Kurdish population

Kurds
کورد
Total population

c. 30–32 million[1]

See Statistics by country
Languages
Kurdish and Zazaki–Gorani
In their different forms: Sorani, Kurmanji, Pehlewani, Zazaki, Gorani
Religion
Mostly Sunni Muslim, but also Shia Muslim and Sufism with minorities of deism, agnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism
Related ethnic groups
other Iranian peoples

The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split between Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria.[2] The estimated population is 35 million.

A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has Kurdish populations of 12 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan and adjacent regions.[3] Recent emigration has resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany.

A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right.[4] This group's population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.[5]

Kurdistan

The Kurds are often dubbed "the largest ethnic group without a state", a statement has been labelled as misleading by some Kurdologists because it glosses over the significant cultural, social, religious, political and ideological differences between Kurdish groups.[6][7][8] The bulk of Kurdish groups in Kurdistan are Sunni (mosty of the Shafi'i school), but there are significant minorities adhering to Shia Islam (especially Alevis), Yazidism, Yarsanism, Christianity and Judaism.

Turkey

Kurdish girl in Mardin Province

According to a report by Turkish agency KONDA, in 2006, out of the total population of 73 million people in Turkey there were 11.4 million Kurds and Zazas living in Turkey (close to 15.68% of the total population).[9] The Turkish newspaper Milliyet reported in 2008 that the Kurdish population in Turkey is 12.6 million; although this also includes 3 million Zazas.[10] According to the World Factbook, Kurdish people make up 18% of Turkey's population (about 14 million, out of 77.8 million people).[11] Kurdish sources put the figure at 10[12] to 15 million Kurds in Turkey.[13]

Kurds mostly live in Northern Kurdistan, in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. But large Kurdish populations can be found in western Turkey due to internal migration. According to Rüstem Erkan, Istanbul is the province with the largest Kurdish population in Turkey.[14]

Iran

Kurdish family in Iran

From the 7 million Iranian Kurds, majority who are Sunni.[15] Shia Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan, Hamadan and Zanjan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran are also adherents of Shia Islam. During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Shia Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.[16][17][18] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Shia Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurds farther north.[19]

Iraq

Yazidi pilgrimage to Lalish temple in Iraqi Kurdistan

Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.[20]

Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.[21] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.[22] The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.[23] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.[24]

Syria

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria and make up nine percent of the country's population.[25] Syrian Kurds have faced routine discrimination and harassment by the government.[26][27]

Syrian Kurdistan is an unofficial name used by some to describe the Kurdish inhabited regions of northern and northeastern Syria.[28] The northeastern Kurdish inhabited region covers the greater part of Hasakah Governorate. The main cities in this region are Qamishli and Hasakah. Another region with significant Kurdish population is Kobanê (Ayn al-Arab) in the northern part of Syria near the town of Jarabulus and also the city of Afrin and its surroundings along the Turkish border.

Many Kurds seek political autonomy for the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria, similar to Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, or outright independence as part of Kurdistan. The name "Western Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used by Kurds to name the Syrian Kurdish inhabited areas in relation to Kurdistan.[29][30][31] Since the Syrian civil war, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.[32]

Transcaucasus

Armenia

According to the 2011 Armenian Census, 37,470 Kurds live in Armenia.[33] They mainly live in the western parts of Armenia. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin. The Kurds in Armenia established a Kurdish radio broadcast from Yerevan and the first Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze. There is a Kurdish Department in the Yerevan State Institute of Oriental studies. The Kurds of Armenia were the first exiled country to have access to media such as radio, education and press in their native tongue[34] but many Kurds, from 1939 to 1959 were listed as the Azeri population or even as Armenians.[35]

Georgia

According to the 2002 Georgian Census, 20,843 Kurds live in Georgia[36] The Kurds in Georgia mainly live in the capital of Tbilisi and Rustavi.[37] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report from 1998, about 80% of the Kurdish population in Georgia are assimilated Kurds.[37]

Diaspora

Russia

According to the 2010 Russian Census, 63,818 Kurds live in Russia. Russia has maintained warm relations with the Kurds for a long time, During the early 19th century, the main goal of the Russian Empire was to ensure the neutrality of the Kurds, in the wars against Persia and the Ottoman Empire.[38] In the beginning of the 19th century, Kurds settled in Transcaucasia, at a time when Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Kurds were persecuted and exterminated by the Turks and Persians, a situation that led Kurds to move to Russia.[39]

Lebanon

The existence of a community of at least 125,000 Kurds[40] is the product of several waves of immigrants, the first major wave was in the period of 1925-1950 when thousands of Kurds fled violence and poverty in Turkey.[41] Kurds in Lebanon go back far as the twelfth century A.D. when the Ayyubids arrived there. Over the next few centuries, several other Kurdish families were sent to Lebanon by a number of powers to maintain rule in those regions, others moved as a result of poverty and violence in Kurdistan. These Kurdish groups settled in and ruled many areas of Lebanon for a long period of time.[42]:27 Kurds of Lebanon settled in Lebanon because of Lebanon's pluralistic society.[43]

European Union

Kurdish demonstration against ISIS, Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014
Demonstration in support of the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan at Schuman, Brussels, 25 October 2017
Kurdish demonstration against ISIS in Norway, 12 May 2016

The Kurdish diaspora in the European Union is most significant in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Kurds from Turkey went to Germany and France during the 1960s as immigrant workers. Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey to Sweden during the 1970s and onward, and from Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s.

In France, the Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the community.[44] However, thousands of Iraqi Kurds also arrived in the mid 1990s.[45] More recently, Syrian Kurds have been entering France illegally[46]

In the United Kingdom, Kurds first began to immigrate between 1974-75 when the rebellion of Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqi government was repressed. The Iraqi government began to destroy Kurdish villages and forced many Kurds to move to barren land in the south.[47] These events resulted in many Kurds fleeing to the United Kingdom. Thus, the Iraqi Kurds make up a large part of the community.[44] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran and installed Islamic law. There was widespread political oppression and persecution of the Kurdish community. Since the late 1970s the number of people from Iran seeking asylum in Britain has remained high.[47] In 1988, Saddam Hussein launched the Anfal campaign in the northern Iraq. This included mass executions and disappearances of the Kurdish community. The use of chemical weapons against thousands of towns and villages in the region, as well as the town of Halabja increased the number of Iraq Kurds entering the United Kingdom.[47] A large number of Kurds also came to the United Kingdom following the 1980 military coup in Turkey.[47] More recently, immigration has been due to the continued political oppression and the repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Iran.[47] Estimates of the Kurdish population in the United Kingdom are as high as 200-250,000.[47]

In Denmark, there is a significant number of Iraqi political refugees, many of which are Kurds.[48]

In Finland, most Kurds arrived in the 1990s as Iraqi refugees.[49] Kurds in Finland have no great attachment to the Iraqi state because of their position as a persecuted minority. Thus, they feel more accepted and comfortable in Finland, many wanting to get rid of their Iraqi citizenship.[50]

North America

In the United States, it is believed that the Kurdish population is from 15,000[51] to 20,000[52] other sources claim approximately 58,000,[53] the large majority of which come from Iran.[54] It is estimated that some 23,000 Iranian Kurds are living in the United States.[54] During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, about 10,000 Iraqi refugees were admitted to the United States, most of which were Kurds and Shiites who had assisted or were sympathisers of the U.S –led war.[55] Nashville, Tennessee has the nation's largest population of Kurdish people, with an estimated 8,000–11,000. There are also Kurds in Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Dallas, Texas.[56]

In Canada, the Kurdish community is 11,685[57] based on the Canadian Census 2011, among which the Iraqi Kurds make up the largest group of Kurds in Canada, exceeding the numbers of Kurds from Turkey, Iran and Syria. Kurdish immigration was largely the result of the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War and Syrian Civil War. Thus, many Iraqi Kurds immigrated to Canada due to the constant wars and suppression of Kurds and Shiites by the Iraqi government.[58]

Oceania

In Australia, Kurdish migrants first arrived in the second half of the 1960s, mainly from Turkey.[59] However, in the late 1970s families from Syria and Lebanon were also present in Australia.[59] Since the second half of the 1980s, the majority of Kurds arriving in Australia have been from Iraq and Iran; many of them were accepted under the Humanitarian Programme.[59] However, Kurds from Lebanon, Armenia and Georgia have also migrated to Australia. The majority live in Melbourne and Sydney.[59]

Japan

The Japanese government has not granted refugee status. While 3,415 Kurds have so far applied for refugee status, none has yet received it.[60]

Statistics by country

European countries which have official statistics on their Kurdish population.
Dark green: Ethnicity statistics
Cyan: First language statistics
Light green: Other official measures

Autochthonous community

CountryOfficial figures or estimationsOfficial figures in %Further information
 Turkey13,200,000 (1993 MRGI estimation)[61]
14,700,000 (2017 CFR estimation)[62]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Turkey
 Iran6,100,000 (1993 MRGI estimation)[61]
8,100,000 (2017 CFR estimation)[62]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Iran
 Iraq4,400,000 (1993 MRGI estimation)[61]
5,450,000 (2015 EPRS estimation)[63]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Iraq
 Syria1,100,000 (1993 MRGI estimation)[61]
2,500,000 (2011 MRGI estimation)[64]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Syria

Transcaucasus

CountryOfficial figuresOfficial figures in %Further information
 Armenia56,127 (1989 census)[65]
37,470 (2011 census)d		1.7%
1.2%		Kurds in Armenia
 Azerbaijan41,193 (1926 census)[74]
6,065 (2009 census)b		1.8%
0.1%		Kurds in Azerbaijan
 Georgia33,331 (1989 census)[76]
20,843 (2002 census)[36]
13,770 (2014 census)[77][78]		0.6%
0.5%
0.4%		Kurds in Georgia
 Abkhazia29 (1989 census)[80]0%
 Artsakh16 (2015 census)[81]0%
 South Ossetia2 (1989 census)[82]
1 (2015 census)[83]		0%
0%

Europe

CountryOfficial figures or estimationsOfficial figures in %Further information
 Germany500,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
850,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Germany
 France60,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[86][84]
230,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in France
 Netherlands30,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
100,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in the Netherlands
 Sweden15,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
85,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/AKurds in Sweden
 Russia63,818 (2010 census)c0%Kurds in Russia
 Austria25,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
80,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A2,133 (2001 census, Kurdish speakers)[89]
 Belgium12,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
70,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A—
 United Kingdom49,841 (2011 census)[90][91][92]
49,186 (2011 census, Kurdish speakers)[93][94][95]		0.1%Kurds in the United Kingdom
 Greece1,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
40,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A—
 Denmark12,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
25,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A—
 Italy25,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A–
 Norway2,000 (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
25,000 (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A7,100 (2013 official estimation, Kurdish speakers)[97]
  Switzerland14,699 (2012 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[98]
19,401 (2015 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[99]		0.2%
0.3%		—
 Finland868 (1997 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[100]
13,327 (2017 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[100]		0%
0.2%
 Romania3,000 (2006 estimation)[101]0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A–
 Ukraine
2,088 (2001 census)[102]
302 (2014 Crimean census)[103]		0%
 Spain1,500 (2012 estimation)[104]0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A
 Ireland818 (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[105]0%
 Poland224 (2011 census)[107][108]0%—
 Hungary291 (2001 census)[109]
149 (2011 census)[109]		0%—
 Moldova130 (2017 statistics)[110]0%—
 Belarus126 (2009 census)[111]0%—
 Latvia111 (2018 semiannual statistics)[112]0%—
 Bulgaria147 (2001 census)[113]
105 (2011 census)[114]		0%—
 Czech Republic100 (2011 census)[115]0%—
 Bosnia and Herzegovina28 (2013 census)[116]0%—
 Estonia23 (2011 census)[117]0%—
 Serbia<12 (2011 census)[118]0%—
 Lithuania5 (2001 census)[119]
<10 (2011 census)[120]		0%—
 Croatia8 (2011 census)[121][122]0%—

Middle East

CountryEst. populationFurther information
 Lebanonapprox. 287,000[40]Kurds in Lebanon
 Israelapprox. 200,000 (Jews from Kurdistan)[123]Kurds in Israel
 Bahrainapprox. 44,600[124]—
 Jordanapprox. 4,000[125]—30,000[126]Kurds in Jordan
 Kuwaitapprox. 5,000[127]—

Asia

CountryOfficial figuresOfficial figures in %Est. populationFurther information
 Kazakhstan45,551 (2018 annual statistics)[128]0.3%—Kurds in Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan13,171 (2009 census)[129][130]0.2%—
 Turkmenistan4,387 (1989 census)[132]
6,097 (1995 census)[133]		0.1%—Kurds in Turkmenistan
 Afghanistan0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/Aapprox. 2,670[134]—
 Uzbekistan1,839 (1989 census)[132]0%——
 South Korea0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/Aapprox. 1,000[135]—
 Japan0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/Aapprox. 2,000[136]Kurds in Japan
 Pakistan0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/Aapprox. 240[137]Kurds in Pakistan
 Tajikistan7 (2010 census)[138]0%——

Americas and Oceania

American states with a Kurdish population of over 1,000 (ACS 2011-2015)
CountryOfficial figuresOfficial figures in %Further information
 United States20,591 (2011-2015 ACS)[139]0%Kurds in the United States
 Canada16,315 (2016 census)[140]
12,515 (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[141]		0%Kurds in Canada
 Australia10,550 (2016 census)[143]
6,202 (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[143]		0%
0%
 New Zealand720 (2013 census)[144]
828 (2013 census, Kurdish speakers)[144]		0%
0%		Kurds in New Zealand
Notes
^b Official Azerbaijani records claim only 6,065 Kurds in 2009,[75][145] while Kurdish leaders estimate as much as 200,000. The problem is that the historical record of the Kurds in Azerbaijan is filled with lacunae.[146] For instance, in 1979 there was according to the census no Kurds recorded.[147] Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy against the Kurds, they even employed identical techniques like forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools.[147]
^c In the 2010 Russian Census, 23,232 people indicated Kurdish (Курды) as their ethnicity, while 40,586 chose Yazidi (Езиды) as their ethnicity.[148]
^d In the 2011 Armenian Census, 2,131 people indicated Kurdish (Քրդեր) as their ethnicity, while 35,272 indicated Yazidi (Եզդիներ) as their ethnicity.[33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 12 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacient regions. (Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]", Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]". About two million are documented as living in diaspora; divergent high estimates on the number of Kurds in Turkey in particular account for higher estimates on total population, e.g. Sandra Mackey, “The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam”, W.W. Norton and Company, 2002, p. 350: "As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish," which would raise the population figure by about 5 million.
  2. ↑ Gunter, Michael (2008). The Kurds Ascending. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60370-7.
  3. ↑ Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]" Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]".
  4. ↑ "The Kurds of Caucasia and Central Asia have been cut off for a considerable period of time and their development in Russia and then in the Soviet Union has been somewhat different. In this light the Soviet Kurds may be considered to be an ethnic group in their own right." The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire "Kurds". Institute of Estonia (EKI). Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).
  6. ↑ Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-975-428-177-4. OCLC 46851965. Radu, Michael (2003). Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7658-0166-1. OCLC 50269670.
  7. ↑ Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11584-2. OCLC 714725127.
  8. ↑ Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8330-4527-0. OCLC 259715774.
  9. ↑ KONDA 2006, 18.
  10. ↑ Milliyet. "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  11. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: Turkey". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  12. ↑ Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ "En Büyük Şehri, İstanbul", Time Türk, March 25, 2010.
  15. ↑ http://www.unpo.org/members/7882
  16. ↑ Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-521-85041-X.
  17. ↑ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 270. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JdRwGcJg7DwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+death+and+passion&hl=en&ei=_rR0TbjJO-GJ4AaI_Z3MDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=kermanshah&f=false
  19. ↑ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 278. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
  20. ↑ "By Location". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  21. ↑ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977
  22. ↑ Introduction. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
  23. ↑ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977
  24. ↑ M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24
  25. ↑ Background Note: Syria U.S. Department of State
  26. ↑ "Syria: End Persecution of Kurds". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Ian Black. Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says, The Guardian, 16 July 2010.
  28. ↑ Morris, Loveday (9 August 2012). "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent. London.
  29. ↑ "Ankara Alarmed by Syrian Kurds' Autonomy". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  30. ↑ "Syrian Kurds more a chance than challenge to Turkey, if…". Al-Arabiya. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  31. ↑ "Syrian Kurdish moves ring alarm bells in Turkey". Reuters. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Kurds seek autonomy in a democratic Syria". BBC World News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  33. 1 2 "Information from the 2011 Armenian National Census" (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  34. ↑ The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook - P. 117. by Ronald Wixman
  35. ↑ Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland - P. 210. by Alexandre Bennigsen, Stig Jägerskiöld, S. Enders Wimbush
  36. 1 2 "Ethnic Groups of Georgia: Censuses 1926 – 2002" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  37. 1 2 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 August 1998). "Georgia: Treatment of the Kurds,". Refworld: The leader in Refugee Decision Support. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
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