Armenian diaspora

Armenian population by country (in thousands):
  > 2,000
  1,000–2,000
  500–1,000
  200–500
  100–200
  75–100
  10–75
  1–10
  0.1–1
  <0.1
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The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, when the Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in eastern Turkey, known as Western Armenia to Armenians, were systematically exterminated by the Ottoman government.[1]

Terminology

In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk (pronounced [spʰʏrkʰ]), spelled սփիւռք in classical orthography and սփյուռք in reformed orthography.[2][3] In the past, the word gaghut (գաղութ pronounced [ɡɑˈʁutʰ]) was used mostly to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It is borrowed from the Aramaic (Classical Syriac) cognate[4] of Hebrew galut (גלות).[5][6]

History

The Armenian diaspora has been present for over 1,700 years.[7] The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after World War I as a result of the Armenian Genocide. According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."[1]

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took the region of Western Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, Armenians were forced to flee to different parts of the world (approximately half a million in number) and created new Armenian communities far from their native land. Through marriage and procreation, the number of Armenians in the diaspora who trace their lineage to those Armenians who survived and fled Western Armenia is now several million. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, approximately one million Armenians have joined the diaspora largely as a result of difficult economic conditions in Armenia. Jivan Tabibian, an Armenian scholar and former diplomat in Armenia said, Armenians "are not place bound, but ... are intensely place-conscious."[8]

In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Sassanid and Persian empires, and also to defend eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.[9] In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining Armenian as their language, whereas others stubbornly clung on to remain in the Armenian Church despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians voluntarily migrated or were compelled to move to Cilicia during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.[9] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, and the Caucasus.

The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenian) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Armenia and Iran. (or Eastern Armenian)

Armenians of the modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland.

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[10] Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian Genocide, some of the Armenians managed to escape, and established themselves in various parts of the world.

Distribution

Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), since these regions form part of Armenians' indigenous homeland. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000.

Of those, approximately 3 million live in Armenia, 130,000 in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh and 120,000 in the region of Javakhk in neighboring Georgia. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 in diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, and Australia).[11]

Less than one third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, southern part of Georgia, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Nakhichevan regions of Azerbaijan.[12]

Population by country

The table below lists countries and territories where at least a few Armenians live, with their number according to official data and estimates by various organizations and media.

Estimates may vary greatly, because no reliable data are available for some countries. In France, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, Germany and many other countries, ethnicity was never enumerated during population censuses and it is virtually impossible to determine the actual number of Armenians living there. Data on people of foreign origin (born abroad or having a foreign citizenship) is available for most European Union countries, but doesn't present the whole picture and can hardly be taken as a source for the number of Armenians, because in many countries, most prominently France, most Armenians aren't from Armenia and they don't have any legal connection with their ancestral homeland. Also, not all Armenian citizens and people born in Armenia are ethnic Armenians, but the overwhelming majority of them are, as about 97.9% of the country's population is Armenian.[13]

For other countries, such as Russia, the official number of Armenians is believed, by many, to have been underrated, because many migrant workers live in the country.

List of countries and territories by Armenian population
Country/territory Official data (latest available) Estimations or unofficial data Article
 Russia 1,182,388 (2010 census)[14] 1,500,000,[15] 2,000,000,[16] 2,500,000,[17] 2,900,000[18] Armenians in Russia
 United States 483,366 (2011 ACS)[19] 1,000,000,[20] 1,500,000[21] Armenian Americans
 France 12,355 (2005, born in Armenia)[22] 300,000,[15] 400,000,[23] 500,000,[24] 750,000[25] Armenians in France
 Georgia 168,102 (2014 census)[26] Armenians in Georgia
 Ukraine 99,894 (2001 census)[27] 100,000,[28] 250,000[29] Armenians in Ukraine
 Iran 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 70,000–80,000,[30] 70,000–90,000,[31] 120,000,[32] 150,000,[33] 200,000[34] Iranian Armenians
 Turkey[note 1] 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 50,000,[15] 50,000–70,000,[35] 60,000[36] Armenians in Turkey
 Lebanon 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 70,000–80,000,[37] 100,000[15] Armenians in Lebanon
 Argentina 1,227 (2001, born in Armenia)[38] 70,000[39] Armenians in Argentina
 Syria 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 35,000–40,000,[40] 60,000[41] Armenians in Syria
 Canada 50,500 (2006 census)[42] 50,000,[43] 60,000–65,000[44] Armenian Canadian
 Greece 7,742 (2001, Armenian citizens)[45] 60,000,[46] 70,000–80,000[47] Armenians in Greece
 Abkhazia[note 2] 41,907 (2011 census)[48] 50,000,[49] 70,000[50] Armenians in Abkhazia
 Bulgaria 10,832 (2001 census)[51] 50,000[52] Armenians in Bulgaria
 Uzbekistan 50,537 (1989 census)[53] 42,359,[54] 50,000,[55] Armenians in Uzbekistan
 Spain 11,706 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 45,000,[56] 80,000[57] Armenians in Spain
 Germany 11,205 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 30,000,[58] 50,000–60,000[59] Armenians in Germany
 Poland 3,000 (2011 census)[60] 15,000–30,000,[52] 40,000,[61] 50,000[62] Armenians in Poland
 Australia 15,791 (2006 census)[63] 50,000[64] Armenians in Australia
 Brazil 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 30,000,[65] 35,000–40,000[66] Armenian Brazilian
 Belarus 8,512 (2009 census)[67] 25,000,[68] 30,000[69] Armenians in Belarus
 Turkmenistan 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 20,000–22,000,[70] 30,000[71] Armenians in Turkmenistan
 Kazakhstan 11,031 (2010 official est.)[72] 20,000–25,000,[73] 25,000[74] Armenians in Kazakhstan
 United Kingdom 1,720 (2011, Armenian citizens)[75]
 18,000[76] Armenians in the United Kingdom
 Hungary 161 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 6,000,[52] 30,000[77] Armenians in Hungary
 Uruguay 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 15,000[78] Armenians in Uruguay
 Iraq 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 10,000[79] Armenians in Iraq
 Netherlands 705 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 12,000[80] Armenians in the Netherlands
 Belgium 9,633 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 7,000[81] Armenians in Belgium
 Kuwait 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 6,000[82] Armenians in Kuwait
 Egypt 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 6,000[83] Armenians in Egypt
 Czech Republic 2,100 (2011, born in Armenia)[22] ~10,000[84] Armenians in the Czech Republic
 Sweden 1,672 (2011, born in Armenia)[22] 5,000[85] Armenians in Sweden
 Austria 2,667 (2009, Armenian citizens)[45] 4,000[86] Armenians in Austria
 Romania 1,780 (2002 census)[87] 5,000,[88] 7,500–10,000[52] Armenians in Romania
 Latvia 2,742 (2008 yearly statistics)[89] 3,000[90] Armenians in the Baltic states
  Switzerland 612 (2010, Armenian citizens)[91] 4,500[92] Armenians in Switzerland
 Venezuela 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,500[93]
 Cyprus 1,341 (2001 census)[94] 3,000–3,500[95] Armenians in Cyprus
 Estonia 1,402 (2011 census)[96] 3,000[97] Armenians in the Baltic states
 Italy 666 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 3,000[98] Armenians in Italy
 Denmark 605 (2011, born in Armenia)[22] 3,000[99] Armenians in Denmark
 United Arab Emirates 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[68] Armenians in the UAE
 Tajikistan 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[100] Armenians in Tajikistan
 Jordan 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 3,000[101] Armenians in Jordan
 Moldova 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 2,000–4,000[102] Armenians in Moldova
 Lithuania 1,477 (2001 census)[103] 2,500[104] Armenians in the Baltic states
 Israel 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 2,000-[105][106]10,000[107] Armenians in Israel[107]
 Azerbaijan[note 3] 183 (2009 census)[109] 2,000–3,000,[110] 5,000[111] Armenians in Azerbaijan
 Kyrgyzstan 1,364 (1999 census)[112] 900-1,000[113] Armenians in Kyrgyzstan
 Chile 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 1,500[114]
 Norway 275 (2012, country of origin)[note 4] 1,000[116] Armenians in Norway
 Finland 93 (2011, Armenian citizens)[45] 200,[117] 1,000[68]
 Malta 10 (2008, Armenian citizens)[45] 500[118] Armenians in Malta
 Slovakia 261 (2005, born in Armenia)[22] 500[119]
 Slovenia 7 (2005, born in Armenia)[22] 500[119]
 Albania 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 400[120]
 Mexico 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 400[121] Armenians in Mexico
 Serbia 222 (2011 census)[122] 300–350[123] Armenians in Serbia
 Macedonia 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300[124] Armenians in Macedonia
 South Africa 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 300[125]
 Peru 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 250[125]
 New Zealand 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 200[126]
 India 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 200[127] Armenians in India
 Ireland 70 (2011, born in Armenia)[22] 150[128]
 Portugal 105 (2009, born in Armenia)[22]
 Ethiopia 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80–90[129] Armenians in Ethiopia
 Cuba 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80[130]
 Singapore 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 80[131] Armenians in Singapore
 China 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 50–60[132] Armenians in China
 Japan 21 (2000, Armenian citizens)[133] 50–60[134]
 Malaysia 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 45 [135]
 Thailand 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 40–50[136]
 Croatia 37 (2011 census)[137] 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A
 Morocco 0 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A 25–30[138]
 Luxembourg 7 (2001, Armenian citizens)[45]
 Maldives 1[139]
 Bangladesh 1[140] Armenians in Bangladesh
World 5,605,725 6,849,192 — 10,507,133

Not listed: Armenians in Myanmar, Armenians in Bahrain, Armenians in Qatar, Armenians in Sudan

Notes
  1. ↑ Hamshenis and Crypto-Armenians are not included.
  2. ↑ De facto independent, de jure part of Georgia.
  3. ↑ Excluding Artsakh. The Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) is a de facto independent state that is generally not considered part of the Armenian diaspora. It is internationally recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. According to the 2005 census, the number of Armenians in NKR is 137,380.[108]
  4. ↑ Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.[115]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hansen, Randall. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. p. 13.
  2. ↑ Dufoix, Stéphane (2008). Diasporas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-25359-9.
  3. ↑ Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.
  4. ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979). Hayerēn Armatakan Baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]. 1. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 505.
  5. ↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
  6. ↑ Diaspora: Volume 1, Issue 1. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-507081-1.
  7. ↑ Herzig, Edmund (2004-12-10). The Armenians: Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity. p. 126. ISBN 9780203004937.
  8. ↑ Ember, Melvin (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. p. 46. ISBN 9780306483219.
  9. 1 2 Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. Springer. pp. 36–43. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
  10. ↑ Harutyunyan, Arus. Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 192. ISBN 9781109120127.
  11. ↑ "Armenia seeks to boost population". BBC News. 2007-02-21. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  12. ↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. Currently, only one-sixth of that land [ancestral territory] is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.
  13. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2012). "Armenia". The CIA World Factbook 2012. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-61608-332-8.
  14. ↑ "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации [National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation]" (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Gibney, Matthew J. (2005). Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2.
  16. ↑ Harutyunyan, Yuri (2010). Об этносоциологических исследованиях армян России. Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Russian) (1): 129–136.
  17. ↑ В России проживает более 2,5 млн армян [2,5 million Armenians live in Russia] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 December 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  18. ↑ Robert A. Saunders; Vlad Struko (2010). Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8108-5475-8.
  19. ↑ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  20. ↑ Azadian, Edmond Y. (23 April 2012). "Commentary: A Million Person March on Washington". Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  21. ↑ "Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations". Armenian National Committee of America. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Population by sex, age group and country of birth". Eurostat. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Auron, Yair (2005). The banality of denial: Israel and the Armenian genocide. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7658-0834-9.
  24. ↑ "French Senate Eyes Genocide Bill; Turkey Bristles". Dawn. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Tony (2008). Denial: history betrayed. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-522-85482-4.
  26. ↑ "The State Department for Statistics of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2004-04-11. .
  27. ↑ The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001, retrieved 5 January 2013
  28. ↑ "Украина - Родина для 100 тысяч украинских армян [Ukraine is home for 100 thousand Armenians]" (in Russian). Inter TV. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  29. ↑ "Армяне уезжают из Украины [Armenians are leaving Ukraine]". News.am (in Russian). 10 January 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "Իրանահայ "Ալիք"- ը նշում է 80- ամյակը" [Iranian-Armenian newspaper Alik is celebrating its 80th anniversary] (in Armenian). Public Radio of Armenia. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  31. ↑ Abrahamyan, Gayane (18 October 2010). "Armenia: Iranian-Armenians Struggle to Change Image as "Foreigners"". eurasianet.org. Open Society Institute.
  32. ↑ Vardanyan, Tamara (21 June 2007). "Իրանահայ համայնք. ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ [The Iranian-Armenian community]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  33. ↑ Semerdjian, Harout Harry (14 January 2013). "Christian Armenia and Islamic Iran: An unusual partnership explained". The Hill. ... the presence of a substantial Armenian community in Iran numbering 150,000.
  34. ↑ Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-230-10635-2. Today, the Armenian community in Iran numbers around 200,000 ...
  35. ↑ Khojoyan, Sara (16 October 2009). "Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries". ArmeniaNow. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  36. ↑ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  37. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 290.
  38. ↑ (in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC): Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2001: País de nacimiento. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  39. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 100.
  40. ↑ Bedevyan, Astghik (9 March 2012). "Սիրիահայերը սկսել են Հայաստան գալ [Syrian Armenians began arriving in Armenia]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  41. ↑ Kalsahakian, Hrach (1 February 2012). "Միջին Արեւելքի հայության ապագան սուրիահայութեան փորձառութեան լոյսին տակ [The Future of Middle Eastern Armenians and the experience of Syrian Armenians]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  42. ↑ "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  43. ↑ Vartanian, Hrag (1 January 2000). "Armenians in Ontario and Quebec". AGBU. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  44. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 331.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Population by sex, age group and citizenship". Eurostat. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  46. ↑ Dilsijian, Leonidas (24 April 2007). "Armenians in Greece". University of California, Irvine. ... Greece's 60,000-strong Armenian community ... Missing or empty |url= (help)
  47. ↑ Bedevyan, Astghik (18 January 2011). "Հունաստանի հայ համայնքը պատրաստվում է Հայաստանի նախագահի հետ հանդիպմանը [Armenian community of Greece preparing for the meeting with the Armenian president]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  48. ↑ Итоги переписи населения Республики Абхазия 2011 года, г. (in Russian). Abkhazian Statistic Office. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  49. ↑ Chirikba, Viacheslav (2008). Armenians and Their Dialects in Abkhazia. Amsterdam, New York: Evidence and Counter-Evidence, Festschrift Frederik Kortlandt.
  50. ↑ "Աբխազիայում պայքարում են հայկական դպրոցների կենսունակության համար [In Abkhazia, Armenians struggle for vitality of their schools]". Yerkir Media TV (in Armenian). 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
  51. ↑ "01.03.2001 Population by district and ethnic group". Sofia: Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute. 2001. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  52. 1 2 3 4 "Արեվելյան Եվրոպայի հայ համայնքների խնդիրները [Problems of the Armenians in Eastern Europe]" (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Noravank Foundation. 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  53. ↑ "1989 all-Soviet census: Ethnic structure of Uzbek SSR" (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  54. ↑ Ilkhamov, Alisher (2002). Этнический атлас Узбекистана [Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan] (PDF) (in Russian). Open Society Institute. p. 32. ISBN 5-86280-010-7.
  55. ↑ "Армянский национальный культурный центр Узбекистана [Armenian national cultural center of Uzbekistan]" (in Russian). Armenian Internet Society. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  56. ↑ Gayane Khachatryan (4 December 2008). "Իմ խորհուրդն է Հայաստանի հայերին՝ մնալ իրենց երկրում [Armenian ambassador in Spain: 'I advice Armenians of Armenia to stay in their country']". Azg Daily (in Armenian). Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  57. ↑ "Armenios, el genocidio olvidado". Diariocrítico. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  58. ↑ Thon, Caroline (2012). Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success. Berlin: Lit. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-643-90226-9.
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  60. ↑ "Raport z wyników. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (Polish Census 2011)" (PDF). stat.gov.pl (in Polish). GUS. 2012. p. 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  61. ↑ "40,000 Polish-Armenians with no community". Armenians Today on-line newspaper, Armenian Ministry of Diaspora. 18 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  62. ↑ Belhadj, Marnia (2010). Policies on Irregular Migrants France, Portugal and Poland. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. p. 118. ISBN 978-92-871-6768-2.
  63. ↑ "2006 Census of Population and Housing Ancestry (full classification list) by sex". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  64. ↑ "Armenian-Australian Community". Armenian National Committee Of Australia. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  65. ↑ "Բրազիլահայ համայնքը լուրջ խնդիրներ ունի [The Brazilian Armenian community has serious issues]". Panorama.am (in Armenian). 31 May 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  66. ↑ L. Yeghiazaryan; M. Nalbandyan-Margaryan. "Բրազիլահայ համայնք" (PDF). Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri. São Paulo: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 69. ... (35–40 հազար), մեր կարծիքով, ավելի մոտ է իրականությանը ...
  67. ↑ "Ethnic Composition of the Population of the Republic of Belarus". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  68. 1 2 3 "Population". Armenia Diaspora Conference Official Site. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  69. ↑ Hakobyan, Tatul (9 November 2008). "Ռոբերտ Քոչարյանը հանդիպեց Բելառուսի հայ համայնքի ներկայացուցիչներին [Robert Kocharyan met with the representatives of the Armenian community of Belarus]". Azg Daily (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  70. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 203.
  71. ↑ "Turkmenistan: Focus on Armenian migrants". IRIN. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  72. ↑ Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  73. ↑ Հայ համայնքը Ղազախստանում (in Armenian). Armenian embassy in Kazakhstan. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  74. ↑ Martirosyan, Ara (9 November 2008). В Казахстане число армян возросло. Azg Daily (in Russian). Retrieved 27 January 2013. По его утверждению, за последние несколько лет число армян в Казахстане с 19 тыс. возросло до 25 тысяч.
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  76. ↑ "The Community". Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  77. ↑ "Hongrie: Généralités d'ordre géographique, démolinguistique et politique [Hungary: Geography, demography and politics overview]" (in French). Université Laval. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  78. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 613.
  79. ↑ "Իրաքում ընդհանուր առմամբ մնացել է շուրջ 10 հազար հայ [Around 10 thousand Armenians remain in Iraq]". News.am (in Armenian). 30 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  80. ↑ "Հոլանդական լրատվական կայքերից մեկի թուրք լրագրողը հեռացվել է աշխատանքից Հայոց ցեղասպանությունը ժխտելու եւ ներողություն չհայցելու համար [A Turk journalist fired from a Dutch news site for the denial of the Armenian Genocide]". News.am (in Armenian). 14 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  81. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 114.
  82. ↑ We have around 6,000 Armenians in Kuwait, says ambassador
  83. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 150.
  84. ↑ Ghanalanyan, Tigran (17 January 2013). "Չեխիայի հայ համայնքը [The Armenian community of the Czech Republic]" (in Armenian). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  85. ↑ "Հայաստանի նախագահը՝ Շվեդիայում [Armenian President in Sweden]" (in Armenian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service. 7 February 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  87. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Romania 2002". Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  88. ↑ Avakian, Florence (26 June 2012). "500th Anniversary of 'Church of Miracles' in Romania to Be Celebrated in August". Armenian Mirror-Spectator (in Armenian). Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  89. ↑ (in Latvian) Population of Latvia by ethnicity and citizenship, 01.07.2008.. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  90. ↑ "Հայերը փորձում են Լատվիան օգտագործել որպես ցատկահարթա՞կ դեպի Եվրոպա ճանապարհին" [Armenians trying to use Latvia as a springboard on their way to Europe]. News.am (in Armenian). 23 November 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  91. ↑ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit" (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  92. ↑ Hovhannisyan, Lilt. Սփյուռքն ու Հայաստանը պետք է կազմակերպվեն. Sobesednik Armenii (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  93. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 539.
  94. ↑ "Main results - Census of population 2001". Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Interior, Press and Information Office. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
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  96. ↑ "Eestis elab 192 rahvuse esindajaid". Õhtuleht. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  97. ↑ "Էստոնիայում հայերը հիմնականում ինտելիենցիայի ներկայացուցիչներ են [In Estonia, Armenians are mostly part of the intelligentsia]" (in Armenian). PanARMENIAN.Net. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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  99. ↑ Ayvazyan 2003, p. 149.
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  107. 1 2 Citing Holocaust, Israeli Armenians demand genocide recognition
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  111. ↑ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.
  112. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2009. Book 2. Part 1. (in tables). Population of Kyrgyzstan. (Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2009. Книга 2. Часть 1. (в таблицах). Население Кыргызстана) (PDF) (in Russian), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10
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Bibliography
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