South Sulawesi

South Sulawesi
Sulawesi Selatan
Province
Other transcription(s)
 • Buginese ᨔᨘᨒᨕᨙᨔᨗ ᨒᨕᨘᨈ
Clockwise, from top left : Makassar Skyline Night, Bili-bili Reservoir, Tongkonan houses in Tana Toraja, Limestone hills in Maros, Rice fields in South Sulawesi, Floating houses on Lake Tempe, Tanjung Bira beach

Flag
Seal
Motto(s): Toddo' Puli / ᨈᨚᨉᨚᨄᨘᨒᨗ
(Keep the faith)

Location of South Sulawesi in Indonesia
Coordinates: 4°20′S 120°15′E / 4.333°S 120.250°E / -4.333; 120.250Coordinates: 4°20′S 120°15′E / 4.333°S 120.250°E / -4.333; 120.250
Country  Indonesia
Founded 19 October 1669
Founded As Province 13 December 1960
Capital Makassar
Government
 • Body South Sulawesi Regional Government
 • Governor Nurdin Abdullah (PDI-P)
 • Vice Governor Sudirman Sulaiman
Area
 • Total 46,717.48 km2 (18,037.72 sq mi)
Area rank 16th
Highest elevation 3,478 m (11,411 ft)
Population (2010)[1]
 • Total 8,032,551
 • Density 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups Bugis (41.9%), Makassarese (25.43%), Toraja (9.02%), Mandar (6.1%)
 • Religion Islam (89.62%), Protestantism (7.62%), Roman Catholicism (1.54%), Buddhism (0.24%), Hinduism (0.72%), Confucianism (0.004)[2]
 • Languages Indonesian (official)
Buginese (regional)
Makassarese (regional)
Toraja (regional)
Mandar (regional)
Time zone UTC+08 (Indonesia Central Time)
Postcodes 90xxx, 91xxx, 92xxx
Area codes (+62) 4xx
ISO 3166 code ID-SN
Vehicle sign DD, DP, DW
HDI

Decrease 0.684 (Medium)

HDI rank 14th (2014)
Largest city by area Palopo - 247.52 square kilometres (95.57 sq mi)
Largest city by population Makassar - (1,339,374 - 2010)
Largest regency by area North Luwu Regency - 7,502.58 square kilometres (2,896.76 sq mi)
Largest regency by population Bone Regency - (717,268 - 2010)
Website Government official site

South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan; Buginese: ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ ᨒᨕᨘᨈ ) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south.

The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island (46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi), and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia. By 2015 this was estimated to have risen to 8.52 million. The main ethnic groups in South Sulawesi are the Buginese, Makassarese, Toraja, and Mandar. The economy of the province is based on agriculture,, fishing, and mining of gold, magnesium, iron and other metals. The pinisi, a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship, is still used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese, mostly for inter-insular transportation, cargo, and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago.

During the golden era of the spice trade, from the 15th to 19th centuries, South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands. There were a number of small kingdoms, including two prominent ones, the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) began operating in the region in the 15th century. VOC later allied with the Bugis prince, Arung Palakka, and they defeated the kingdom of Gowa. The king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin was forced to sign a treaty which greatly reduced the power of Bungaya Gowa.

History

A village in South Sulawesi 1929
Celebes Map 1905

Sulawesi was first inhabited by humans about 30,000 years ago. The archaeological remains of the earliest inhabitants were discovered in caves near limestone hills around Maros, about 30 km northeast of Makassar, the capital of the South Sulawesi province. Peeble and flake stone tools have been collected from the river terraces in the valley of Walanae, among Soppeng and Sengkang, including the bones from giant pig and elephant species that are now extinct. Hand print paintings, estimated to be around 35,000 to 40,000 years old, have been found in the Pettakere cave,[3] located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the town of Maros and 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Makassar.[4]

During the golden era of the spice trade, from the 15th to 19th centuries, South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands.

At around the 14th century in South Sulawesi there were a number of small kingdoms, including two prominent ones, the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone. In 1530, the kingdom of Gowa began development and in the mid 16th century, Gowa become one of the most important trade centers in eastern Indonesia. In 1605, the King of Gowa embraced Islam and made the kingdom of Gowa Islamist and between the years 1608 and 1611, the Kingdom of Gowa conquered the kingdom of Bugis so that Islam could be spread to the regions of Makassar and Bone.

Regent of Maros, Makassar, Sulawesi

Dutch East India Company began operating in the region in the 17th century and saw the Kingdom of Gowa as an obstacle to its desire for control of the spice trade in this area. VOC later allied with the Bugis prince, Arung Palakka, who was living in exile after the fall of the Bugis. After a year-long battle, they defeated the kingdom of Gowa. And the king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin was forced to sign a treaty which greatly reduced the power of Bungaya Gowa. Furthermore, Palakka became ruler in South Sulawesi.

A Bugis queen later emerged to lead the resistance against the Dutch, who were busy dealing with the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. Yet once past the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch returned to South Sulawesi and eradicated the queen's rebellion. But resistance of the Bugis people against colonial rule continued until 1905. In 1905, the Dutch also managed to conquer Tana Toraja.

Mangi Mangi Karaeng Bontonompo, king of Gowa, with the public and some dignitaries during the installation of acting governor of Celebes and dependencies, Mr. Bosselaar, 1937

Before the proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia, South Sulawesi consisted of a number of independent kingdoms' territory and was inhabited by four ethnic groups namely the Bugis, Makassar, Mandar, and Toraja.

Geography

South Sulawesi is located at 4°20'S 120°15'E and covers an area of 45,764.53 square kilometres. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south.

Administrative divisions

Five years after independence, the government issued Law No. 21 of 1950, which became the basis of the legal establishment for the Sulawesi province. Ten years later, the government passed Law No. 47 of 1960 which endorsed the formation of the South/Southeast Sulawesi province. Four years after that, with Act No. 13 of 1964, the provinces of South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi were separated.

Forty years later, the South Sulawesi government was split into two, with the regencies of Majene, Mamasa, Mamuju, North Mamuju, and Polewali Mandar were separated off into a new West Sulawesi province on 5 October 2004 under Act No. 26 of 2004.

The remaining South Sulawesi Province is divided into 21 regencies and three independent cities, listed below with their areas and their populations as of the 2010 Census and according to official statistics for 1 January 2014.[5]

NameArea (km2)Population
Census 2000		Population
Census 2010		Population
Estimate 2014		CapitalHDI[6]
2014 Estimates
Makassar (city)175.771,100,0191,339,3741,398,804Makassar0.793 (High)
Palopo (city)247.52#148,033154,579Palopo0.756 (High)
Parepare (city)99.33108,258129,542135,069Parepare0.756 (High)
Bantaeng Regency395.83158,632176,984184,637Bantaeng0.657 (Medium)
Barru Regency1,174.71151,085165,900173,440Barru0.679 (Medium)
Bone Regency4,559.00648,089717,268749,925Watampone0.620 (Medium)
Bulukumba Regency1,154.67352,419394,757412,286Bulukumba0.652 (Medium)
East Luwu Regency
(Luwu Timur)		6,944.88***242,882253,989Malili0.697 (Medium)
Enrekang Regency1,786.01166,307190,175198,795Enrekang0.693 (Medium)
Gowa Regency1,883.32512,876652,329682,275Sungguminasa0.661 (Medium)
Jeneponto Regency749.79317,588342,222358,096Bontosunggu0.614 (Medium)
Luwu Regency3,000.25398,131332,863347,419Belopa0.673 (Medium)
Maros Regency1,619.12272,116318,238333,334Maros0.666 (Medium)
North Luwu Regency
(Luwu Utara)		7,502.58431,680287,606300,387Masamba0.669 (Medium)
North Toraja Regency
(Toraja Utara)		1,151.47*215,400226,502Rantepao0.661 (Medium)
Pangkajene and Islands Regency
(Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan)		1,236.27263,565305,758319,473Pangkajene0.661 (Medium)
Pinrang Regency1,961.77310,833351,161366,892Pinrang0.689 (Medium)
Selayar Islands Regency
(Kepulauan Selayar)		903.69103,596121,905127,538Benteng0.636 (Medium)
Sidenreng Rappang Regency1,883.25238,419271,801284,127Pangkajene Sidenreng0.681 (Medium)
Sinjai Regency819.96204,385228,936239,162Sinjai0.638 (Medium)
Soppeng Regency1,359.44219,505223,757233,882Watansoppeng0.647 (Medium)
Takalar Regency566.51229,718269,171281,715Pattallassang0.635 (Medium)
Tana Toraja Regency2,054.30392,726221,795231,013Makale0.650 (Medium)
Wajo Regency2,056.20357,720384,694402,410Sengkang0.664 (Medium)
Province Total46,717.487,159,1708,032,5518,395,747Makassar0.684 (Medium)
# The 2000 Census population for Palopo city is included in the figure for Luwu Regency.
* The 2000 Census population for North Toraja Regency is included in the figure for Tana Toraja Regency, which was formed in 2008 following the publication of Commission President Yudhoyono, numbered R.68/Pres/12/2007 on 10 December 2007, regarding the expansion of the twelve original districts and cities.
*** The 2000 Census population for East Luwu Regency is included in the figure for North Luwu Regency.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

Ethnicities of South Sulawesi - 2010 Census[7]

  Buginese (41.9%)
  Makassarese (25.43%)
  Toraja (9.02%)
  Mandarese (6.1%)
  Javanese (3.0%)
  Others (14.55%)

South Sulawesi has a diverse range of ethnic groups. The main three are:

  • The Buginese (suku Bugis) are the largest ethnic group in South Sulawesi, comprising over 3½ million people. These people inhabit the middle of the southern peninsula of South Sulawesi. Many of these people have migrated to the outer islands around Sulawesi, even as far as Malaysia.
  • The Makassarese (suku Makassar) are the second largest ethnic group in South Sulawesi. Their language is Makassar. Makassar people inhabit the southern part of the southern peninsula of South Sulawesi including the Jeneponto, Takalar, Bulukumba, Bantaeng, Gowa and Maros Regencies, and Makassar city. The total population is over 2 million people.
  • The Torajan (suku Toraja) are the indigenous ethnic group which inhabits the mountainous region of South Sulawesi. Their population is approximately 750,000, 70% of which still live in the regencies of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja") and North Toraja.

Language

There are various languages and dialects spoken in South Sulawesi. The majority of them belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages. Below is the list of major languages spoken in the province.

  • The Makassarese language is a language spoken in Makassar and surrounding areas. It has a total of 2.1 million speakers.
  • Bugis language is one of the languages spoken in the region up to Pinrang Bone. This language is the predominant language used by many communities in South Sulawesi. It is natively spoken by around 5 million people and plus 500,000 second language speakers. Making it one of the most widely spoken language in both South Sulawesi and the island of Sulawesi.
  • The Tae' language is mostly spoken in Tana Luwu. It has 1 million native speakers.
  • The Toraja language is the native language Tana Toraja. It has a total of 750,000 speakers.
  • The Mandar language is the language of the Mandar people, that lives in the West Sulawesi province, especially in Mamuju, Polewali Mandar, Majene and North Mamuju Regencies. In addition to the core in the tribal areas, they are also scattered in coastal parts of South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan. It is spoken by around 400,000 people.
  • The Duri language is a language spoken in the north of Mount Bambapuang, Enrekang and into the border of Tana Toraja. There are an estimated around 130,000 native speakers. It is the prestige variety of Masenrempulu languages.
  • The Konjo language is divided into two groups, the Coastal Konjo and the Mountain Konjo language. The Coastal Konjo live in coastal areas, notably the Bulukumba area, in the southeastern corner of the southern part of the island of Sulawesi. The Mountain Konjo live in the mountains of southeastern Sulawesi, around Bawakaraen. It has a total of almost 300,000 native speakers.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 5,180,576—    
1980 6,062,212+17.0%
1990 6,981,646+15.2%
1995 7,558,368+8.3%
2000 7,159,170−5.3%
2010 8,034,776+12.2%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2010

3,921,543 males and 4,111,008 females with 1,848,132 housing units with average of 4.34 people per unit versus national average of 3.86. Some 13.3 percent of the population was under the national poverty line.[8]

  • The Human Development Index (HDI) for South Sulawesi in 2008 reached 70.22.
  • Life expectancy was 69.60 in 2008.
  • Poor population was at 12.31 percent in 2009, amounting to 963.6 thousand persons.
  • There was an unemployment rate of 8.90 percent in 2009, amounting to 296,559 people.

Religion

Religion in South Sulawesi (2010 census)[9]
religion percent
Islam
 
 89.62%
Protestantism
 
 7.63%
Roman Catholicism
 
 1.55%
Hinduism
 
 0.73%
Buddhism
 
 0.25%
Not Asked
 
 0.16%
Confucianism
 
 0.04%
Others
 
 0.01%
Not Stated
 
 0.01%

The main religion in South Sulawesi is Islam at 89.62% (7,200,938). Other major religions include Protestantism 7.62% (612,751), Roman Catholicism 1.54% (124,255), Buddhism 0.24% (19,867), Hinduism 0.72% (58,393), and Confucianism 0.004% (367).[10]

Economy

The Sulawesi economy grew 7.78 percent in 2008 and grew by 6.20 percent in 2009. Economic Growth in the First Quarter of 2010 reached 7.77 percent. The GDP in 2009 (ADHK) amounted to Rp 47.31 trillion and 99.90 Trillion (ADHB). There was a per capita income of USD 12.63 million in 2009.

Natural resources

Salt evaporation ponds in Jeneponto, South Sulawesi

As one of the national rice graineries, South Sulawesi annually produces 2,305,469 tons of rice. Of that amount, rice designated for local consumption is around 884,375 tons and 1,421,094 tons of reserves remain for distribution to other eastern areas. Rice is even exported to Malaysia, to the Philippines, and to Papua New Guinea. The locations of the largest rice production are in the Bone regency, in Soppeng, in Wajo, in Sidrap, in Pinrang, and in Luwu (Bodowasipilu Area).

Food

Passion fruit

In addition to corn, the South Sulawesi region also produces cassavas, sweet potatoes, green beans, peanuts. and soybeans. Some luxuries such as hybrid coconuts, cocoa, coffee, pepper, vanilla, tea, cashews, and cotton are also produced.

Annona squamosa in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi

The Tata Guna Horan Agreement (TGHK) of 2004 protects a lot of the forest in South Sulawesi creating a limited output of timber related products.

Catch of the day, Port of Bira, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi

Tuna and snapper-grouper are caught in large proportions and seaweed is grown to eat. Farms also have all of the typical animals such as chickens, cows, pigs, goats, etc.

Mining

One of the factors that contributes to the high GRDP of South Sulawesi is the mining sector. Gold, magnesium, iron, granite, lead, nickel, and stone products are mined.

Mountains in South Sulawesi (Gunung Nona)

Transportation

Rail

Trans-Sulawesi Railway is being constructed. It will connect Makassar and Parepare. 44 km of the railway, connecting Barru to Palanro is targeted to operate in the end of 2018.[11] The entire Makassar-Parepare railway, with a length of 150 km, will be completed in 2019.[12]

Airports

Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport

Ports

  • Port of Soekarno Hatta (Makassar)
  • Port of Tanjung Ringgit (Palopo)
  • Port of Nusantara, (Pare Pare)
  • Balantang, (Malili)
  • Biringkassi, (Pangkep)
  • Paotere, (Makassar)
  • Pamatata (Selayar)
  • Bajoe, (Watampone)
  • Garongkong (Barru)
  • Bira, (Bulukumba)
  • Bangsalae, (Siwa, Wajo)
  • Ulo-ulo, (Belopa, Luwu)
  • Lala ria,(sinjai)

Culture

Philosophy

Culture Siri 'Na Pacce (ᨔᨗᨑᨗ ᨊ ᨄᨌᨙ) is one cultural philosophy of the Bugis-Makassar Society which must be upheld. If one is a siri 'na pacce (not a person), then that person doesn't exceed the behavior of animals, because it has no sense of shame, self-esteem, and social concerns. The people of Bugis-Makassar, they teach morality in the form of advice about decency, prohibition, and the rights and obligations that dominate human action to preserve and defend himself and his honor. They have a very strong relationship with the view of Islam in terms of spirituality, where the strength of the soul can conquer the body. The core concept of siri 'na pacce covers all aspects of community life and is the identity of the Bugis-Makassar.

  • Siri 'Nipakasiri (ᨔᨗᨑᨗ ᨊᨗᨄᨀᨔᨗᨑᨗ)' occurs when someone insulted or treated someone outside the boundaries of reasonableness. Then he or his family had to enforce siri'(ᨔᨗᨑᨗ) to restore the honour that has been deprived of, if not it would be called "mate siri (ᨆᨈᨙ ᨔᨗᨑᨗ)" or dead status and dignity as human beings. The Bugis and Makassar, would rather die than live without siri' (ᨔᨗᨑᨗ).
  • Siri 'Masiri (ᨔᨗᨑᨗ ᨆᨔᨗᨑᨗ)' is a way of life that intends to maintain, improve, or achieve a feat performed by earnest and hard.

Traditional costume

Baju bodo (ᨅᨍᨘ ᨅᨚᨉᨚ) is the traditional costume of the women. Baju bodo is rectangular and is usually short sleeved. According to customs, every color of the clothes worn by women shows the age or the dignity of the wearer. Clothing is often used for ceremonies such as weddings. But now, baju bodo is worn in other events such as dance competitions or to welcome guests.

Traditional ship

The pinisi or phinisi (ᨄᨗᨊᨗᨔᨗ) is a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship. It was mainly built by the Konjo tribe, a sub-ethnic group but was, and still is used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese, mostly for inter-insular transportation, cargo, and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago.

The hull of the ships looks similar to that of a dhow while the fore-and-aft rigging is similar to that of western schooners, although it might be more correctly termed to resemble a ketch, as the front mast is the larger. The large mainsails differ from western style gaff rigs though, as they often do not have a boom and the sail is not lowered with the gaff. Instead it is reefed towards the mast, much like a curtain, thus allowing the gaff to be used as deck crane in the harbor. The lower part of the mast itself may resemble a tripod or is made of two poles. Pinisi may be 20 to 35 meters long and can weigh up to 350 tons. The masts may be as high as 30 meters above the deck.

Traditional houses

South Sulawesi has three types of traditional houses. The most known are the Rumah Panggung (Balla'/Bola) from Bugis Makassar and the Tongkonan from Toraja.

Tamalate Palace of Gowa Sultanate
  • Rumah Panggung ( Balla' ᨅᨒ / Bola ᨅᨚᨒ ) Some of the considerations for the building of the house are should it face the sunrise, overlook a plateau, or overlook a cardinal direction.
Tongkonan House from Toraja in Ke'te' Kesu', Toraja Regency

Usually a good day or a month to build the house is determined by those who have the skill in that regard. Building the house is preceded by a ritual ceremony.

  • Tongkonan is the traditional ancestral house, or rumah adat of the Torajan people. Tongkonan have a distinguishing boat-shaped and oversized saddleback roof. Like most of Indonesia's Austronesian-based traditional architecture, tongkonan are built on piles. The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and it is usually built with the help of all of one's family members. In the original Toraja society, only nobles had the right to build tongkonan while commoners lived in smaller and less decorated homes called banua.

Traditional food

Coto Makassar
Rice and other crops such as bananas are abundant so almost all dishes are, like the Bugis Makassar cake, made from rice and bananas.
Pallubasa
Coastal areas of South Sulawesi eat Bolu (milkfish), Shrimp, Sunu (grouper), and Crab.

In South Sulawesi, the traditional food is diverse, ranging from soup to traditional cakes. This is a chart with some of the traditional food of South Sulawesi:

Traditional weapons

A badik or badek is a knife or dagger developed by the Bugis and Makassar people of southern Sulawesi, Indonesia.
  • Badik (ᨅᨉᨗ) A badik is a knife with a specific form developed by the Bugis and Makassar. The Badik is sharp, single or double sided, and has a length of about half a meter. Like with a kris, the blade shape is asymmetric and often decorated with prestige. However, different from the kris, the badik never had a ganja (buffer strip). Some versions from Sulawesi are decorated with inlaid gold figure on the blade called jeko. The handle is made of wood, horn or ivory in a shape of a pistol grip at a 45° to 90° angle and is often decorated with carvings. From Sulawesi, the badik soon spread to neighbouring islands like Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and as far as the Malay Peninsula, creating a wide variety of badik according to each region and ethic group.

As with other blades in the Malay Archipelago, traditionally-made badik are believed to be imbued with a supernatural force during the time of their forging. The pamor in particular is said to affect its owner, bringing either well-being and prosperity or misfortune and poverty. Aside from being used as a weapon and hunting tool, the badik is a symbol of cultural identity in Sulawesi. The Bugis and Makassar people still carry badik as part of their daily attire. The badik is worn on the right side, with the butt end of the handle pointing to the rear.

Radio and TV stations

Radio

StationFrequencyModulation
Madama Makassar87.7FM
Bosowa FM Makassar88.5FM
Fajar FM Makassar89.3FM
Medika FM Makassar90.1FM
Radio Torani90.5FM
Radio Suara Celebes FM90.9FM
RRI Makassar94.4FM
I-Radio Makassar96.0FM
RRI Pro 2 FM Makassar96.8FM
Delta FM Makassar99.2FM
Anak Muda FM Makassar100.0FM
Suara Celebes FM Makassar100.4FM
Telstar FM Makassar102.7FM
Radio SPFM Citra Wanita Makassar103.5FM
Merkurius FM Makassar104.3FM
Prambors FM Makassar105.1FM
Gamasi FM Makassar105.9FM
Savana FM Makassar106.5FM
Syiar FM Radio107.1FM
ACCa FM Palopo101.2FM
Radio As' Adiyah Sengkang103.2FM
Radio Adiafiry Watansoppeng100.8AM

TV stations

Station Frequency Networks District / City
TVRI Sulawesi Selatan 37 UHF TVRI Makassar
Kompas TV Makassar 23 UHF Kompas TV Makassar
Fajar TV 49 UHF JPMC Makassar
SUN TV Makassar 51 UHF SINDOtv Makassar
Celebes TV 31 UHF Bosowa Corporation Makassar
RTV Makassar 55 UHF RTV Makassar
Cakrawala TV(NET) 57 UHF B-Channel Makassar
SaktiTV Makassar 53 UHF SaktiTV Makassar
MCTV PARE 24 UHF Pare-Pare
SINJAI TV 51 UHF Sinjai

See also

Polewali-Mamasa

References

  1. ↑ "Number of Population, Sex Ratio, Member of Household and Average Household Member by Regency/City in Sulawesi Selatan, 2005". Statistics of Sulawesi Selatan (Press release). BPS Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  2. ↑ Indonesia Official Census http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321
  3. ↑ Domínguez, Gabriel (9 October 2014). "Indonesian cave paintings 'revolutionized our idea of human art'". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  4. ↑ Volkman, Toby Alice (1990). Sulawesi: Island crossroads of Indonesia. Passport Books. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  5. ↑ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2015.
  6. ↑ Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014
  7. ↑ Indonesia's Population
  8. ↑ http://aalmarusy.blogspot.com/2010/11/penduduk-sulawesi-selatan-berjumlah-8.html
  9. ↑ "Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia". BPS. 2010.
  10. ↑ Indonesian Religion http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321
  11. ↑ "Menhub: Akhir 2018, Kereta Api Trans Sulawesi Capai 44 KM" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Transportation. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  12. ↑ "Gubernur Sulsel: 150 Km Rel KA Trans Sulawesi Akan Beroperasi 2019". Kumparan.com (in Indonesian). 9 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
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