United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States, and a member of the Cabinet of the United States.

United States Attorney General
Seal of the Department of Justice
Flag of the Attorney General
Incumbent
William P. Barr
since February 14, 2019
United States Department of Justice
StyleMr. Attorney General
Member ofCabinet
Reports toPresident of the United States
SeatDepartment of Justice Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
AppointerThe President
with Senate advice and consent
Term lengthNo Fixed Term
Constituting instrument28 U.S.C. § 503
FormationSeptember 26, 1789
First holderEdmund Randolph
SuccessionSeventh[1]
DeputyUnited States Deputy Attorney General
SalaryExecutive Schedule, Level I[2]
Websitewww.justice.gov

Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution, the officeholder is nominated through the power of appointment by the President of the United States, then appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General, which includes executive staff and several deputies.

The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr, appointed by Donald Trump.[3]

History
See also: United States Department of Justice § History

Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, among other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments".[4]

The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorneys General in the discharge of their responsibilities.

The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet officials in the United States because of the significance and age of their respective departments.[5]

The title "Attorney General" is an example of a noun (attorney) followed by a postpositive adjective (general).[6] "General" is a description of the type of attorney, not a title or rank in itself (as it would be in the military).[6] Even though the Attorney General (and the similarly titled Solicitor General) is often referred to as "General" or "General [last name]" by senior government officials, this is considered incorrect in standard American English usage.[6][7] For the same reason, the correct American English plural form is "attorneys general" rather than "attorney generals."[7]

Presidential transition

It is the practice for the Attorney General, along with the other Cabinet secretaries and high-level political appointees of the President, to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new President. The Deputy Attorney General, who is also expected to tender their resignation, is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General.

For example, on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January 20, 2017, the then-Attorney General Loretta Lynch left her position, so the then-Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on to serve as Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump.[8][lower-alpha 1]

List of Attorneys General
Parties

  Federalist (4)   Democratic-Republican (5)   Democratic (33)   Whig (4)   Republican (39)

Status
  Denotes service as acting Attorneys General before appointment or after resignation
No. Portrait Name State of Residence Took office Left office President(s)
1 Edmund Randolph Virginia September 26, 1789 January 26, 1794 George Washington
2 William Bradford Pennsylvania January 27, 1794 August 23, 1795
3 Charles Lee Virginia December 10, 1795 February 19, 1801
John Adams
4 Levi Lincoln Sr. Massachusetts March 5, 1801March 2, 1805 Thomas Jefferson
5 John Breckinridge Kentucky August 7, 1805 December 14, 1806
6 Caesar Augustus Rodney Delaware January 20, 1807 December 10, 1811
James Madison
7 William Pinkney Maryland December 11, 1811 February 9, 1814
8 Richard Rush Pennsylvania February 10, 1814 November 12, 1817
9 William Wirt Virginia November 13, 1817 March 4, 1829 James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
10 John Macpherson Berrien Georgia March 9, 1829 July 19, 1831 Andrew Jackson
11 Roger B. Taney Maryland July 20, 1831 November 14, 1833
12 Benjamin Franklin Butler New York November 15, 1833 July 4, 1838
Martin Van Buren
13 Felix Grundy Tennessee July 5, 1838 January 10, 1840
14 Henry D. Gilpin Pennsylvania January 11, 1840 March 4, 1841
15 John J. Crittenden
1st Term		 Kentucky March 5, 1841 September 12, 1841 William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
16 Hugh S. Legaré South Carolina September 13, 1841 June 20, 1843
17 John Nelson Maryland July 1, 1843 March 4, 1845
18 John Y. Mason Virginia March 5, 1845 October 16, 1846 James K. Polk
19 Nathan Clifford Maine October 17, 1846 March 17, 1848
20 Isaac Toucey Connecticut June 21, 1848 March 4, 1849
21 Reverdy Johnson Maryland March 8, 1849 July 21, 1850 Zachary Taylor
22 John J. Crittenden
2nd Term		 Kentucky July 22, 1850 March 4, 1853 Millard Fillmore
23 Caleb Cushing Massachusetts March 7, 1853 March 4, 1857 Franklin Pierce
24 Jeremiah S. Black Pennsylvania March 6, 1857 December 16, 1860 James Buchanan
25 Edwin Stanton Pennsylvania December 20, 1860 March 4, 1861
26 Edward Bates Missouri March 5, 1861 November 24, 1864 Abraham Lincoln
27 James Speed Kentucky December 2, 1864 July 22, 1866
Andrew Johnson
28 Henry Stanbery Ohio July 23, 1866 July 16, 1868
29 William M. Evarts New York July 17, 1868 March 4, 1869
30 Ebenezer R. Hoar Massachusetts March 5, 1869 November 22, 1870 Ulysses S. Grant
31 Amos T. Akerman Georgia November 23, 1870 December 13, 1871
32 George Henry Williams Oregon December 14, 1871 April 25, 1875
33 Edwards Pierrepont New York April 26, 1875 May 21, 1876
34 Alphonso Taft Ohio May 22, 1876 March 4, 1877
35 Charles Devens Massachusetts March 12, 1877 March 4, 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes
36 Wayne MacVeagh Pennsylvania March 5, 1881 December 15, 1881 James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
37 Benjamin H. Brewster Pennsylvania December 16, 1881 March 4, 1885
38 Augustus Garland Arkansas March 6, 1885 March 4, 1889 Grover Cleveland
39 William H. H. Miller Indiana March 7, 1889 March 4, 1893 Benjamin Harrison
40 Richard Olney Massachusetts March 6, 1893 April 7, 1895 Grover Cleveland
41 Judson Harmon Ohio April 8, 1895 March 4, 1897
42 Joseph McKenna California March 5, 1897 January 25, 1898 William McKinley
43 John W. Griggs New Jersey January 25, 1898 March 29, 1901
44 Philander C. Knox Pennsylvania April 5, 1901 June 30, 1904
Theodore Roosevelt
45 William Henry Moody Massachusetts July 1, 1904 December 17, 1906
46 Charles Bonaparte Maryland December 17, 1906 March 4, 1909
47 George W. Wickersham New York March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 William Howard Taft
48 James C. McReynolds Tennessee March 5, 1913 August 29, 1914 Woodrow Wilson
49 Thomas Watt Gregory Texas August 29, 1914 March 4, 1919
50 A. Mitchell Palmer Pennsylvania March 5, 1919 March 4, 1921
51 Harry M. Daugherty Ohio March 4, 1921 April 6, 1924 Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
52 Harlan F. Stone New York April 7, 1924 March 1, 1925
53 John G. Sargent Vermont March 7, 1925 March 4, 1929
54 William D. Mitchell Minnesota March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Herbert Hoover
55 Homer Stille Cummings Connecticut March 4, 1933 January 1, 1939 Franklin D. Roosevelt
56 Frank Murphy Michigan January 2, 1939 January 18, 1940
57 Robert H. Jackson New York January 18, 1940 August 25, 1941
58 Francis Biddle Pennsylvania August 26, 1941 June 26, 1945
Harry S. Truman
59 Tom C. Clark Texas June 27, 1945 July 26, 1949
60 J. Howard McGrath Rhode Island July 27, 1949 April 3, 1952
61 James P. McGranery Pennsylvania April 4, 1952 January 20, 1953
62 Herbert Brownell Jr. New York January 21, 1953 October 23, 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower
63 William P. Rogers New York October 23, 1957 January 20, 1961
64 Robert F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20, 1961 September 3, 1964 John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
65 Nicholas Katzenbach Illinois September 4, 1964[lower-alpha 2] January 28, 1965
January 28, 1965 November 28, 1966
66 Ramsey Clark Texas November 28, 1966[lower-alpha 2] March 10, 1967
March 10, 1967 January 20, 1969
67 John N. Mitchell New York January 20, 1969 February 15, 1972 Richard Nixon
68 Richard Kleindienst Arizona February 15, 1972 April 30, 1973[10]
69 Elliot Richardson Massachusetts April 30, 1973[10] October 20, 1973
– Robert Bork[lower-alpha 3]
Acting		 Pennsylvania October 20, 1973 January 4, 1974
70 William B. Saxbe Ohio January 4, 1974 January 14, 1975
Gerald Ford
71 Edward H. Levi Illinois January 14, 1975 January 20, 1977
– Dick Thornburgh[lower-alpha 4]
Acting		 Pennsylvania January 20, 1977 January 26, 1977 Jimmy Carter
72 Griffin Bell Georgia January 26, 1977 August 16, 1979
73 Benjamin Civiletti Maryland August 16, 1979 January 19, 1981
74 William French Smith California January 23, 1981 February 25, 1985 Ronald Reagan
75 Edwin Meese California February 25, 1985 August 12, 1988
76 Dick Thornburgh Pennsylvania August 12, 1988 August 15, 1991
George H. W. Bush
77 William Barr
1st Term		 Washington, D.C. August 16, 1991[lower-alpha 2] November 26, 1991
November 26, 1991 January 20, 1993
– Stuart M. Gerson[lower-alpha 5]
Acting		 Washington, D.C. January 20, 1993 March 12, 1993 Bill Clinton
78 Janet Reno Florida March 12, 1993 January 20, 2001
– Eric Holder[lower-alpha 6]
Acting		 Washington, D.C. January 20, 2001 February 2, 2001 George W. Bush
79 John Ashcroft Missouri February 2, 2001 February 3, 2005
80 Alberto Gonzales Texas February 3, 2005 September 17, 2007
– Paul Clement[lower-alpha 7]
Acting		 Washington, D.C. September 17, 2007 September 18, 2007
– Peter Keisler[lower-alpha 7]
Acting		 Washington, D.C. September 18, 2007 November 9, 2007
81 Michael Mukasey New York November 9, 2007 January 20, 2009
– Mark Filip
Acting		 Illinois January 20, 2009 February 3, 2009 Barack Obama
82 Eric Holder Washington, D.C. February 3, 2009 April 27, 2015
83 Loretta Lynch New York April 27, 2015 January 20, 2017
– Sally Yates[lower-alpha 8]
Acting		 Georgia January 20, 2017 January 30, 2017 Donald Trump
– Dana Boente
Acting		 Virginia January 30, 2017 February 9, 2017
84 Jeff Sessions Alabama February 9, 2017 November 7, 2018
– Matthew Whitaker
Acting[lower-alpha 9]		 Iowa November 7, 2018 February 14, 2019
85 William Barr
2nd Term		 Virginia February 14, 2019 Incumbent

Living former U.S. Attorneys General

As of June 2020, there are ten living former US Attorneys General, the oldest being Ramsey Clark (served 1967–1969, born 1927). The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7, 2016 (served 1993–2001, born 1938). William Barr, who served from 1991–1993, returned to the post and is currently serving, excluding him from this list.

NameTerm of officeDate of birth (and age)
Ramsey Clark 1967–1969 (1927-12-18) December 18, 1927
Benjamin Civiletti 1979–1981 (1935-07-17) July 17, 1935
Edwin Meese 1985–1988 (1931-12-02) December 2, 1931
Dick Thornburgh 1988–1991 (1932-07-16) July 16, 1932
John Ashcroft 2001–2005 (1942-05-09) May 9, 1942
Alberto Gonzales 2005–2007 (1955-08-04) August 4, 1955
Michael Mukasey 2007–2009 (1941-07-28) July 28, 1941
Eric Holder 2009–2015 (1951-01-21) January 21, 1951
Loretta Lynch 2015–2017 (1959-05-21) May 21, 1959
Jefferson Sessions 2017–2018 (1946-12-24) December 24, 1946

Line of succession

U.S.C. Title 28, §508 establishes the first two positions in the line of succession, while allowing the Attorney General to designate other high-ranking officers of the Department of Justice as subsequent successors.[24] Furthermore, an Executive Order defines subsequent positions, the most recent from March 31, 2017, signed by President Donald Trump.[25] The current line of succession is:

  1. United States Deputy Attorney General
  2. United States Associate Attorney General
  3. Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General (in no particular order):
  4. United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
  5. United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
  6. United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas

See also

Notes
  1. Unusually for a transitional acting appointment, Yates was dismissed and replaced with another Acting Attorney General before Sessions was confirmed because she refused to defend an executive order of the incoming administration.[9]
  2. Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until his own appointment and confirmation as attorney general.
  3. On October 20, 1973, Solicitor General Robert Bork became acting attorney general following the "Saturday Night Massacre", in which U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus both resigned.
  4. Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until the appointment of a new attorney general. Thornburgh later served as attorney general from 1988–1991.
  5. Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division.[11][12] Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, but other senior DOJ officials had already resigned.[13] Janet Reno, President Clinton's nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12,[14] and he resigned the same day.[14]
  6. Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until the appointment of a new attorney general. Holder later served as attorney general from 2009–2015.
  7. On August 27, 2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the future acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales, effective September 17, 2007.[15] On September 17, President Bush announced that Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Peter Keisler would become acting attorney general, pending a permanent appointment of a presidential nominee.[16][17] According to administration officials, Clement became acting attorney general at 12:01 am September 17, 2007, and left office 24 hours later.[18] Keisler served as acting attorney general until the confirmation of Michael Mukasey on November 9, 2007.
  8. Served as acting attorney general in her capacity as deputy attorney general, until she was fired after stating that the Department of Justice would not defend an executive order in court.[19]
  9. The legality of Matthew Whitaker's appointment as Acting Attorney General was called into question by several constitutional scholars. Among those included Neal Katyal and George T. Conway III, who asserted it is unconstitutional, because the Attorney General is a principal officer under the Appointments Clause, and thus requires senate consent, even in an acting capacity.[20] Maryland filed an injunction against Whitaker's appointment on this basis.[21] John E. Bies at Lawfare regarded it as an unresolved question.[22] The DOJ Office of Legal Counsel released a legal opinion, asserting that the appointment was legal and consistent with past precedent.[23]

References
  1. "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  2. 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
  3. Fandos, Nicholas; Benner, Katie (February 14, 2019). "Senate Confirms William Barr as Attorney General". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  4. Judiciary Act of 1789, section 35.
  5. Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
  6. Herz, Michael (2002). "Washington, Patton, Schwarzkopf and ... Ashcroft?". Constitutional Commentary.
  7. Garner, Bryan A. "LawProse Lesson #116: What's the plural form of attorney general? And what is the plural possessive?". Above the Law. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  8. Gerstein, Josh. "Trump will allow U.S. attorneys to stay past Friday". POLITICO. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  9. Horwitz, Sari (January 30, 2017). "Who is Sally Yates? Meet the acting attorney general Trump fired for 'betraying' the Justice Department". Washington Post. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  10. Stern, Laurence; Johnson, Haynes (May 1, 1973). "3 Top Nixon Aides, Kleindienst Out; President Accepts Full Responsibility; Richardson Will Conduct New Probe". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  11. Cahoon, Ben (2000). "United States Government". World Statesmen. Retrieved December 12, 2008. January 20, 1993 – March 12, 1993 Stuart M. Gerson (acting) (b. 1944)
  12. Staff reporter (February 21, 1993). "Stuart Gerson's Parting Shot". New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008. As supporters of the Brady gun-control bill prepare to introduce it in Congress yet again this week, they find a welcome, if unlikely, ally in Stuart Gerson, the Acting Attorney General. Because President Clinton has had so many problems finding a new Attorney General, Mr. Gerson remains in office...
  13. Labaton, Stephen (January 25, 1993). "Notes on Justice; Who's in Charge? Bush Holdover Says He Is, but Two Clinton Men Differ". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
  14. Ifill, Gwen (March 12, 1993). "Reno Confirmed in Top Justice Job". New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008. She will replace Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson, a holdover appointee from the Bush Administration. Ms. Reno said he resigned today.
  15. Meyers, Steven Lee (August 27, 2007). "Embattled Attorney General Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
  16. "President Bush Announces Judge Michael Mukasey as Nominee for Attorney General", White House press release, September 17, 2007
  17. "Bush Text on Attorney General Nomination". NewsOK.com. The Oklahoman. The Associated Press. September 17, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  18. Eggen, Dan; Elizabeth Williamson (September 19, 2007). "Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers". Washington Post. pp. A10. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  19. Perez, Evan; Diamond, Jeremy (January 30, 2017). "Trump fires acting AG after she declines to defend travel ban". CNN. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  20. "Opinion | Trump's Appointment of the Acting Attorney General Is Unconstitutional". Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  21. "Maryland Says Matthew Whitaker Appointment As Acting Attorney General Is Unlawful". NPR.org. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  22. "Matthew Whitaker's Appointment as Acting Attorney General: Three Lingering Questions". Lawfare. November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  23. Jarrett, Laura. "DOJ says Whitaker's appointment as acting attorney general is constitutional". CNN. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  24. "U.S.C. Title 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  25. "Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice". Federal Register. April 5, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Mark Esper
as Secretary of Defense		 Order of Precedence of the United States
as Attorney General		 Succeeded by
David Bernhardt
as Secretary of the Interior
U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by
Secretary of Defense
Mark Esper		 7th in line Succeeded by
Secretary of the Interior
David Bernhardt
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