Polish diaspora

World map of Polish diaspora.[1]

The Polish diaspora refers to Poles who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in Modern Polish as Polonia, which is the name for Poland in Latin and in many Romance languages.

There are roughly 20 million people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world[2] and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for the displacement are border shifts, forced expulsions, resettlement and political and economic emigration. Major populations of Polish ancestry can be found in their native home region of Central Europe and in many other countries of Europe as well as in the Americas, Australasia. and South Africa. There are also smaller Polish communities in most countries of Asia and Africa.[1]

History

Poles participated in the creation of first European settlements in the Americas. In the 17th century, Polish missionaries arrived for the first time in Japan. Huge numbers of Poles left the country during the Partitions of Poland for economic and political reasons as well as the ethnic persecution of Poles by Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Many of the Poles who emigrated were Polish Jews, who make up part of the Jewish diaspora. The restored Second Polish Republic was home to the world's largest Jewish population as late as 1938 because of the massive influx of new refugees escaping persecution.[3] It was followed by invasions of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust by Nazi Germany during World War II. Most survivors subsequently immigrated to Mandate Palestine since Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits at the end of the war.[4][5] Many remaining Jews, including Stalinist hardliners and members of security apparatus,[6][7] left Poland during the 1968 political crisis, when the Polish United Workers' Party, pressured by Leonid Brezhnev, joined the Soviet "anti-Zionist" campaign that was triggered by the Six-Day War.[8][9] In 1998, Poland's Jewish population was estimated at 10,000 to 30,000.[10]

A [21st century economic migration of Poles|recent large emigration]] of Poles took place after Poland's accession to the European Union and opening of the EU's labor market. About 2 million primarily-young Poles took up jobs abroad.[11]

Most Poles live in Europe, the Americas and Australia, but a few Poles have settled in smaller numbers in Asia, Africa and Oceania, as economic migrants or as part of Catholic missions.

Europe

All countries and areas of residence thereafter are listed in alphabetical order.

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Poles by district in Belarus in 1960:
  Over 50% Polish
  40-50%
  30-40%
  10-30%
  Up to 10% Polish
  Border of Poland in 1939

There are presently 396,000 Poles living in Belarus (according to the official 1999 census;[12] the estimates are higher according to various NGOs). They form the second-largest ethnic minority in the country, after Russians. Most Poles live in the west of Belarus (including 294,000 in the Grodno Region, Polish: Grodzieńszczyzna).

During the Second World War, the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Few Belarusian Poles now live in Siberia and the Russian Far East, and some of those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after 1956.

The census of 1959 had 538,881 ethnic Poles in Belarus (332,300 in Grodno Region, 83,800 in Vitebsk Region, 70,000 in Minsk Region including Minsk, 42,100 in Brest Region, 7,200 in Gomel Region and 3,500 in Mogilev Region).

Czech Republic

Czech-Polish bilingual signs during the municipal elections in Český Těšín, Czech Republic

The Polish community in the Czech Republic is concentrated in Cieszyn Silesia (or Zaolzie), in the northeast of the country. It traces its origins to border changes afydt the First World War that partitioned the area between Poland and what was then Czechoslovakia, leaving many Poles on what is now the Czech side of the border. The Polish population was 51,968 at the 2001 census.

Denmark

It is estimated that around 40,000 Poles live in Denmark, mostly in Copenhagen.

Faroe Islands

Poles make up 0.2% of the population of the Faroe Islands, followed by Norwegians.[13] Most live in the capital, Tórshavn.

Finland

The history of the Polish community in Finland dates from the early 19th century, when a number of Poles from the Russian-controlled part of the country settled there. In 1917, there were around 4,000 Poles in Finland, mostly soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army, and almost all had returned to their homeland by 1921. Finland has never been a major destination for Polish immigrants, and only around 3,000 Poles live there. Most are well-educated: musicians, medical doctors, engineers and architects with families.[14] Around half lives in Helsinki, and the biggest Polish organization there is the Polish Association, founded on April 3, 1917.

France

About a million people of Polish descent live in France. They are concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, the metropolitan areas of Lille and Paris and the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens and Valenciennes. Prominent members have included Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz, Rene Goscinny, Marie Curie, Michel Poniatowski, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak and Edward Gierek. For centuries, there was a alliance between the France and tgd Polish-Lithuanian Commmonwealth. Many Poles settled in France after the rule of Napoleon and the collapse of the Duchy of Warsaw, when 100,000 Poles, largely political refugees, fled the Russians and Prussians, who took over Poland. The Great Emigration, from the first half of the 19th century onwards, caused many poles to be enlisted to fight in the French army. Another wave of Polish migration took place between the two World Wars, when many were hired as contract workers to work temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled the Nazi and the Soviet occupations in the 1940s. From 100,000 to 200,000 Poles havd been estimated to live in Paris. Many EU guest workers are the south of France, including the cities of Arles, Marseille and Perpignan.

Germany

The second-largest Polonia in the world and the largest in Europe is the Polish minority in Germany. Estimates of the number of Poles living in Germany vary from 2 million[15] to about 3 million.[16][17][18] The main Polonia organization is Kongres Polonii Niemieckiej / Polnischer Kongress in Deutschland. Polish surnames are very common in Germany.

Greece

Polonia Days in Athens (2008)

The Polish minority in Greece is over 50,000, most of whom are first-generation immigrants. It should be noted, however, that there might be many more since the Greek Orthodox Church administers Greek names for marriage and christening. Statistics show that over 300,000 Poles visit Greece each year for tourism, especially during the summer months. Famous people with mixed Polish and Greek ethnicity include famous Polish singer Eleni Tzoka.[19]

Hungary

The Polish minority in Hungary is around 10,000 and has a long history of over 1000 years. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth included large areas of Hungarian territories, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918) included the Polish region of Galicia. Hungary–Poland relations are strong and positive and best described in a poem, "Pole, Hungarian, two good friends," about the fraternal sense of commonality in both Polish and Hungarian cultures. Budapest is home to a large Polish community, and there are also ethnic Poles in the northern part of the country, bordering Slovakia and Ukraine. Most Polish-Hungarians are practising Roman Catholics, but many are members of the Eastern (Polish-Carpathian or Carpato-Ukrainian) and Greek Catholic Churches.[1]

Iceland

The Polish minority in Iceland is relatively new, but for almost a decade, it has already been the largest minority. In 2014 Poles, were 3.13% of the total population of Iceland and, by far, the largest immigrant group.[20]

Ireland

A Polish shop in Dublin, Ireland

After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, Ireland immediately opened its borders and welcomed Polish workers as relatively-cheap qualified labour (only the United Kingdom and Sweden did the same). Ireland quickly became a key destination for young Poles seeking work outside the country. According to the 2011 census, there are 122,585 Poles living in Ireland,[21] the largest ethnic minority in the country.

Italy

The Polish minority in Italy is 97,986, but estimates have 130,000 Poles in Italy. Most Poles are late-20th-century immigrants drawn by the Italian economy's desire for imported labour. Large Polish immigrant communities are found in Rome, Milan and Venice. Polish immigration to Italy might continue while the EU contract labour program between the two countries remains in place.

Latvia

Lithuania

Poles in Lithuania, 2011

The Polish minority in Lithuania is 200,317; at 6.6% of the population, it is now the largest ethnic minority in Lithuania. Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius region and form the majority of the population in Vilnius district municipality and Šalčininkai district municipality.

The former Solidarity leader and Polish President Lech Wałęsa criticised the government of Lithuania over discrimination against the Polish minority, which has included the enforced Lithuanization of Polish surnames and the removal of bilingual Polish-language street igns in municipalities predominantly inhabited by the Polish-speaking population.[22]

Malta

Benelux

Polish immigration to the Netherlands has steadily increased since Poland was admitted to the EU, and now, an estimated 135,000 Polish people live in the country. Most of them are guest workers from the European Union contract labour program, as more Poles obtain have light industrial jobs. The number of Polish nationals could double in the next decade, depending on economic conditions in Poland. Most Poles in the Netherlands are in The Hague (30,000), but Polish émigrés have been long settled in Amsterdam and industrial towns or cities like Utrecht and Groningen. Polish immigrants arrived to find employment in the country in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Belgium has 70,000 Poles, but the number of Belgians of Polish descent could be as high as 200,000). Luxembourg had almost 3,000.[1]

Norway

Norway has recently experienced an influx of Polish migrant workers. This because Norway is a member of the European Economic Area, providing the same free movement of labour as between members of the European Union. According to the Norwegian Statistics Burea, there are 72,103 Polish immigrants in Norway on 1 January 2012.[1][23]

Romania

According to the 2002 census, 3,671 Poles live in Romania, mainly in the villages of the Suceava region (Polish: Suczawa). There are even three exclusively Polish villages: Nowy Sołoniec (Soloneţu Nou), Plesza (Pleşa) and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului). Poles in Romania form an officially recognised national minority and have one seat in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania (currently held by Ghervazen Longher) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres (known as "Polish Houses").

Russia and former Soviet Union

Catholic Cathedral of the Transfiguration in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, built by Polish-Russian architect Vladimir Sokolowski

During the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed large parts of Poland's former eastern territories of Kresy. Many Poles were expelled, but a significant number remained in what is now Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities also forcibly resettled large numbers of Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The following post-Soviet countries retain significant Polish minorities.[1]

Serbia

There is a small community of descendants of Silesian miners in Ostojićevo.[24] In the 2011 census, 741 declared themselves as Poles.[25]

Slovakia

According to the 2011 Slovak census results, there are 3,084 (0.1%) Poles living in Slovakia.[26] Compared to the Hungarian census of 1910, there has been a significant decrease, as then there were 10,569 Polish-language speakers in the territory of present Slovakia.[1]

Spain

The Polish minority in Spain numbers between 45,000 and 60,000.[27] The Polish population is mainly guest workers who took advantage of Spain's economic boom during the 1990s. Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, San Sebastian and Valencia have significant Polish populations. The Polish minority in Spain is relatively young, 74% are between 20 and 49 years old.[27]

Sweden

Like only the United Kingdom and Ireland, Sweden let Poles work in the country once Poland joined the European Union in 2004. The Poles in Sweden has been estimated to be around 103,191 people, 88,704 of whom are born in Poland and 14,487 with both of their parents being born in Poland. Poles are thus Sweden's fifth-largest immigrant group, after Finns, Syrians, Iraqis and former Yugoslavs.[28] Most of them are guest workers who have been invited to Sweden since 1990 by contracts with the Swedish government. Most Polish residents live in Stockholm, and the rest live south of the city, toward the Baltic Sea. Historically, Poland and Sweden had some cultural exchange, and the Swedish Empire's occupation of the Polish Baltic Sea coast (Gdańsk and Pomerania) in various times from the 13th to the 18th centuries.[1]

Switzerland

Like the Polish community of Finland, some Polish diasporans from Germany were come from the Rhine-Ruhr basin, as immigrant workers to Switzerland. The biggest Polish diaspora community live in the Northern Switzerland.

Turkey

In 1842, Prince Adam Czartoryski founded the village of Adampol for Polish immigrants who came to Turkey after the failed November Uprising. The village>still exists and is now called Polonezköy (Turkish for Polish Village). It is the main centre of the small but historic Polish community in Turkey. The Polish minority in Turkey has been estimated to be around 4,000 people. However, it is higher than the Turkish census indicates because of Turkified Poles who marry Turks. For example, Leyla Gencer's mother was Atiye Çeyrekgil, was born as Alexandra Angela Minakovska and converted to Islam after death of her husband.[29] Also, Nazım Hikmet Ran's mother, Ayşe Celile Hanım, was a descendant of Mustafa Celaleddin Pasha, who was born as Konstantin Borzecki in 1826. He immigrated to Ottoman Empire after Greater Poland Uprising and embraced Islam in 1848. He later became an Ottoman General and died in 1876.[30]

Ukraine

Concert of Polish Children Choir in the Lviv Roman Catholic cathedral

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, there were 144,130 Poles residing in the country.

Poles began settling in the territory of present Ukraine in the 14th century, after Red Ruthenia had become part of the Kingdom of Poland. The number of Poles in Ukraine gradually increased over the centuries, but after World War II, it drastically decreased, as a result of Soviet mass deportation of the Poles in Ukraine to Siberia and other eastern regions of the USSR as well as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, which was carried out in the early 1940s by Ukrainian nationalists in the western part of the country (see Massacres of Poles in Volhynia). There was a Polish Autonomous District near Zhytomyr that was created in 1926, but it was disbanded in 1935 and its Polish inhabitants were either murdered or deported to Kazakhstan. The majority of those who survived the war in Ukraine were forcibly deported to the former eastern territories of Germany after Poland was shifted to the west by the Allied Potsdam Agreement after World War II.[1]

United Kingdom

Pilots of No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron with one of their Hurricanes during the Battle of Britain, October 1940

In the 19th century, due to the collapse of the November Uprising of 1831, many Polish fighters came to Britain in search of sanctuary.[1]

However, it was only after the First World War that Poles settled in large numbers in London – many from the Prisoner of War camps in Alexandra Palace and Feltham. During the Second World War many Poles came to the United Kingdom as political émigrés and to join the Polish Armed Forces in the West being recreated there. When the Second World War ended, a Communist government was installed in Poland and was hostile to servicemen returning from the West. Many Poles felt betrayed by their wartime allies and were understandably reluctant to return home. Many soldiers refused to return to Poland, and around 150,000, after occupying resettlement camps, later settled in UK. The Polish Government in London was not dissolved until 1991, when a freely elected president took office in Warsaw.

After the 2004 EU enlargement, shops selling Polish grocery products have cropped up in some parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland.

After Poland's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Poles gained the right to work in some other EU countries. While France and Germany put in place temporary controls to curb Central European migration, the United Kingdom (along with only Sweden and the Republic of Ireland) did not impose restrictions. Many young Poles have come to work in the UK since then. Estimates in 2007 varied between 300,000 and 800,000 moving to the UK since May 2004.[31] The numbers were reported to be decreasing again in 2008.[32]

Estimates for the total number of people now living in the UK and born in Poland or of Polish descent vary significantly. There were an estimated 831,000 Polish-born residents in 2015 [33] and one million by 2017.[34] Other than London, Poles have settled in Southampton in Hampshire, Manchester, Bolton and Bury in Greater Manchester and Chorley in Lancashire. There are also large concentrations in Bradford, Leeds, Coventry and Nottingham, as well as South Yorkshire, South Wales, Herefordshire, Rugby, Banbury, Slough, Redditch and Swindon.[1]

The economic crisis in the UK and the growing economy in Poland reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK.[35] By the last quarter of 2008, it was claimed by the IPPR that up to half of those that had come to the UK to work may have returned home.[36] However the research was unreliable, as numbers have never been recorded, and was shown to be incorrect by Professor Krystyna Iglicka of the Centre for International Affairs, in Warsaw.[37] The 2011 census also indicates that it was probably never true.

According to the UK Office for National Statistics, Poland had overtaken India as the most common non-UK country of birth for people living in the United Kingdom in 2015.[33]

North America

Polish ancestry in the USA and Canada by area:
  Over 10%
  7% - 9.9%
  5% - 6.9%
  4% - 4.9%
  3% - 3.9%
  2% - 2.9%
  below 2%
The Pope John Paul II statue in Toronto

The United States and Canada were the major focus of Polish political and economic migration since 1850 up until the fall of the Iron Curtain.

Canada

According to the Canada 2016 Census, there are 1,106,585 Polish Canadians.[38] The population is widely dispersed across Canada. The first Polish immigrants came to Canada in the 19th century. One of the largest concentrations of Polish-Canadians is in the Roncesvalles area of Toronto. The area holds an annual Polish Festival, Canada's largest. The Canadian Polish Congress is an umbrella organization, founded in 1944 by Polish-Canadians to co-ordinate the activities and to articulate the concerns of the community on public policy issues.[1]

Haiti

About 5,000 Poles fighting in Polish Legions in the Napoleonic armies were sent to fight against the rebelling Haitians. Many of the Poles who were sent there felt it wrong to fight against the Haitians who were fighting for their freedom—just like the Poles in the Napoleonic armies—and some 400 Poles changed sides. After the war, the Haitian constitution stated that because the Poles switched sides and fought for their cause, all Poles could become Haitian citizens. Many of the Poles who were sent to Haiti stayed there. Most of their descendants live in Cazale and Fond-des-Blancs.[1]

Mexico

Folk dancers of Polish community from Mexico.

The first Polish immigrants to Mexico arrived in the late 19th century. During World War II, Mexico received thousands of refugees from Poland, primarily of Jewish origin, who settled in the states of Chihuahua and Nuevo León.[39][40]

United States

Polish store on Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago

There are approximately 10 million Polish Americans living in the United States.

Polish and Polish-themed items booth at the Lagrange Street Polish Festival in Toledo, Ohio.

Chicago bills itself as the largest Polish city outside the Polish capital, Warsaw. There are approximately 185,000 Polish-speakers in the Chicago metropolitan area.[41] The Poles in Chicago are felt in the large number of Polish-American organizations the city such as the Polish Museum of America, the Polish American Association, the Polish National Alliance and the Polish Highlander's Alliance of North America.

Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Minneapolis, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Milwaukee, Baltimore and New Britain also have very large Polish populations. Older Polish Americans are rapidly migrating to the Southeast (Florida), the Southwest (Arizona) and the West Coast (California) but also to Poland itself since the 1990s.

Buffalo is seen as Polonia's second city in the US, as it is also home to many Polish-Americans. Its steel mills and automobile factories provided jobs for many Polish immigrants in the early 20th century. The only city to have official celebrations inspired by the popular Polish custom of Dyngus Day is Buffalo. A section of New Britain was officially designated "Little Poland" in 2007 by a unanimous vote of the city's Common Council.

The major Polonia organization is the Polish American Congress.[42]

South America

There has been political and economic migration of Poles to South America since the mid-19th century. The largest number went to Brazil, followed by Argentina and Chile.[1]

Argentina

In Argentina, Poles are one of the most significant minorities, around 500,000. The Parliament of Argentina has declared June 8 to be Polish Settlers' Day.[1]

Brazil

Polish old architecture in Curitiba.

The number of people of Polish descent in Brazil is estimated at around 3 million. Most Polish Brazilians are Catholic, but there are nonreligious minorities. The oldest (1871) and largest concentration of Poles is in the city of Curitiba, Paraná. Another large community is to be found in Espírito Santo. Both are in the South and Southeastern Regions.[1]

Chile

A small number of Poles came to Chile. The first camr during the Napoleonic Wars. In the early 20th century, there were around 300 Poles in Chile, but they were considered Germans. After World War II, from 1947 to 1951, around 1,500 Poles, mostly Zivilarbeitero as well as some former soldiers and Nazi concentration camp inmates settled in Chile, and in 1949, the Association of Poles in Chile was founded.[43] An estimate of 45,000 ethnic Poles live in Chile.[44] Most live in Santiago de Chile. One of the notable Polish Chileans is Ignacy Domeyko.[45]

Colombia

It is estimated that around 15,000 Poles live in Colombia, mostly in Bogotá.

Uruguay

Polish immigration in Uruguay brought Poles to settle in the late-19th and the early-20th centuries. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 Polish descendants are thought to live in Uruguay, mostly in Montevideo, the capital. Often, Poles came when the Germans and the ruled Poland and so were known as "Germans" or "Russians".[1]

Oceania

Australia

Polish Dożynki Festival in Adelaide, South Australia

The first Polish settlers arrived in South Australia in 1856. After World War II, many displaced persons migrated from Poland to Australia, including soldiers from the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade (the "Rats of Tobruk").

There are now 160,000 to 200,000 Polish Australians.

New Zealand

In 1944, several hundred Polish children and their caregivers, survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia, and their caregivers were temporarily resettled at a refugee camp at Pahiatua, New Zealand. It was originally planned for the children to return to Poland after World War II ended, but they were eventually allowed to stay in New Zealand after the onset of the Cold War.[46]

At the 2013 census, Polish New Zealanders numbered 1,944 by birth and 2,163 by ethnicity; of them, 42 percent lived in the Auckland Region and 23 percent in the Wellington Region.[47]

Asia

Israel

In the early years of Zionism, Jewish immigrants from Poland (then divided between Austria-Hungary, Prussia and the Russian Empire) was a significant prominent part of the ideologically-motivated immigration to the then Palestine during the Second Aliya and the Third Aliyah. Many Jews of Polish origin had prominent roles in building up the Yishuv, the autonomous Zionist-oriented Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine from which Israel developed. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many Jewish Displaced Persons in Europe who eventually got to Israel were also of Polish origin. In later generations, thyrh generally abandoned Polish and Yiddish languages, in favor of Modern Hebrew.

In Israel, about 4,000 non-Jewish ethnic Poles live there. Also, there about 50,000 Jewish immigrants from Poland, with an affinity to Polish language and culture and about 150,000 of their descendants with very little of that affinity.[48]

Pakistan

Africa

South Africa

According to the Council of Polonia in South Africa, 25,000 to 30,000 Poles live there.[49] The Polish community in South Africa dates to World War II, when the South African government agreed to the settlement of 12,000 Polish soldiers as well as around 500 Polish orphans who were survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia. More Poles came in the 1970s and 1980s, with several of them specialists coming for work contracts and deciding to stay there.[1]

List of countries by population of Polish ethnicity

CountryPopulation% of countryCriterion
Polish in North America
United States Polish American9,569,2073%

2010 American Community Survey Self-reported[50][51]

See History of the Poles in the United States

Canada Polish Canadian1,010,7053%Canada 2011 Census

[52]

Mexico Polish immigration to Mexico15,0000.1%

[39]

Polish in South America
Argentina Polish Argentine500,0001.25%

[53]

Brazil Polish Brazilian1,800,000–3,000,0002.5%

[54]

Chile Polish Chilean100,0000.6%

[43] [55]

Venezuela Polish Venezuelan4,000–8,9000.03%

[56][57] [58]

Polish in Europe
Belarus Poles in Belarus294,549–700,0003.1%

[59]

Czech Republic Polish minority in the Czech Republic51,9680.4%

(2001 census)[60][61][62]

Denmark Denmark-Poland relations; Poles in Denmark5,0000.001%[63]
France Polish minority in France1,000,0002%
Germany Poles in Germany3,000,000–5,000,0004%

[64]

Iceland Icelanders of Polish descent9,3713%

They make them the biggest minority ethnic group in Iceland, including second generation immigrants.

Republic of Ireland Polish minority in Ireland122,5852.7%

[65]

United Kingdom Poles in the United Kingdom700,000–1,000,0001.6%

Poles are the largest foreign born community in Britain [66] [67]

Spain Polish minority in Spain69,3530.15%

[68]

Sweden Swedish Poles110,2121.14%

[69]

Latvia Poles in Latvia51,5482.3%

[70]

Lithuania Poles in Lithuania200,3176.6%

[71]

Romania Poles in Romania3,6710.1%

[72]

Russia Polish minority in Russia73,0000.01%

[73] Poles in the Soviet Union

Ukraine Poles in Ukraine144,1300.3%

[74]

Polish in Asia
Kazakhstan Poles in Kazakhstan5,0000.001%

[63]

Lebanon Polish people in Lebanon5,0000.001%

[63]

Cyprus Cyprus–Poland relations5,0000.001%

[63]

Israel Israel–Poland relations; Polish Jews in Israel1,250,0007%

[63]

Polish in Oceania
Australia Polish Australian47,3000.3%

[75]

New Zealand Polish New Zealander2,1660.05%

[76]

Total in diaspora≈20,000,000
Poland Polish people36,522,00095%

[77]

Total worldwide≈56,000,000

See also

References

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  3. ↑ Semen M. Dubnov; Simon Dubnow. History of the Jews in Russia and Poland (Google Books). Avotaynu Inc. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  4. ↑ Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and its Repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 - 325 pages. p. 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9.
  5. ↑ Aleksiun, Natalia. "Beriḥah". YIVO. Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–175
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  9. ↑ Excel HSC modern history By Ronald E. Ringer. Page 390.
  10. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Nations: Poland—Religions, available at Advameg, 2010 (bottom)
  11. ↑ http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0"Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat
  12. ↑ Union of Poles in Belarus
  13. ↑ Demographics of the Faroe Islands
  14. ↑ Polish Embassy in Helsinki (2012), POLONIA W FINLANDII: Struktura społeczna. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Wyróżnikiem Polonii fińskiej jest stosunkowo wysoki wskaźnik osób posiadających wykształcenie wyższe i średnie. Wśród najczęściej spotykanych zawodów występują muzycy, lekarze, inżynierowie różnych specjalności i architekci.
  15. ↑ "Zensusdatenbank - Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011". Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  16. ↑ Więcej praw dla Polaków, albo mniej dla Niemców, Dziennik Zachodni
  17. ↑ prof. dr hab. inż. Piotr Małoszewski, "Sytuacja Polaków w Niemczech w zakresie dostępu do nauki języka ojczystego". Archived 2015-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ "Raport o sytuacji Polonii i Polaków za granicą 2012". Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. 2013. p. 177. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  19. ↑ The Warsaw Voice discusses Poles in Greece.
  20. ↑ Statistics Iceland - Statistics » Population » Citizenship and country of birth
  21. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Walesa declines Lithuanian honour". Radio Poland. 7 September 2011.
  23. ↑ 2012 © Statistisk sentralbyrå, Norway. Retrieved June 14, 2013 from the Internet Archive.
  24. ↑ Potomci bosonogih rudara
  25. ↑ Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности - "Остали" етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени
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  27. 1 2 The world of Polonia, Past and present of Polish community in Spain
  28. ↑ "Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2012" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  29. ↑ tr:Leyla Gencer
  30. ↑ Nâzım Hikmet
  31. ↑ Special report: Finance for Poles in Britain. Jo Thornhill, Mail on Sunday, reports from Warsaw. November 4, 2007.
  32. ↑ "Now Poles begin mass desertion of Britain as soaring prices send them home", Daily Mail, 16th February 2008
  33. 1 2 "Poland overtakes India as country of origin, UK migration statistics show". BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality: 2017". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  35. ↑ UK Poles return home. The Telegraph. February 21, 2009.
  36. ↑ Packing up for home: Poles hit by UK's economic downturn Archived 2008-10-23 at the Wayback Machine., This is London, October 20, 2008
  37. ↑ Steve Doughty (23 January 2010), Where have all the Poles gone? Daily Mail Online. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  38. ↑ http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D
  39. 1 2 Poles in Mexico
  40. ↑ http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/cultura/124704/polacos-mexico-exilio-olvidado
  41. ↑ The Polish Community in Metro Chicago: A Community Profile of Strengths and Needs, A Census 2000 Report, published by the Polish American Association June 2004, p. 18
  42. ↑ See Stanley S. (1976). In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An Inquiry for the Polish Community. New York, New York: IUME, Teachers College, Columbia University. ISBN ERIC ED167674.
  43. 1 2 Poles in Chile Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  44. ↑ (in Spanish) Relaciones entre Polonia y Chile. Pasado y presente, (ed.) Katarzyna Dembicz serie: Polonia y el Mundo Iberoamericano, CESLA, Warszawa, 2002
  45. ↑ (in Spanish) Polacos en Chile
  46. ↑ "Pahiatua Children"
  47. ↑ "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – data tables". Statistics New Zealand. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  48. ↑ http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton63/st02_24x.pdf
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  51. ↑
  52. ↑ Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  53. ↑
  54. ↑ Polonia w liczbach Archived 2014-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska
  55. ↑ ZJEDNOCZENIE POLSKIE W CHILE IM IGNACEGO DOMEYKI, a notice
  56. ↑ "Relaciones Polonia-Venezuela". Caracas.polemb.net. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  57. ↑ "Rozmowa z szefem misji dyplomatycznej Wenezueli w Polsce – Młodzi Socjaliści: "Z lewej strony" - Salon24". Mlodzisocjalisci.salon24.pl. 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  58. ↑ Joshua Project. "Polish of Venezuela Ethnic People Profile". Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  59. ↑ Statistics from belstat.gov.by (бюллетень). See page 22. Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. RAR data compression of "171.5KB". Missing or empty |url= (help) 171.5KB file. Listing total population of Belarus with population by age and sex, marital status, education, nationality, language and livelihood ("Общая численность населения; численность населения по возрасту и полу, состоянию в браке, уровню образования, национальностям, языку, источникам средств к существованию") (in Belarusian)
  60. ↑ Czech Statistical Office Archived 2014-11-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ The real number is higher since in the 2001 census it was possible to leave the "nationality" field blank.
  62. ↑ There are also some 80,000–85,000 Czechs of Polish origin, 75,000–80,000 of whom live in Zaolzie. (Siwek, not dated.)
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 Poujol 2007, p. 92
  64. ↑ "Ausländische Bevölkerung: Fachserie 1 Reihe 2 – 2011" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. 2011-12-31. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  65. ↑ Census 2011 p. 33 Archived June 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/L_Szacunek_emigracji_z_Polski_lata_2004-2012_XI_2012.pdf
  67. ↑ "Poland's British baby boom". News Poland. 25 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  68. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística. "Polacos en España (Censo 2014)". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  69. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  70. ↑ (in Polish) Polacy za granicą
  71. ↑ Lithuania Census 2011
  72. ↑ (in Polish) Polonia w Rumunii
  73. ↑ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Perepis2002.ru. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  74. ↑ "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population / Language composition of population". 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  75. ↑ ABS Census – ethnicity
  76. ↑ 2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Polish
  77. ↑ Central Statistical Office (January 2013). "The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

Bibliography

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