Clan

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship[1] and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a founding member or apical ancestor. Clans in indigenous societies tend to be exogamous, meaning that their members cannot marry one another. Clans preceded more centralized forms of community organization and government, and exist in every country. Members may identify with a coat of arms or other symbol to show they are an independent clan. The kinship-based bonds may also have a symbolic ancestor, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a symbol of the clan's unity. When this "ancestor" is non-human, it is referred to as a totem, which is frequently an animal.

The word clan is derived from the Gaelic clann[1] meaning "children" or "progeny"; it is not from the word for "family" in either Irish[2][3] or Scottish Gaelic. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word was introduced into English in around 1425, as a label for the nature of the society of the Scottish Highlands.[4]

Clans as political units

In different cultures and situations, a clan usually has different meaning than other kin-based groups, such as tribes and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller part of a larger society such as a chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chief, matriarch,[5] or patriarch; in others, leadership positions may have to be achieved, or people may say that "elders" make decisions.

Examples include Irish, Scottish, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese clans, which exist as kin groups within their respective nations. Note, however, that tribes and bands can also be components of larger societies. However, the early Norse clans, the ætter, are often translated as house or line. The Biblical 'tribes' of Israel were composed of many clans.[6] Arab clans are sub-tribal groups within Arab society. Native American and First Nations peoples also had clans. For instance, Ojibwa bands are smaller parts of the Ojibwa people or tribe people in North America. The many Native American peoples are distinguished by language and culture, and most have clans and bands as the basic kinship organizations. In some cases tribes recognized each other's clans; for instance, both the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes of the Southeast United States had fox and bear clans, whose membership could supersede the tribe.

Apart from these different historical traditions of kinship, conceptual confusion arises from colloquial usages of the term. In post-Soviet countries, for example, it is quite common to speak of "clans" in reference to informal networks within the economic and political sphere. This usage reflects the assumption that their members act towards each other in a particularly close and mutually supportive way approximating the solidarity among kinsmen. Polish clans differ from most others as they are a collection of families who bear the same coat of arms, as opposed to claiming a common descent (see Polish heraldry). There are multiple closely related clans in the Indian sub-continent, especially south India.

Clans by continent or region

The Irish Gaelic term for clan is fine [ˈfʲɪnʲə]; líon tí is a term for "family" in the sense of "household"; and muintir is a term for "family" in the sense of "kinsfolk".[3]

Africa
Americas
Asia
South Asia
Middle East
Eurasiaa
Europe
Oceania

a Meaning the transcontinental area between Asia and Europe.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clan". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–421.
  2. ↑ Dineen, Patrick S. (1927). Foclóir Gaeďilge agus Béarla an Irish-English Dictionary. Dublin and Cork, Ireland: The Educational Company of Ireland.
  3. 1 2 Ó Dónaill, Niall (1992). Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla. Dublin, Ireland: An Gúm. ISBN 1-85791-037-0.
  4. ↑ "Clan", Online Etymology Dictionary
  5. ↑ "Definition of MATRIARCH". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  6. ↑ See, for example, 1 Chronicles 4 and Numbers 26 in the Old Testament.
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