada and the United States. Although discriminatory laws have been repealed or are no longer enforced today, both countries had at one time introduced statutes that barred Chinese from entering the country, for example the United States Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed 1943) or the Canadian Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 (repealed 1947).

In Australia, Chinese were targeted by a system of discriminatory laws known as the 'White Australia Policy' which was enshrined in the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. The policy was formally abolished in 1973, and in recent years Australians of Chinese background have publicly called for an apology from the Australian Federal Government[70] similar to that given to the 'stolen generations' of indigenous people in 2007 by the then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.

Relationship with China

Overseas Chinese Museum, Xiamen, China

Both the People's Republic of China and Taiwan (officially known as the Republic of China) maintain high level relationships with the Chinese diaspora populations. Both maintain cabinet level ministries to deal with overseas Chinese affairs, and many local governments within the PRC have overseas Chinese bureaus.

Citizenship status

The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, which does not recognise dual citizenship, provides for automatic loss of PRC citizenship when a former PRC citizen both settles in another country and acquires foreign citizenship. For children born overseas of a PRC citizen, whether the child receives PRC citizenship at birth depends on whether the PRC parent has settled overseas: "Any person born abroad whose parents are both Chinese nationals or one of whose parents is a Chinese national shall have Chinese nationality. But a person whose parents are both Chinese nationals and have both settled abroad, or one of whose parents is a Chinese national and has settled abroad, and who has acquired foreign nationality at birth shall not have Chinese nationality" (Art 5).[71]

By contrast, the Nationality Law of the Republic of China, which both permits and recognises dual citizenship, considers such persons to be citizens of the ROC (if their parents have household registration in Taiwan).

Returning and re-emigration

With China's growing economic prospects, many of the Chinese diaspora have begun to migrate back to China, even as many mainland Chinese millionaires are considering emigrating out of the nation for better opportunities.[72]

In the case of Indonesia and Burma, political and ethnic strife has cause a significant number of people of Chinese origins to re-emigrate back to China. In other Southeast Asian countries with large Chinese communities, such as Malaysia, the economic rise of People's Republic of China has made the PRC an attractive destination for many Malaysian Chinese to re-emigrate. As the Chinese economy opens up, Malaysian Chinese act as a bridge because many Malaysian Chinese are educated in the United States or Britain but can also understand the Chinese language and culture making it easier for potential entrepreneurial and business to be done between the people among the two countries.[73]

After the Deng Xiaoping reforms, the attitude of the PRC toward the Chinese diaspora changed dramatically. Rather than being seen with suspicion, they were seen as people who could aid PRC development via their skills and capital. During the 1980s, the PRC actively attempted to court the support of overseas Chinese by among other things, returning properties that had been confiscated after the 1949 revolution. More recently PRC policy has attempted to maintain the support of recently emigrated Chinese, who consist largely of Chinese students seeking undergraduate and graduate education in the West. Many of the Chinese diaspora are now investing in People's Republic of China providing financial resources, social and cultural networks, contacts and opportunities.[74][75]

The Chinese government estimates that of the 1.2 million Chinese people who have gone overseas to study in the 30 years following China's economic reforms beginning in 1978, three-fourths have not returned to China.[76]

Language

Typical grocery store on 8th Avenue in one of the Brooklyn Chinatowns (布魯克林華埠) on Long Island, New York, US. Multiple Chinatowns in Manhattan (紐約華埠), Queens (法拉盛華埠), and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York,[77][78][79][80] with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia,[81] including an estimated 812,410 in 2015.[82]

The usage of Chinese by the Chinese diaspora has been determined by a large number of factors, including their ancestry, their migrant ancestors' "regime of origin", assimilation through generational changes, and official policies of their country of residence. The general trend is that more established Chinese populations in the Western world and in many regions of Asia have Cantonese as either the dominant variety or as a common community vernacular, while Mandarin is much more prevalent among new arrivals, making it increasingly common in many Chinatowns.[83][84]

Country statistics

There are over 50 million Chinese diaspora.[1][2][85][3] Most of them are living in Southeast Asia where they make up a majority of the population of Singapore (75%) and significant minority populations in Thailand (14%), Malaysia (23%), Indonesia, Brunei (10%), the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Visualization of Overseas Chinese populations by country
Continent / country Articles Chinese Diaspora PopulationPercentageYear of data
Africa
 South AfricaChinese South Africans300,000–400,0002015[22]
 MadagascarChinese people in Madagascar70,000–100,0002011[86]
 EthiopiaChinese people in Ethiopia20,000–60,0002014–2016[87][88]
 AngolaChinese people in Angola50,0002017[89]
 NigeriaChinese people in Nigeria40,0002017[90]
 MauritiusSino-Mauritian38,5002010[91]
 AlgeriaChinese people in Algeria35,0002009[92]
 TanzaniaChinese people in Tanzania30,0002013[93]
 RéunionChinois25,0001999[94]
 Republic of CongoChinese people in the Republic of Congo15,000–25,0002013
 GhanaChinese people in Ghana6,000–20,0002010[95]
 ZambiaChinese people in Zambia19,8452014[96]
 MozambiqueEthnic Chinese in Mozambique12,0002007[97]
 ZimbabweChinese people in Zimbabwe10,0002017[98]
 EgyptChinese people in Egypt6,000–10,0002007[99]
 SudanChinese people in the Sudan5,000–10,0002005–2007[99]
 KenyaChinese people in Kenya7,0002013[100]
 UgandaChinese people in Uganda7,0002010[101]
 BotswanaChinese people in Botswana5,000–6,0002009[102]
 LesothoChinese people in Lesotho5,0002011[103]
 Democratic Republic of CongoChinese people in the DRC4,000–5,0002015[104]
 CameroonChinese people in Cameroon3,000–5,0002012[105]
 GuineaChinese people in Guinea5,0002012[105]
 BeninChinese people in Benin4,0002007[99]
 NamibiaChinese people in Namibia3,000–4,0002009[106]
 Ivory CoastChinese people in Ivory Coast3,0002012[105]
 MaliChinese people in Mali3,0002014[107]
 TogoChinese people in Togo3,0002007[99]
 Cape VerdeChinese people in Cape Verde2,3002008[108]
 MalawiChinese people in Malawi2,0002007[99]
 RwandaChinese people in Rwanda1,000–2,0002011[109]
 SenegalChinese people in Senegal1,5002012[105]
 MoroccoChinese people in Morocco1,2002004[110]
 SeychellesSino-Seychellois1,0001999[111]
 LiberiaChinese people in Liberia6002006[99]
 Burkina FasoChinese people in Burkina Faso5002012[105]
 LibyaChinese people in Libya3002014[112]
Asia/Middle East
 ThailandThai Chinese, Peranakan9,349,90014%2012[5]
 MalaysiaMalaysian Chinese, Peranakan6,642,00023%2015[6]
 IndonesiaChinese Indonesian2,832,5101%2010[8]
 SingaporeChinese Singaporean2,571,00076.2%2015[4]
 MyanmarBurmese Chinese, Panthay1,637,5402012[11]
 PhilippinesChinese Filipino, Tornatras, Sangley1,146,2501%2005[13]
 VietnamHoa people823,0710.96%2009[17]
 South KoreaChinese in South Korea800,0001%2010[113]
 JapanChinese in Japan674,871<1%2011[18]
 KazakhstanChinese in Kazakhstan300,0002009[114]
 LaosLaotian Chinese185,7652005[115]
 United Arab EmiratesChinese people in the United Arab Emirates180,0002009[116]
 PakistanChinese people in Pakistan60,0002018[117]
 BruneiEthnic Chinese in Brunei42,10010%2015[118]
 IsraelChinese people in Israel23,0002001[119][120]
 North KoreaChinese in North Korea10,0002009[121]
 Qatar6,0002014[122]
 IndiaChinese in India4,000–7,000nil2014[123]
 Sri LankaChinese people in Sri Lanka3,500<1%?[124]
 IranChinese people in Iran3,000
 KyrgyzstanChinese people in Kyrgyzstan1,8132009[125]
 MongoliaEthnic Chinese in Mongolia1,3232000
Europe
 RussiaChinese people in Russia, Dungan people200,000–400,0002004[126][127]
 FranceChinese diaspora in France, Chinois (Réunion)700,0001%2010[128]
 United KingdomBritish Chinese433,1501%2008
 ItalyChinese people in Italy320,7941%2013[25]
 GermanyChinese people in Germany212,000<1%2016[129]
 SpainChinese people in Spain145,000<1%2009[26]
 NetherlandsChinese people in the Netherlands80,198<1%2012[130]
 TurkeyChinese people in Turkey, Uyghurs46,8002009
 SwedenChinese people in Sweden33,548<1%2017[131]
 Austria--25,0002008[47]
 PortugalChinese people in Portugal17,0002008[132]
 Ireland--17,800<1%2011[133]
 Hungary--15,0000.15%2004[134]
 BelgiumChinese people in Belgium15,500<1%2007[135]
 Norway--10,600<1%2014[136]
 DenmarkChinese people in Denmark10,247<1%2009[137]
 BulgariaChinese people in Bulgaria9,0002005[138]
 Finland--11,8250.2% 2017[139]
 Poland--5,000
 Czech RepublicChinese people in the Czech Republic4,9862007[140]
 RomaniaChinese of Romania2,2492002[141]
 SerbiaChinese people in Serbia1,3732011[142]
 Iceland--220nil2014[143]
 Estonia--104nil2013[144]
Americas
 United StatesChinese American, American-born Chinese4,947,9681.5%2015[145]
 CanadaChinese Canadian, Canadian-born Chinese1,769,1955.1%2016[146]
 PeruChinese-Peruvian900,000–1,300,000up to 3%2017[16]
 VenezuelaChinese Venezuelan400,000–450,0002%2013[147]
 BrazilChinese Brazilian250,000nil2005[115]
 PanamaChinese-Panamanian135,0002003[148][149]
 ArgentinaChinese Argentine120,0002010[150][151][152]
 CubaChinese Cuban114,2401%2008[153]
 JamaicaChinese Jamaicans72,000--[154]
 MexicoChinese Mexican70,000nil2008
 Costa RicaChinese-Costa Rican45,0002011[155]
 SurinameChinese-Surinamese7,8851.5%2012[156]
 ColombiaChinese Colombians25,0002014[157]
 Dominican RepublicEthnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic15,000--[158]
 NicaraguaChinese Nicaraguan12,000--[159]
 ChileChinese people in Chile10,000--
 Trinidad & TobagoChinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian3,8002000
 GuyanaChinese Guyanese2,7221921[160]
 BelizeEthnic Chinese in Belize1,7162000[161]
Oceania
 AustraliaChinese Australian1,213,9035.6%2016[162][163]
 New ZealandChinese New Zealander180,0664%2013[164]
 FijiChinese in Fiji34,7122012[165]
 SamoaChinese in Samoa30,000--
 Papua New GuineaChinese people in Papua New Guinea20,0002008[166][167]
 TongaChinese in Tonga3,0002001[168][169]
 PalauChinese in Palau1,0302012[170]

See also

Further reading

  • Barabantseva, Elena. Overseas Chinese, Ethnic Minorities and Nationalism: De-centering China, Oxon/New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Chin, Ung Ho. The Chinese of South East Asia, London: Minority Rights Group, 2000. ISBN 1-897693-28-1
  • Fitzgerald, John. Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2007. ISBN 978-0-86840-870-5
  • Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000). Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. Volume 9 of Sudostasien Series (illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 3825843866. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  • Kuhn, Philip A. Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times, Lanham, MD/Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.
  • López-Calvo, Ignacio. Imaging the Chinese in Cuban Literature and Culture, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2008. ISBN 0-8130-3240-7
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Notes

  1. ^ The Japanese nationals with Chinese ethnicity are excluded.
  2. ^ This number includes 443,566 people called Joseonjok (조선족). Joseonjok people are the Koreans who have Chinese citizenship. The 181,428 Chinese people who are ethnic Chinese (calculated from 624,994-443,566) in Korea are called Hwagyo (화교). (See reference)

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