List of counties in Michigan

There are 83 counties in the U.S. state of Michigan. The boundaries of these counties have not changed substantially since 1897. However, throughout the 19th century, the state legislature frequently adjusted county boundaries. County creation was intended to fulfill the goal of establishing government over unorganized territory, but a more important goal was encouraging settlement by surveying the land and dividing it into saleable sections.

Counties of Michigan
LocationMichigan
Number83
Populations2,156 (Keweenaw) – 1,820,584 (Wayne)
Areas508 square miles (1,320 km2) (Cass) – 5,966 square miles (15,450 km2) (Keweenaw)
GovernmentCounty government
SubdivisionsCities, charter townships, civil townships, villages, unincorporated communities, census-designated places

The creation of counties generally occurred in two stages. First the boundaries of a county were declared and given a name. The county appeared on maps, even though this may have been the entire extent of a county's tangible existence for several years. During this period, the as-yet–unorganized county was attached to another already organized county for administrative purposes. The legislature frequently changed the administrative attachment of these unorganized counties. Residents of such an attached county could petition the legislature for organization, which was the granting of full legal recognition to the county.

There are many cities and villages that span county boundaries in Michigan, including its capital, Lansing. For a few years during the early 1970s, split cities briefly had authority to petition to change the county boundaries to accord with the city boundaries. The only city to take advantage of this brief opportunity was New Baltimore (previously split between Macomb County and St. Clair County; now completely in Macomb). This transfer of territory from St. Clair to Macomb was the only county boundary change in Michigan since the early 20th century.

The state constitution of 1850 permitted an incorporated city with a population of at least 20,000 to be organized into a separate county of its own.[1] The Constitution of 1908 retained this provision, but raised the population threshold to 100,000.[2] No city was ever organized into an independent county in this fashion and when a new Constitution took effect in 1963, the provision was removed.

Michigan's boundary with Illinois is formed by Lake Michigan, and three counties have water boundaries with Illinois: Berrien County, Van Buren County, and Allegan County. Michigan also has a boundary with Minnesota, which is formed by Lake Superior. The water boundary in this instance is formed by two counties: Ontonagon County and Keweenaw County. The land boundary with Wisconsin continues into Lake Superior, involving both Gogebic County (which shares a land border) and Ontonagon County (water boundary only).

Etymologies

Nine counties have names invented by the ethnologist Henry Schoolcraft, usually adapted from parts of Native American words, but sometimes having parts from Greek, Arabic and Latin roots.[3] Schoolcraft's made-up words have disputed sources. While he was a devotee of Native American words and culture, some of his words may have originated with tribes from other areas of the country, such as New York or the Northeast, where many settlers to Michigan came from. Real Native words were eradicated, and he substituted made-up words, sometimes with a kernel of Indian language or sound in them.[4][5][6]

A second group of four counties were renamed for Irish locales (counties Antrim, Clare, Roscommon and Wexford), apparently because it was close to the heart for certain Michigan legislators or their constituents.

Ten counties, the so-called "cabinet counties", were named for persons who served in Andrew Jackson's presidential administration, which was tied to Michigan's anticipated ascendancy to statehood. Eight were named in 1829. Livingston County was named in 1833. Cass County was also named in 1829, but Governor Lewis Cass did not become a member of Jackson's Cabinet until 1831.[3][4][7]

List of counties
County
 FIPS Code[8] County seat
 Est.
 Origin
 Etymology
 Population
 Area
 Map
 
Alcona County 001 Harrisville1840 (boundaries declared)
1869 (organized)		From unorganized territory; named Negwegon County until 1843Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 10,942 1,791 sq mi
(4,639 km2)
Alger County 003 Munising1885From part of Schoolcraft CountyRussell A. Alger, (1836-1907):
Governor and national politician		 9,601 5,049 sq mi
(13,077 km2)
Allegan County 005 Allegan1831 (boundaries declared)
1835 (organized)		From part of Barry County, and unorganized territorySchoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 111,408 1,833 sq mi
(4,747 km2)
Alpena County 007 Alpena1840 (boundaries declared)
1857 (organized)		From part of Mackinac County, and unorganized territory Was named Anamickee County until 1843.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 30,000 1,695 sq mi
(4,390 km2)
Antrim County 009 Bellaire1840From part of Mackinac County; named Meegisee County until 1843County Antrim, now in Northern Ireland 23,598 602 sq mi
(1,559 km2)
Arenac County 011 Standish1831From unorganized territory; annexed to Bay County in 1857, but reinstated in 1883Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 15,899 681 sq mi
(1,764 km2)
Baraga County 013 L'Anse1875From part of Houghton CountyFrederic Baraga (1797-1868): Catholic missionary and first bishop of Sault Ste. Marie 8,860 1,069 sq mi
(2,769 km2)
Barry County 015 Hastings1829From unorganized territoryWilliam T. Barry (1784-1835): Postmaster General in the Jackson Administration 59,173 577 sq mi
(1,494 km2)
Bay County 017 Bay City1857From parts of Arenac, Midland, and Saginaw CountiesSaginaw Bay 107,771 631 sq mi
(1,634 km2)
Benzie County 019 Beulah1863From part of Leelenau CountyFrench name of Betsie River: (rivière aux) Bec-scies, the "(river of) sawbill ducks" 17,525 860 sq mi
(2,227 km2)
Berrien County 021 St. Joseph1829From unorganized territoryJohn M. Berrien (1781-1856): Attorney General in the Jackson Administration 156,813 1,581 sq mi
(4,095 km2)
Branch County 023 Coldwater1829From unorganized territoryJohn Branch (1782-1863): Secretary of the Navy in the Jackson Administration 45,248 519 sq mi
(1,344 km2)
Calhoun County 025 Marshall1829From unorganized territoryJohn C. Calhoun (1782-1850): Vice President of the United States in the Jackson Administration 136,146 718 sq mi
(1,860 km2)
Cass County 027 Cassopolis1829From unorganized territoryLewis Cass (1782-1866): Secretary of War in the Jackson Administration 52,293 508 sq mi
(1,316 km2)
Charlevoix County 029 Charlevoix1869From parts of Antrim, Emmet, and Otsego CountiesPierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761): Jesuit traveller and historian of New France 25,949 1,391 sq mi
(3,603 km2)
Cheboygan County 031 Cheboygan1840From part of Mackinac CountyCheboygan River 26,152 885 sq mi
(2,292 km2)
Chippewa County 033 Sault Ste. Marie1827From part of Mackinac CountyOjibwa Native American tribe, also known as the Chippewa 38,520 2,698 sq mi
(6,988 km2)
Clare County 035 Harrison1840From part of Mackinac County, and unorganized territory; named Kaykakee County until 1843County Clare, Ireland 30,926 575 sq mi
(1,489 km2)
Clinton County 037 St. Johns1831From unorganized territoryDeWitt Clinton (1769-1828): Governor of New York. 75,382 575 sq mi
(1,489 km2)
Crawford County 039 Grayling1840From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory. Was named Shawano County until 1843.William Crawford, (1732-82), American Revolutionary War colonel western surveyor 14,074 563 sq mi
(1,458 km2)
Delta County 041 Escanaba1843From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Greek letter delta, referring to the triangular shape of the original county, which included segments of Menominee, Dickinson, Iron and Marquette counties 37,069 1,992 sq mi
(5,159 km2)
Dickinson County 043 Iron Mountain1891From parts of Iron County, Marquette County and Menominee County.Donald M. Dickinson (1846-1917): Postmaster General in the Cleveland Administration 26,168 777 sq mi
(2,012 km2)
Eaton County 045 Charlotte1829From unorganized territory.John Eaton (1790-1856): Secretary of War in the Jackson Administration 107,759 579 sq mi
(1,500 km2)
Emmet County 047 Petoskey1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Tonegadana County until 1843.Robert Emmet (1778-1803): Irish nationalist and rebel leader 32,694 882 sq mi
(2,284 km2)
Genesee County 049 Flint1835From parts of Lapeer County, Saginaw County and Shiawassee County.Seneca word, "je-nis-hi-yeh," meaning "beautiful valley": named after western New York valley from which many settlers came 425,790 649 sq mi
(1,681 km2)
Gladwin County 051 Gladwin1831From unorganized territory.Major Henry Gladwin, British commander of the fort at Detroit during the siege by Chief Pontiac in 1763-64. 25,692 516 sq mi
(1,336 km2)
Gogebic County 053 Bessemer1887From part of Ontonagon County.Probably from the Chippewa "bic" which most references interpret as "rock." 16,427 1,476 sq mi
(3,823 km2)
Grand Traverse County 055 Traverse City1851From part of Omeena County.French grande traverse[note 1] ("long crossing"), given first to Grand Traverse Bay by French voyageurs. 86,986 601 sq mi
(1,557 km2)
Gratiot County 057 Ithaca1831From unorganized territory.Captain Charles Gratiot (1788-1855), built Fort Gratiot at the present site of Port Huron 42,476 572 sq mi
(1,481 km2)
Hillsdale County 059 Hillsdale1829From unorganized territory.From its terrain, made up of hills and dales.[10] 46,688 607 sq mi
(1,572 km2)
Houghton County 061 Houghton1845From parts of Marquette County and Ontonagon County.Dr. Douglass Houghton (1809-1845), first state geologist of Michigan, physician and surgeon, mayor of Detroit (1842-1843) 36,628 1,502 sq mi
(3,890 km2)
Huron County 063 Bad Axe1840From part of Sanilac County.Lake Huron, which the French named lac des Hurons after the Hurons. 33,118 2,136 sq mi
(5,532 km2)
Ingham County 065 Mason1829 (boundaries declared)
1838 (organized)		From parts of Shiawassee County, Washtenaw County and unorganized territory.Samuel D. Ingham (1779-1860), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury in the Jackson Administration 280,895 561 sq mi
(1,453 km2)
Ionia County 067 Ionia1831From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Province in ancient Greece 63,905 580 sq mi
(1,502 km2)
Iosco County 069 Tawas City1840From unorganized territory. Was named Kanotin County until 1843.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 25,887 1,891 sq mi
(4,898 km2)
Iron County 071 Crystal Falls1885From parts of Marquette County and Menominee County.For the iron deposits and mines found in the county 11,817 1,211 sq mi
(3,136 km2)
Isabella County 073 Mt. Pleasant1831From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Queen Isabella I (1451-1504) of Spain, under whose patronage Columbus undertook his voyages. 70,311 578 sq mi
(1,497 km2)
Jackson County 075 Jackson1829 (boundaries declared)
1832 (organised)		From part of Washtenaw County and unorganized territory.Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), 7th President of the United States and President when Michigan was admitted to the Union 160,248 724 sq mi
(1,875 km2)
Kalamazoo County 077 Kalamazoo1829From unorganized territory.Named for the Kalamazoo River. See Etymology of Kalamazoo for a discussion of the river's name. 250,331 580 sq mi
(1,502 km2)
Kalkaska County 079 Kalkaska1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Wabassee County until 1843.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 17,153 571 sq mi
(1,479 km2)
Kent County 081 Grand Rapids1831From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.New York jurist James Kent, who represented the Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip. 602,622 872 sq mi
(2,258 km2)
Keweenaw County 083 Eagle River1861From part of Houghton County.Ojibwe word gakiiwe-wewaning meaning "portage" 2,156 5,966 sq mi
(15,452 km2)
Lake County 085 Baldwin1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Aischum County until 1843.Has several small lakes and lies near Lake Michigan 11,539 575 sq mi
(1,489 km2)
Lapeer County 087 Lapeer1822From parts of Oakland County and St. Clair County.An Americanization of the French la pierre, meaning "the rock" (flint) 88,319 663 sq mi
(1,717 km2)
Leelanau County 089 Suttons Bay Township1840From part of Mackinac County.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 21,708 2,532 sq mi
(6,558 km2)
Lenawee County 091 Adrian1822From part of Monroe County.A Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name for man, from either the Delaware leno or lenno or the Shawnee lenawai 99,892 761 sq mi
(1,971 km2)
Livingston County 093 Howell1833 (boundaries declared)
1836 (organized)		From parts of Shiawassee County and Washtenaw County.Edward Livingston (1764-1836): second Secretary of State in the Andrew Jackson administration 180,967 585 sq mi
(1,515 km2)
Luce County 095 Newberry1887From parts of Chippewa County and Mackinac County.Named for Michigan Governor Cyrus G. Luce 6,631 1,912 sq mi
(4,952 km2)
Mackinac County 097 St. Ignace1818From part of Wayne County. Was named Michilimackinac County until 1837.Originally Michilimackinac, believed to be a French interpretation of the Native American name for Mackinac Island, meaning "big turtle" 11,113 2,101 sq mi
(5,442 km2)
Macomb County 099 Mt. Clemens1818From part of Wayne County.Named for U.S. General Alexander Macomb, a notable officer of the War of 1812 840,978 570 sq mi
(1,476 km2)
Manistee County 101 Manistee1840From part of Mackinac County.Named for the Manistee River, which in turn is from the Ojibwe name, ministigweyaa meaning "(river) at whose mouth there are islands" 24,733 1,281 sq mi
(3,318 km2)
Marquette County 103 Marquette1843From parts of Chippewa County and Mackinac County.Named for French Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette 67,077 3,425 sq mi
(8,871 km2)
Mason County 105 Ludington1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Notipekago County until 1843.Named for Michigan Governor Stevens T. Mason 28,705 1,242 sq mi
(3,217 km2)
Mecosta County 107 Big Rapids1840From parts of Mackinac County and Oceana County.Named for Mecosta, a Native American leader 42,798 571 sq mi
(1,479 km2)
Menominee County 109 Menominee1861From part of Delta County. Was named Bleeker County until 1863.Named for the Menominee Native American people 24,029 1,338 sq mi
(3,465 km2)
Midland County 111 Midland1831From part of Saginaw County and unorganized territory.Located near the geographical center of the Lower Peninsula 83,629 528 sq mi
(1,368 km2)
Missaukee County 113 Lake City1840From part of Mackinac County.Named for Missaukee, an Ottawa leader who signed land-grant treaties in 1831 and 1833 14,849 574 sq mi
(1,487 km2)
Monroe County 115 Monroe1817From part of Wayne County.Named for James Monroe, the fifth U.S. President 152,021 680 sq mi
(1,761 km2)
Montcalm County 117 Stanton1831From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Named for Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, a French military commander in Quebec 63,342 721 sq mi
(1,867 km2)
Montmorency County 119 Atlanta1840From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory. Was named Cheonoquet County until 1843.House of Montmorency, influential in the history of French Canada 9,765 562 sq mi
(1,456 km2)
Muskegon County 121 Muskegon1859From parts of Oceana County and Ottawa County.Muskegon River running through county, from the Ojibwa/Chippewa word mashkig meaning "swamp" or "marsh." 172,188 1,459 sq mi
(3,779 km2)
Newaygo County 123 White Cloud1840From parts of Mackinac County and Oceana County.Named for a Chippewa leader who signed the Saginaw Treaty of 1819[11] 48,460 861 sq mi
(2,230 km2)
Oakland County 125 Pontiac1819 (boundaries declared)
1820 (organized)		From part of Macomb County.The numerous "oak openings" in the area: "majestic orchard[s] of oaks and hickories varied by small prairies, grassy lawns and clear lakes"[12] 1,202,362 908 sq mi
(2,352 km2)
Oceana County 127 Hart1831From part of Mackinac County.Borders Lake Michigan, the freshwater "ocean." 26,570 1,307 sq mi
(3,385 km2)
Ogemaw County 129 West Branch1840From unorganized territory. Annexed to Iosco County in 1867 and reinstated in 1873.The Ojibwe word ogimaa, meaning "chief" or "leader" 21,699 575 sq mi
(1,489 km2)
Ontonagon County 131 Ontonagon1843From parts of Chippewa County and Mackinac County.Named for the Ontonagon River. The Ojibwa word onagon means "dish" or "bowl." 6,780 3,741 sq mi
(9,689 km2)
Osceola County 133 Reed City1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Unwattin County until 1843.Osceola (1804-1838), Seminole chief 23,528 573 sq mi
(1,484 km2)
Oscoda County 135 Mio1840From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 8,640 572 sq mi
(1,481 km2)
Otsego County 137 Gaylord1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Okkudo County until 1843.Named for Otsego County, New York 24,164 526 sq mi
(1,362 km2)
Ottawa County 139 Grand Haven1831From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory.Named for the Native American Ottawa people. 263,801 1,632 sq mi
(4,227 km2)
Presque Isle County 141 Rogers City1840From part of Mackinac County.A derivation of the French phrase for "peninsula", literally "almost an island." 13,376 2,573 sq mi
(6,664 km2)
Roscommon County 143 Roscommon1840From part of Mackinac County and unorganized territory. Was named Mikenauk County until 1843.County Roscommon, Ireland 24,449 580 sq mi
(1,502 km2)
Saginaw County 145 Saginaw1822From part of Oakland County.A Native American term, perhaps a reference to the Saginaw River and Saginaw Bay, Ojibwe for "at the outlet" [13] 200,169 816 sq mi
(2,113 km2)
St. Clair County 147 Port Huron1820From part of Macomb County.Named for either Arthur St. Clair, first governor of the Northwest Territory, or Saint Clair on whose feast day Lake St. Clair was discovered 163,040 837 sq mi
(2,168 km2)
St. Joseph County 149 Centreville1829From unorganized territory.The St. Joseph River, which flows through the county.[14] 61,295 521 sq mi
(1,349 km2)
Sanilac County 151 Sandusky1822From part of St. Clair County.Sanilac, a Wyandotte chief 43,114 1,590 sq mi
(4,118 km2)
Schoolcraft County 153 Manistique1843From parts of Chippewa County and Mackinac County.Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, (1793-1864):
American geographer and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Michigan		 8,485 1,884 sq mi
(4,880 km2)
Shiawassee County 155 Corunna1822From parts of Oakland County and St. Clair County.Named for the Shiawassee River, and means 'river that twists about.[15] 70,648 541 sq mi
(1,401 km2)
Tuscola County 157 Caro1840From part of Sanilac County.Schoolcraft pseudo-Native American name 55,729 914 sq mi
(2,367 km2)
Van Buren County 159 Paw Paw1829From unorganized territory.Martin Van Buren (1782-1862): Secretary of State in the Jackson Administration, later Vice President and eighth President of the United States 76,258 1,090 sq mi
(2,823 km2)
Washtenaw County 161 Ann Arbor1822 (boundaries declared)
1826 (organised)		From parts of Oakland County and Wayne CountyFrom the Native American name for the Grand River, O-wash-ta-nong ("faraway water"),[16] whose headwaters were within the county's bounds. 344,791 723 sq mi
(1,873 km2)
Wayne County 163 Detroit1815All lands within Michigan Territory that had been ceded by Native Americans through the 1807 Treaty of Detroit."Mad" Anthony Wayne, (1745-1796):
United States Army general and statesman		 1,820,584 672 sq mi
(1,740 km2)
Wexford County 165 Cadillac1840From part of Mackinac County. Was named Kautawaubet County until 1843.County Wexford, Ireland 32,735 576 sq mi
(1,492 km2)

Defunct counties
  1. Brown County formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of the state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Brown County, Wisconsin.
  2. Keskkauko County formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Renamed Charlevoix County in 1843. Annexed to Emmet County in 1853. Reformed as Charlevoix County from Emmet County in 1869.
  3. Crawford County formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of the state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Crawford County, Wisconsin.
  4. Des Moines County formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Des Moines County, Iowa.
  5. Dubuque County formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Dubuque County, Iowa.
  6. Iowa County formed in 1830 from part of Crawford County. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Iowa County, Wisconsin.
  7. Isle Royale County formed in 1875 from part of Keweenaw County. Returned to it in 1897.
  8. Manitou County formed in 1855 from parts of Emmet County and Leelenau County. County government was disorganized in 1861 and attached for administrative purposes to Mackinac County. In 1865, it was attached to Leelanau and reattached to Mackinac in 1869. County was abolished in 1895 and absorbed by Charlevoix County and Leelanau County.
  9. Milwaukee County formed in 1834 from part of Brown County. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
  10. Omeena County formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Annexed to Grand Traverse County in 1853.
  11. Wyandot County formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Annexed to Cheboygan County in 1853.
  12. Washington County formed in 1867 from Marquette County but declared unconstitutional.

See also
  • Cabinet counties
  • List of abolished U.S. counties
  • List of county subdivisions in Michigan

References
  1. Constitution of the State of Michigan, 1850, Article 10, Section 2
  2. Constitution of the State of Michigan, 1908, Article 8, Section 2
  3. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliography by county and region, including origin of county names
  4. Romig, Walter; Massie, Larry B (Designer) (1986). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.
  5. Vogel, Virgil J. (1986). Indian Names in Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 244, 8 B&W photographs & 3 maps. ISBN 978-0-472-06365-9.
  6. Powers, Perry F.; Cutler, H.G., assisting (1912). A History of Northern Michigan and its People. at Google books
  7. "Michigan Counties" Archived July 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine from the Michigan Department of History, Arts and Libraries, which contains additional references at the end of the article
  8. "EPA County FIPS Code Listing". EPA. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  9. Centre national de ressources textuelles
  10. Dan Bisher (1999). "A Brief History of 'Hillsdale County'". Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  11. Clarke Historical Library bibliographic entry for Newaygo County
  12. As described by Dr. Bela Hubbard, surveyor of Michigan
  13. Clarke Historical Library bibliographic entry for Saginaw County
  14. John Marvin. "Background History on St. Joseph County". Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  15. Clarke Historical Library bibliographic entry for Shiawassee County
  16. Publications of the Historical Society of Grand Rapids. 1906. p. 36.
  1. In modern standard French, la grande traversée; as the sense of ‘crossing’ is obsolete for traverse.[9]

Further reading
  • Armitage, B. Phyllis. (October–December 1943). "A Study of Michigan's Place-Names". Michigan History magazine. 27: 626–637.
  • County histories published in Michigan History Magazine. Some back issues that include these histories are still available for purchase.
  • Jenks, William L. (1912). "History and Meaning of the County Names of Michigan". Collections and Researches of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. 38: 439–478.
  • Michigan Manual (the "Red Book") published biennially by the Legislative Service Bureau under the direction of the. Legislative Council, State of Michigan.
  • Powers, Perry F.; Cutler, H.G., assisting (1912). A History of Northern Michigan and its People. at Google books
  • Reports of Counties, Towns and Districts. Report of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan. I (2nd ed.). Lansing, Michigan: Robert Smith Printing Co. 1874-6 (1900). pp. 94–520. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Romig, Walter; Massie, Larry B (Designer) (1986). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.
  • Vogel, Virgil J. (1986). Indian Names in Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 244, 8 B&W photographs & 3 maps. ISBN 978-0-472-06365-9.

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