Čačak

Čačak
Град Чачак
Gradac
City
City of Čačak
Clockwise, from top: City center promenade, National Museum, Church of Ascension of Jesus, Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Bridges on West Morava, Hotel "Beograd"

Coat of arms
Etymology: Mud (sr. blato)

Location of the city of Čačak within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°53′N 20°21′E / 43.883°N 20.350°E / 43.883; 20.350Coordinates: 43°53′N 20°21′E / 43.883°N 20.350°E / 43.883; 20.350
Country Serbia
Region Šumadija and Western Serbia
District Moravica
Settlements 58
Government
 • Mayor Milun Todorović (SNS)
Area[1]
Area rank 43rd in Serbia
 • Urban 36.77 km2 (14.20 sq mi)
 • Administrative 636 km2 (246 sq mi)
Elevation 242 m (794 ft)
Highest elevation
(Ovčar)		 985 m (3,232 ft)
Lowest elevation 204 m (669 ft)
Population (2011 census)[2]
 • Rank 12th in Serbia
 • Urban 73,331
 • Urban density 2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
 • Administrative 115,337
 • Administrative density 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code 32000
32101
32102
32103
32104
32105
Area code +381(0)32
ISO 3166 code SRB
Car plates ČA
Climate Cfb
Website www.cacak.org.rs

Čačak (Serbian Cyrillic: Чачак, pronounced [tʃǎːtʃak]) is a city and the administrative center of the Moravica District in central Serbia. It is located in the valley of West Morava in the geographical region of Šumadija. According to the 2011 census results, the city urban area has 73,331 inhabitants, while the administrative area has 115,337 inhabitants.

Čačak is one of the main crossroads and economic centers of Central Serbia, bordering with the several municipalities, Požega (Zlatibor District) to the west, Knić (Šumadija District) to the east and the city of Kraljevo (Raška District) to the southeast. It is also the main administrative and cultural center of the Moravica District, which includes Gornji Milanovac to the north, Lučani to the southwest and Ivanjica to the south. It is located 144 km south of the capital city of Belgrade.

The lowest altitude is 204 metres (669 ft), at the confluence of Bresnička reka and West Morava, and the highest is 985 m (3,232 ft) at the highest peak of Ovčar mountain.

The city has a unique morphological area in its surroundings, the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, where 300 monasteries have been built since the 14th century, but only 12 remain today. This area is also called "Serbian Mount Athos." Čačak got its current name in 1408; before that it was called Gradac. One of Gradac's leaders was Stracimir Zavidović, brother of Stefan Nemanja, an important Serbian ruler. He built the church of 'Our Lady' (Church of Jesus Ascension), which still stands in the center of Čačak. The church underwent reconstruction from 2010 to 2011, following an earthquake which damaged its facade.

From 1459, when Serbia lost its independence to the Ottomans, to 1718, and again from 1739 to 1878 Čačak was a part of the Ottoman Empire. During the short period from 1718 to 1739 it was the southern settlement of the Habsburg Empire. Čačak saw heavy fighting during the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815. At the highest peak of Ljubić hill, where the main battles of the uprising were fought, now stands a monument to Tanasko Rajić, who died a brave death while protecting the city. After that Serbia was given autonomy in the Ottoman Empire in 1817. Sixty-one years later Serbia became an independent country.

After 1882, Čačak was a part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and then of Kingdom of Yugoslavia until 1941. In 1941, during World War II Čačak was the eastern settlement in the short-lived Užička republika which was cut off by Nazi Germany shortly after it was founded. After the end of World War II, it was a part of SFR Yugoslavia until 1992 and FR Yugoslavia until 2006. Since then, Čačak has been a part of the Republic of Serbia.

Geography

The city of Čačak is in the western part of central Serbia, 144 km south of the capital city, Belgrade. The nearest international border is with Bosnia and Hercegovina. Within the Moravica District, it has all the characteristics of the main center. Situated mostly in the western area of the flow of the West Morava river, it connects the hills of Šumadija in the north and higher regions of the interior to the south. These mountains incline in a gentle and wavy way toward the Čačak valley, the town and the Morava River. The city administrative area covers 636 square kilometres (246 sq mi) and contains:

  • Čačak valley with an altitude between 204 and 300 m (669 and 984 ft)
  • Hills between 300 and 500 m (980 and 1,640 ft) high and
  • Mountains Ovčar (985 m) (W), Kablar (889 m) (W), Jelica (929 m) (S) and Vujan (857 m) (NE).

Climate

Čačak has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), that's very close to a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb). The average temperature of 10.47 °C (50.85 °F) with 74.1% humidity, warm summers and cold winters. Winds come from the north and northeast, rarely from the west because of the mountains that block them. The average temperature in August is 22 °C (72 °F), while in January it is 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). There are, on average, 38 days with snow during the year. The average wind speed is 2.3 metres per second (5.1 mph). The usual number of foggy days is 54. There are a few recorded instances of Sahara desert sand making its way to the town via winds, when it caused problems for the town's population, especially in traffic. Average yearly precipitation is 735 mm (28.9 in).[3]

Climate data for Čačak
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 12.2
(54)		 16.5
(61.7)		 21.1
(70)		 24.7
(76.5)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.1
(80.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 17.8
(64)		 10.0
(50)		 5.4
(41.7)		 16.3
(61.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.0
(44.6)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.0
(66.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 20.6
(69.1)		 17.2
(63)		 12.4
(54.3)		 6.1
(43)		 2.2
(36)		 11.2
(52.2)
Average low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 1.8
(35.2)		 5.5
(41.9)		 10.0
(50)		 13.3
(55.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.0
(51.8)		 7.0
(44.6)		 2.3
(36.1)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 6.1
(43.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57
(2.24)		 52
(2.05)		 55
(2.17)		 64
(2.52)		 87
(3.43)		 86
(3.39)		 76
(2.99)		 61
(2.4)		 60
(2.36)		 62
(2.44)		 73
(2.87)		 69
(2.72)		 802
(31.58)
Source: Climate-Data.org [4]

History

Prehistoric

The region has several archaeological sites, dating from prehistory to the present, the oldest from the 15th century BC.[5]

Princely tombs of Greco-Illyrian type (Glasinac culture) were found in two mounds of Atenica with Ionian glass, glass-paste, an amber bead depicting a swan, an Attic plaque of wild boar, dating to the late 6th century BC.[6] More ornithomorphic fibulae of bronze swans was found in Mojsinje.[7][8]

Prehistoric tumuli have been unearthed in Mrčajevci.[9] The Triballi and Scordisci tribes lived in this area until the Romans came.

Roman era

The town was inhabited in Roman times, with traces of the Roman settlement still visible today, like Roman baths built in the 2nd to 4th century period. These still stand behind a secondary school in the center of Čačak.

Nearby, in the village of Gradina on the Jelica mountain, a Roman compound (fort) with a martyrium and necropolis has been excavated, with three churches, one of which produced a pentanummion for the late Roman Emperor Justinian in the 526–537 period. Justinian is also believed to have founded the fort in the 530s. The presence of burnt layers on the sight could be evidence that the settlement ended in violence. In the same region, in the 6th century, four other forts were built.[10]

Middle Ages

South Slavs settled this area during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610–641). From this period there are remains of sites in Culina, under the Kablar mountain. From 1168 to 1189 Stefan Nemanja's brother Stracimir Zavidović controlled the West Morava region, including Čačak (at that time Gradac). At this time he raised the church of Our Lady or Moravian Gradac. The word čačak means "mud" in the Turkish language. The Turks came here in 1459 and the Church was converted to a mosque.

16th century–present

Suleiman the Magnificent, Catib Çelebi and Evliya Çelebi in 16th century and 17th century talked about Čačak as the main place in qadi. 1717. Čačak became a part of the Habsburg Empire after Austrians defeated Ottomans. Austrian rule was short, however, because 21 years later Čačak again became a part of the Ottoman Empire. After that Čačak became virtually deserted because most of its inhabitants migrated north, to the Habsburg Empire. Their place was filled by people from Montenegro, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Old Vlach.

Čačak has two years on its coat of arms. The first is 1408 (from one of notes from Dubrovnik's archives), when the city was first recorded as Čačak, and the second is 1815, the year the Second Serbian Uprising began and the battle of Ljubic hill was fought. This battle is famous for the victory of the Serbian rebels who defeated a much stronger Ottoman army numbering 60,000 men.

In 1837 a grammar school was built, one of the first in Serbia. In the 1837–1941 period Čačak became a more modern town. During World War II Čačak was part of the short-lived Republic of Užice, which was cut off by German forces shortly after it was founded. On the 4 December 1944 Čačak was liberated by Yugoslav Partisans. It has since evolved into a large town and a regional center, later being given the status of a city.

Settlements

Aside from the urban area of the city, the administrative area includes the following 58 settlements:

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
194870,032—    
195375,485+1.51%
196185,439+1.56%
197197,924+1.37%
1981110,801+1.24%
1991116,808+0.53%
2002117,072+0.02%
2011115,337−0.17%
Source: [11]

According to the last official census done in 2011, the city of Čačak has 115,337 inhabitants, with 73,331 living inside the city limits.

The city of Čačak has 38,590 households with 2,99 members on average, while the number of homes is 51,482.[12]

Religion structure in the city of Čačak is predominantly Serbian Orthodox (110,281), with minorities like Atheists (577), Catholics (168), Muslims (73), Protestants (21) and others.[13] Most of the population speaks Serbian language (112,505).[13]

The composition of population by sex and average age:[13]

  • Male - 55,995 (41.42 years) and
  • Female - 59,342 (43.95 years).

A total of 53,543 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (54.01%), while the 14,823 citizens have higher education (14.95%). Of those with higher education, 9,386 (9.47%) have university education.[14]

Ethnic groups

Ethnically, the city is largely inhabited by Serbs (95.3%), followed by Roma, Montenegrins and other ethnic groups. The ethnic composition of the city:[15]

Ethnic group Population
Serbs110,886
Roma530
Montenegrins328
Croats105
Yugoslavs117
Macedonians112
Russians34
Others3,225
Total115,337

Armenian community

From 1885, when Čačak had a population of only 3,000, a small groups of Armenians began settling in town. They mostly originated from the villages of Kemah and Nerkin Bagarij (or Pakarish), near Erzincan in Ottoman Empire, fleeing the forcible draft into the Ottoman army and the general oppression against the Armenians in the empire. The first Armenian in Čačak was Arut Nigosjan, who worked as tahmiščija, a coffee roaster/grinder. He was followed by the families of Sarkisjan (later changed name to Sarkisović), Nikolić, Sukjasjan, Bricki, Berberjan and Lazarjan, with most of them working in the coffee business. Lazarjan family was the best known Armenian family in Čačak as they expanded their business from just coffee to the grocery stores and were among the founders of the local Red Cross organization. New Communist authorities after World War II, in the massive process of nationalization, confiscated the Armenian businesses in 1948 so some of them emigrated abroad. In time, the Armenians began naming their children with Serbian names and blended with the rest of the population. The book, Jermeni u Čačku 1885-1950 ("Armenians in Čačak 1885-1950") was published by Marijana Matović in 2018.[16]

Society and culture

View on Dom kulture Čačak

This city traversed a long and thorny road from an anonymous settlement to a modern city in the 21st century. The very face of the city, as seen in the facades, monuments, and cultural establishments, is the reflection of the artistic spirit of its inhabitants.

During the theatrical season there are numerous theatrical ensembles on tour from all of Serbia at Dom kulture Čačak. It is home to a Drama Studio and schools of ballet, fine art and sculpture. Exhibitions and performances, cultural and literary evenings are held at the "Nadežda Petrović" and "Risim" galleries, the National Museum, the Salon of Photography, the Inter-Municipal Archive, the premises of the City Library, the Pupil Centre, etc. Fine art and sculpture colonies are most often held at the Ovčar Banja spa resort. There are numerous cultural, musical, entertainment and tourist manifestations within the city and close surroundings, which attract multitudes of followers of ethno-culture, original folk music, like the Dis spring, Memorial to Nadežda Petrović and the Flute festival in the nearby village of Prislonica, and other accompanying content. In Guča, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south from Čačak, every year the Guča trumpet festival is held, one of the most popular in the Balkans, alongside the Exit festival in (Novi Sad). In Serbia, there are 6,000 "Ijadas", meaning festival celebrating certain food or music whose name ends with the suffix "ijada" . The most popular in Čačak are Pitijada, Kupusijada, Fijakerijada, etc., that celebrate old traditions belonging to Serbs.

The current artwork production in the city can be followed through the auspices of groups and associations, private galleries, colonies and numerous enthusiasts.[17]

Education

There are three faculties located in Čačak; two of them are a part of the University of Kragujevac:

There are seven secondary schools:

  • Čačak's Grammar School (one of the oldest grammar schools in Serbia, 1837)
  • High School of Economics
  • Technical High School
  • Medicine High School
  • Machine High School
  • Musical High School
  • F&C School

There are many primary schools and childcare centers.

Tourism

In the vicinity of Čačak there are more than 20 churches and monasteries, the largest number found on such a small area in Serbia. They represent cultural and historic monuments of great significance. The most important ones are the Church of the Ascension of Jesus, a church on Ljubić hill dedicated to Saint Tsar Lazar, as well as the Vujan Monastery located on a nearby mountain of the same name. Special value is attributed to the monasteries of the Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, which as a cultural and historic whole date back to the Middle Ages and represent the particularity of the region's cultural and artistic heritage created over the centuries. There are 12 monasteries and churches in the gorge:

  • Uspenje
  • Vavedenje
  • Jovanje
  • Nikolje
  • Blagoveštenje
  • Vaznesenje
  • Preobraženje
  • Sretenje
  • Sveta Trojica
  • Ilinje
  • Savinje
  • Kadjenica

Thermal and mineral springs with medicinal properties provide the basis for the development of recreational tourism. There are three spa resorts within the territory of the city of Čačak: Gornja Trepča, Ovčar Banja and Slatinska Banja. There are also picnic sites: Gradina and the "Battle and victory" park (also called "Spomen" (remembrance) park) on the Jelica mountain, the Memorial complex on Ljubić hill, Grujine fields, rafts on West Morava river in Beljina, Parmenac, Međuvršje and Ovčar Banja, and picnic sites on the tiny rivers called Dičina, Kamenica, Čemernica and Banja.

Sport

Čačak is nationally famous for its clubs in various sports; the most popular ones are basketball, football and handball. KK Borac Čačak and FK Borac Čačak have been participating in the First leagues of Serbia for many consecutive years with much success. Women's handball is also very successful and popular.

Economy

Fruit Research Institute in Čačak

The structure of the economy of the city of Čačak is composed of services and trade, industry and agriculture. The main processing industries are paper production, electric home appliances, blade tools for the processing of metal, non-metals, chemical industry products, thermal technical appliances, metal and combined carpentry, parts and kits for the pharmaceutical industry and products for medical needs. Also, well developed are wood, lumber industry and agriculture.

Many companies with more than 250 employees have deteriorated due to the sanctions in the 1990s. Since 2000, more than 40 government-owned companies have gone through the privatization process.[18]

Private enterprise, which has its tradition from back in the 19th century, is the primary characteristic of the economy of the city. As of January 2017, 98.65% of all business enterprises are small and micro companies.[19] A large number of private companies grew into middle-size companies with 80 to 270 employees offering a wide variety of products.[20] Today, on the territory of the city of Čačak, largest employers are Sloboda Čačak, Technical Overhaul Military Institute (Remont), Hospital Čačak, Fabrika reznog alata, P.S. Fashion and others. Čačak also has the prestigious and country's unique Fruit Research Institute located in city center zone.

For the 2017 calendar year, business enterprises in Čačak imported the goods in value of 269 million euros, and exported goods in value of 171 million euros.[21] The coverage of imports by exports was 64%.[21]

Economic preview

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2016):[22]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing170
Mining38
Processing industry9,104
Distribution of power, gas and water573
Distribution of water and water waste management416
Construction924
Wholesale and retail, repair6,801
Traffic, storage and communication2,592
Hotels and restaurants1,194
Media and telecommunications550
Finance and insurance711
Property stock and charter81
Professional, scientific, innovative and technical activities912
Administrative and other services874
Administration and social assurance1,493
Education1,971
Healthcare and social work2,254
Art, leisure and recreation463
Other services545
Total31,669

Notable people

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Čačak is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  2. ↑ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  3. ↑ "Čačak – geographical position". TurizamCacak.org.rs. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  4. ↑ "Climate: Čačak, Serbia". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  5. ↑ "直の日記". To-Cacak.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  6. ↑ Trebenishte: the fortunes of an unusual excavation – M. Stibbe, Rastko Vasić
  7. ↑ http://sehumed.uv.es/revista/numero16/SEHUMED_colecc131.PDF
  8. ↑ [hrcak.srce.hr/file/71455 srce.hr]
  9. ↑ Petrova, Ekaterina. "Balkan Travellers - Archaeologists Discover Pre-Historic Tumuli in Central Serbia". BalkanTravellers.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  10. ↑ at Google Books
  11. ↑ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  12. ↑ "Number and the floor space of housing units" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 "Religion, Mother tongue, and Ethnicity" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ↑ "Educational attainment, literacy and computer literacy" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  15. ↑ "ETHNICITY Data by municipalities and cities" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Gvozden Otašević (9 April 2018). "Ljudi kojima je "ić" bilo spasenje" [People for whom "ić" was a salvation]. Politika (in Serbian).
  17. ↑ "-  :: Grad Čačak ::". Cacak.org.rs. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  18. ↑ "U Čačku još dva velika preduzeća nisu privatizovana - "Fabrika reznih alata" i "Sloboda"". ekapija.com (in Serbian). Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  19. ↑ "U Čačku posluje 6.113 firmi i preduzetničkih radnji". moravainfo.rs (in Serbian). 14 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  20. ↑ "-  :: Grad Čačak ::". Cacak.org.rs. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  21. 1 2 "Iz Čačka najviše u EU i zemlje bivše YU". b92.net (in Serbian). Beta. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  22. ↑ "ОПШТИНЕ И РЕГИОНИ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ, 2017" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
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