Shabak people

Shabak
Total population
500,000–550,000[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Largest settlements:
Mosul, Gogjali, [4][5]
Languages
Shabaki, Kurdish, Arabic
Religion
Shia Islam (and Shabakism, Sunni Islam)

The Shabak people (Arabic: الشبك‎, Kurdish: شەبەک‎) are a group in Iraq, who speak Shabaki, a Northwestern Iranian language of the Kurdish Zaza–Gorani group. The Shabaks live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in about thirty-five villages to the east of Mosul. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[6] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[2]

Members of the three Kurdish tribes of Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody have been integrated into the Shabak society but still speak Kurmanji Kurdish.[1]

Demographics

A 1925 survey estimated Shabak numbers at 100,000. In the 1970s, their population was estimated to be around 15,000.[6] Modern estimates of Shabak population range from 500,000 to 550,000.[7]

Origins

The origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One view maintains that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك meaning intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes.[8] The name "Shabekan" occurs among tribes in Tunceli, Turkey and "Shabakanlu" in Khorasan, which is located in the northeast region of Iran.

Austin Henry Layard considered Shabak to be descendants of Kurds originating from Iran, and believed they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[8] Other theories suggested that Shabak originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to resettle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[8]

Deportation and forced assimilation

The Shabak people have suffered from both deportation and forced assimilation in recent years. The geographical range of the Shabak people was drastically changed by massive deportations during the Al-Anfal Campaign in 1988 and the refugee crisis of 1991. Many Shabaks along with Zengana and Hawrami were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) located in the Harir area of Iraqi Kurdistan. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period.

In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabak to suppress their own identity in favour of being either exclusively Arab or Kurdish. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[9][10] Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament - "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", he emphasized that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish (2016).[11] On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities.[12] On 20 December 2006, ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non-inclusion of Shabak inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdish Regional Government. A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities.[13] On 30 June 2011, the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6,000 lots of land to state employees. According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al-Shabaki, the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs.[14] Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[15]

Religious beliefs

A majority of Shabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims, and a minority identify as Sunni [3][16][17][18] However, despite this, their actual faith and rituals differ from Islam’s, and have characteristics that make them distinct from neighboring Muslim populations. These include features from Christianity including confession, and the consumption of alcohol, and the fact Shabaks often go on pilgrimage to Yazidi shrines.[19] Nevertheless, the Shabak people also go on pilgrimages to Shia holy cities such as Najaf and Karbala, and follow many Shiite teachings.[20]

Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own interpretation of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal interpretation of Qur'an which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as Pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[8] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[21]

Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by God, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[21]

References

  1. 1 2 Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina; Kellner-Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995 (1997). BRILL. p. 159. ISBN 978-90-04-10861-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA159. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. 1 2 Martin van Bruinessen (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles. Isis Press. p. 3000. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. 1 2 Mina al-Lami (21 August 2014). "Iraq: The Minorities of the Nineveh Plain". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq". Rudaw. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  5. ↑ C.J. Edmonds (1967). "A Pilgrimage to Lalish". p. 87.
  6. 1 2 Amal Vinogradov (1974). "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 207–218. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110.
  7. ↑ "Total population". 29 October 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Dr. Michiel Leezenberg. "The Shabak and the Kakais". Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  9. ↑ Michiel Leezenberg, The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan, Publications of Institute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, July 1994, p. 6.
  10. ↑ "Efforts to stop attacks on Shabak minority in Mosul". 22 April 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  11. ↑ "Kurdistan". rudaw.net. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  12. ↑ "NINEWA: SHABAK PUSH FOR AN END TO KURD ENCROACHMENT". 6 September 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  13. ↑ "NINEWA: SHABAK REJECT INCORPORATION INTO KRG". 27 January 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "Shabak official: Nineveh province is arabizing our areas". 30 June 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "On Vulnerable Ground". 10 November 2009.
  16. ↑ http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/2219/
  17. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073
  18. ↑ https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2016/07/07/iraqs-religious-ethnic-minorities-disappearing-due-isis-violence-global-inaction/
  19. ↑ Kjeilen, Tore. "Shabak / Religion - LookLex Encyclopaedia".
  20. ↑ Imranali Panjwani. Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. p. 172. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. 1 2 A. Vinogradov, Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak, American Ethnologist, pp. 214-215, American Anthropological Association, 1974

Further reading

  • Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Revue des études islamiques 60. 2 (1992): 521-528. ( ISSN 0336-156X)
  • Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Hamdard Islamicus 23. 2 (April–June 2000): 73-78. ( ISSN 0250-7196)

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