Swazi language

Swazi
siSwati
Native to Swaziland, South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique
Native speakers
 2.3 million (2006–2011)[1]
2.4 million L2 speakers in South Africa (2002)[2]
Latin (Swazi alphabet)
Swazi Braille
Signed Swazi
Official status
Official language in
  South Africa
 Swaziland
Language codes
ISO 639-1 ss
ISO 639-2 ssw
ISO 639-3 ssw
Glottolog swat1243[3]
S.43[4]
Linguasphere 99-AUT-fe
The Swazi Language
Person liSwati
People emaSwati
Language siSwati
Country eSwatini
Geographical distribution of Swazi in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Swazi at home.
Geographical distribution of Swazi in South Africa: density of Swazi home-language speakers.

The Swazi, Swati or siSwati language (Swazi: siSwati [siswatʼi]) is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Swaziland and South Africa by the Swazi people. The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 12 million. The language is taught in Swaziland and some South African schools in Mpumalanga, particularly former KaNgwane areas. Swazi is an official language of Swaziland (along with English), and is also one of the eleven official languages of South Africa.

Although the preferred term is "Swati" among native speakers, in English it is generally referred to as Swazi. Swazi is most closely related to the other "Tekela" Nguni languages, like Phuthi and Northern Transvaal (Sumayela) Ndebele, but is also very close to the "Zunda" Nguni languages: Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, and Xhosa.

Dialects

Swazi spoken in Swaziland (eSwatini) can be divided into four dialects corresponding to the four administrative regions of the country: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, and Shiselweni.

Swazi has at least two varieties: the standard, prestige variety spoken mainly in the north, centre and southwest of the country, and a less prestigious variety spoken elsewhere.

In the far south, especially in towns such as Nhlangano and Hlatikhulu, the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by isiZulu. Many Swazis (plural emaSwati, singular liSwati), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' Swazi. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Swaziland Swazi speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language.

Unlike the variant in the south of Swaziland, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered closer to standard Swazi. However, this Mpumalanga variety is distinguishable by distinct intonation, and perhaps distinct tone patterns. Intonation patterns (and informal perceptions of 'stress') in Mpumalanga Swazi are often considered discordant to the Swazi ear. This South African variety of Swazi is considered to exhibit influence from other South African languages spoken close to Swazi.

A feature of the standard prestige variety of Swazi (spoken in the north and centre of Swaziland) is the royal style of slow, heavily stressed enunciation, which is anecdotally claimed to have a 'mellifluous' feel to its hearers.

Phonology

Vowels

Swazi vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Consonants

Swazi does not distinguish between places of articulation in its clicks. They are dental (as [ǀ]) or might also be alveolar (as [ǃ]). It does, however, distinguish five or six manners of articulation and of manner, including tenuis, aspirated, voiced, breathy voiced, nasal, and breathy-voiced nasal.[5]

Swazi consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal
central nasal central nasal
Click plain ǀ ᵑǀ
aspirated ǀʰ ᵑǀʰ
breathy ᶢǀʱ ᵑǀʱ
Nasal plain m n ɲ ŋ, ŋɡ
breathy n̤ʱ ndʒʱ
Stop ejective pʼ tʼ k̬, kʼ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɡʱ
implosive ɓ
Affricate voiceless tf tsʼ, tsʰ kʼˡ
voiced dv mɓ, mbʱ dz dʒʱ
Fricative voiceless f s ɬ ʃ h
breathy vʱ zʱ ɮ ʒ ɦ
Approximant w l j

The consonants /ts k ng mb/ have two sounds. /ts/ and /k/ can both occur as ejective sounds, /tsʼ/ and /kʼ/, but their common forms are /tsʰ/ and /k̬/. The sounds of /ng/ and /mb/ differ when at the beginning of stems as /ŋ/ and /mbʱ/, and commonly as /ŋɡ/ and /mɓ/ within words.[5]

Grammar

Nouns

The Swazi noun (libito) consists of two essential parts, the prefix (sicalo) and the stem (umsuka). Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.

The following table gives an overview of Swazi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.

Class Singular Plural
1/2 um(u)-1 ba-, be-
1a/2a Ø- bo-
3/4 um(u)-1 imi-
5/6 li- ema-
7/8 s(i)-2 t(i)-2
9/10 iN-3 tiN-3
11/10 lu-, lw-
14 bu-, b-, tj-
15 ku-
17 ku-

1 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e. g. umuntfu (person).

2 s- and t- replace si- and ti- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. sandla/tandla (hand/hands).

3 The placeholder N in the prefixes iN- and tiN- for m, n or no letter at all.

Verbs

Verbs use the following prefixes for the subject:

Person/
Class		 Prefix
1st sing. ngi-
2nd sing. u-
1st plur. si-
2nd plur. ni-
1 u-
2 ba-
3 u-
4 i-
5 li-
6 a-
7 si-
8 ti-
9 i-
10 ti-
11 lu-
14 bu-
15 ku-
17 ku-

Months

Months in Swazi/Swati:

EnglishSwazi/Swati
JanuaryuBhimbidvwane
FebruaryiNdlovana
MarchiNdlovulenkulu
ApriluMabasa
MayiNkhwenkhweti
JuneNhlaba
JulyuKholwane
AugustiNgci
SeptemberiNyoni
OctoberiMphala
NovemberLweti
DecemberiNgongoni

Sample text

The following example of text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngesitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse nekutsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.[6][7]

The Declaration reads in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."[8]

References

  1. ↑ Swazi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development." Impact: Studies in language and society, 14:78
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Swati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  5. 1 2 Taljaard, Khumalo, Bosch, van Schaik (1991) Handbook of SiSwati
  6. ↑ Omniglot.com
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Eatoni.com
  8. ↑ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Wikisource

Software

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