List of highways in Puerto Rico

The highway system in Puerto Rico is composed of approximately 14,400 kilometers (8,900 mi)[1] of roads in Puerto Rico, maintained by the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works (Spanish: Departmento de Transportación y Obras Públicas) or DTOP. The highway system in Puerto Rico is divided into four networks: primary, urban primary, secondary or inter-municipal, and tertiary or local (Spanish: red primaria, red primaria urbana, red secundaria o intermunicipal, and red terciaria o local).[1] Highways may change between networks and retain their same numbers.

Puerto Rico Highway System
Highway shields for primary, urban primary, secondary and tertiary sections of PR-1
Highway names
InterstatesIntrastate PRnn (PRI-nn) (unsigned)
Commonwealth:Puerto Rico Highway nn (PR-nn)
System links

Highway markers
Route number markers on PR-191 in 2009; on the left is the tertiary highway marker, in the middle is a Forest Highway marker, and on the right is a pre-1999 marker.

Puerto Rico roads are classified according to the network they belong to. There are four types: primary, urban primary, secondary, and tertiary.[1][2]

In this regard, a primary road is one which is part of the primary network, an urban primary road is part of the urban primary network, etc. Generally, the same highway may change between networks, but the highway will continue to have the same number. For example, PR-1, connecting Ponce and San Juan, is signed as urban primary inside the Ponce city limits, then it is signed as secondary in Ponce's rural barrio Capitanejo, and then it is again signed as urban primary on its entry into the town of Santa Isabel.

Primary roads are numbered 1 through 99, secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299, and tertiary roads are numbered 300 to 9999.[3] In 2009, primary routes comprise about 14% of the total Commonwealth system mileage, secondary about 30%, and tertiary (municipal) about 56% of the total mileage.[3]

Highway type/network Highway marker
for PR-1		 Purpose[1] Route numbers[3]
Primary roads Facilitate movement of passengers and freight between major regions in the Island (north, south, east, west) 1–99[lower-alpha 1]
Urban primary roads Complement the primary network inside a metro area (San Juan, Ponce, Mayagüez, Arecibo, Aguadilla, Humacao, Caguas and Guayama) Any
(1–9999)
Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads Provide access to municipalities from primary network roads 100–299[lower-alpha 1]
Tertiary (or intra-municipal) roads Provide access to a municipality's main urban area from peripheral communities 300–9999
  1. Just like some highways numbered 1–99 may have secondary or tertiary network type markers on specific segments of their roadways, some highways numbered 100–299 may have tertiary network markers—black numbers on white circles set against a black square—in specific segments of those highways as well to indicate that such portions of the highway are part of the tertiary network.

Less common markers
Puerto Rico highway marker (pre-1999)
Puerto Rico National Forest road marker

At least two[1] other markers can be observed in Puerto Rico roads today (2019). The first is the older style road marker which, above the route number, also had the outline of the main island of Puerto Rico with the words Puerto Rico on the outline as shown here. Until 1999, all non-tolled numbered highways in Puerto Rico had the same route marker, a square with a white-on-black half-circle with the route number in the bottom two thirds and a map of Puerto Rico with the words Puerto Rico written inside in the top third. A second road marker, used on the road through El Yunque National Forest, is the brown-colored upside-down trapezoidal marker with the road number on the top two-thirds of the sign and the words Bosque Nacional (national forest) on the bottom one-third, as shown.

Roadway maintenance

All Puerto Rico Highway System roads, regardless of the classification used, are maintained by the centralized, Commonwealth-level, Departmento de Transportación y Obras Públicas (DTOP). Municipal governments are not responsible for maintenance of the Puerto Rico Highway System roads within their territory; whether or not the municipal government is an autonomous government, DTOP is the responsible agency.[4] The DTOP maintains a network of regional offices throughout the island which carry out DTOP work within their multi-municipality region. Municipal governments are only responsible for maintenance of city and town streets within their jurisdictions.[5] On occasion, the central government has entered into memoranda of agreement with municipal governments for the collaborative maintenance of some Puerto Rico Highway System roadways within their municipalities.[6][7]

Municipal roads

In Puerto Rico, the term municipal road may be encountered occasionally. This is not a “fourth” network of State roads. Roadways that have both their terminus within the same municipality are called tertiary roads and are, by convention, numbered PR-300 through PR-9999. Tertiary roads are also sometimes called Carreteras de la red local (English: Local network roads).[2]

However, the term municipal road or municipal highway (Spanish: Carretera municipal) refers to any public roadway that is not marked with a Puerto Rico road marker.[8] Roadways marked with a Puerto Rico road marker are those public roadways that include PR followed by a number in its markers. Such roads are considered State roads and part of the Puerto Rico Highway System. Public roadways that do not include such markings are termed municipal roadways. Unlike State roads, which are signed with numbers, municipal roads are signed with names, such as Calle Hostos, Calle De Diego, Calle San Jorge, Calle León M. Acuña.[8]

Tertiary roads are not municipal roads even though at times the term municipal road has been used (as a shortcut to intra-municipal road)—even by the Government of Puerto Rico—to refer to a tertiary State road.[3] The confusion comes from the context in which the phrase municipal road occurs. When the term municipal road occurs in the context of roads owned and maintained by the State government, municipal roads means tertiary State network roads. In this context, a municipal road and a State tertiary road both refer to the same network of State roads. However, if the term occurs in the context of roadways owned and maintained by a municipal government, it refers to the network of local streets and roadways that make up the urban landscape of a municipality.

Another context sometimes encountered is the context of how a road is used, that is, the purpose of a road. The purpose of a road is indicative of whether a road is a municipal road or not. In its strictest meaning, the term municipal roads refers to roads within a municipality's urban center that provide access from one urban neighborhood to another urban neighborhood within the same urban area (city, town, poblado, etc.), while in the larger context of the State highway system, municipal roads refers to roads that “provide access to the main urban area of a municipality from peripheral communities” (that is, tertiary roads).[1] Municipal roads are maintained by the municipal government where those roads occur, while tertiary roads are maintained by the State government. As stated under the section Road maintenance, at times the State government has entered into Memorandums of Agreement with municipal governments for the upkeep of a State tertiary roadway (note this is a State-owned road that runs entirely within a single municipality), but this does not make it a municipal road—the road continues to maintain its State signage and ownership.[6][7]

Expressways
The expressway Autopista Luis A. Ferré (PR-52) heading east from Juana Díaz towards Santa Isabel

Highways with control access fall into three types: An expressway is an arterial highway with full or partial control of access. Expressways with full control of access are termed freeways. If the freeway charges a toll for its use, it is called an autopista.[3] Most tollbooths accept the AutoExpreso, an electronic toll collection system, to avoid traffic congestion.[9][10] Toll roads between San Juan and Arecibo, and between San Juan and Ponce were envisioned by J. Raymond Watson, a Puerto Rican engineer, in 1970.[11]

All Puerto Rico expressways are signed either as primary or as primary urban routes.

Route Name Terminus Maximum speed limit Comments
PR-2 Expreso Kennedy Starts from San Patricio Plaza (Guaynabo) to Santurce (San Juan, aka Parada 18). 50 mph (80 km/h) Guaynabo to San Juan section only.
PR-2 Roberto Sánchez Vilella Starts from Mayagüez Mall (Mayagüez) to PR-1 in Ponce 55 mph (90 km/h) Mostly converted to expressway from Mayagüez Mall to Ponce.
PR-5 Expreso Río Hondo Bayamón, PR-22 to Naranjito, PR-147 and PR-149 with discontinuity between PR-199 in Bayamón and PR-167 in Toa Alta. 50 mph (80 km/h) Tolled. This road has three expressway segments as of April 2012—these are between PR-29 and PR-22 and between PR-2 and PR-199 (both in Bayamón), an unbuilt portion in southern Bayamón and a portion between PR-167 (Toa Alta) and the town of Naranjito.
PR-9 Baldorioty de Castro PR-10 Barrio Portugués to PR-2 Barrio El Tuque 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) From PR-123 to PR-2 still under construction
PR-12 Santiago de los Caballeros PR-14 Barrio Machuelo Abajo to PR-123 Barrio Playa 55 miles per hour (89 km/h)
PR-18 Expreso Las Américas PR-22 San Juan and PR-52 San Juan 55 to 65 mph (90 to 110 km/h)
PR-20 Expreso Rafael Martínez Nadal PR-2 in the San Patricio area in Guaynabo to PR-1 in La Muda sector in Caguas 55 mph (90 km/h) Tolled
PR-22 Autopista José de Diego Hatillo, PR-2 to San Juan, PR-26 65 mph (105 km/h) Extension to Aguadilla in planning. Tolled
PR-26 Expreso Román Baldorioty de Castro San Antonio Bridge (Bridge to Old San Juan Island) to PR-3 in Carolina. 65 mph (105 km/h)
PR-30 Expreso Cruz Ortiz Stella Caguas, PR-1 to Humacao, PR-53 55 mph (90 km/h)
PR-52 Autopista Luis A. Ferré Ponce, PR-2 to San Juan, PR-1 and PR-18 65 mph (105 km/h) Tolled. This highway is the longest tolled freeway in Puerto Rico.
PR-53 Autopista Dr. José Celso Barbosa Fajardo through Ceiba to Yabucoa, and then Guayama to Salinas. 65 mph (105 km/h) Maunabo tunnels constructed in October 2008. The segments between Yabucoa and Maunabo still incomplete.
PR-60 Avenida Dionisio Casillas Humacao, PR-30 to Humacao, PR-3 55 mph (90 km/h)
PR-66 Autopista Roberto Sánchez Vilella PR-3 in Carolina and Río Grande 65 mph (105 km/h) Second half opened in October 2012 to Río Grande. Tolled.
PR-165 Expreso El Caño Guaynabo, PR-2 and PR-23 to Cataño 50 mph (80 km/h)

List of highways

Below is a list of some highways in Puerto Rico along with the municipalities where they begin and end.

Primary highways

Primary roads are numbered in the 1 to 99 range and are distributed randomly throughout the island.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Number Length (mi) Length (km) Southern or western terminus Northern or eastern terminus Formed Removed Notes
PR-1 —— PR-123 in PonceCalle Tanca in San Juan —— Carretera Central
PR-2 —— PR-1 / PR-133 in PoncePR-26 in San Juan ——
PR-2R —— PR-440 in AguadillaPR-2 in Aguadilla —— Aguadilla business spur
PR-2R —— PR-2 / PR-114 in MayagüezPR-2 in Mayagüez —— Mayagüez business loop
PR-2R 1.01[12]1.63 PR-2 in PoncePR-123 in Ponce —— Ponce business spur
PR-3 —— PR-1 in SalinasPR-1 in San Juan ——
PR-3R —— PR-3 in HumacaoPR-3 in Humacao —— Humacao business loop
PR-4 —— PR-17 in San JuanPR-26 in Carolina —— Became part of PR-8
PR-4 —— PR-114 in HormiguerosPR-102 in San Germán —— Renumbered to PR-103 and PR-101
PR-5 —— PR-152 / PR-164 in NaranjitoCalle Canal in Cataño —— Tolled in Bayamón. PR-5 exists into two segments due to an unconstructed portion in Bayamón.
PR-5 —— PR-2 in AguadillaPR-2 in Aguadilla —— Renumbered to PR-107 and PR-110
PR-6 —— PR-2 in BayamónPR-5 in Bayamón ——
PR-8 —— PR-17 in San JuanPR-3 in San Juan —— Formerly PR-4
PR-9 4.52[13]7.27 PR-2 / PR-52 in PoncePR-10 in Ponce —— PR-9 currently exists in two portions, as the portion between PR-123 and PR-500 is actually under construction.
PR-10 42.42[14]68.27 PR-5506 in PoncePR-2 in Arecibo —— PR-10 exists into two segments due to a still-under-construction portion between Adjuntas and Utuado.
PR-12 3.28[15]5.28 Port of PoncePR-14 in Ponce ——
PR-14 —— PR-123 in PoncePR-1 in Cayey —— Carretera Central
PR-14R —— PR-123 in PoncePR-14 in Ponce ——
PR-15 —— PR-3 in GuayamaPR-14 in Cayey —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-16 —— Calle Miraflores in San JuanPR-1 / PR-26 in San Juan ——
PR-17 —— PR-19 in San JuanPR-26 in Carolina —— Tolled in Teodoro Moscoso Bridge.
PR-18 3.78[15]6.08 PR-1 / PR-52 in San JuanPR-22 in San Juan ——
PR-19 —— PR-21 in San JuanPR-2 in Guaynabo —— PR-19 is the main avenue in San Patricio, Guaynabo.
PR-20 6.03[15]9.70 PR-1 in GuaynaboPR-2 in Guaynabo —— Tolled
PR-21 —— PR-19 in San JuanPR-1 / PR-176 in San Juan ——
PR-22 52.01[15]83.70 PR-2 in HatilloPR-26 in San Juan 01969-01-011969[16]current Tolled
PR-23 —— PR-2 / PR-165 in GuaynaboPR-27 in San Juan ——
PR-24 —— PR-165 in GuaynaboPR-888 in Cataño ——
PR-25 —— PR-3 in San JuanCalle Fortaleza / Calle Recinto Sur in San Juan ——
PR-25R —— PR-1 in San JuanPR-25 in San Juan ——
PR-26 9.63[15]15.50 PR-1 / PR-16 in San JuanPR-3 / PR-66 in Carolina ——
PR-27 —— PR-3 in San JuanPR-36 in San Juan ——
PR-28 —— PR-5 in BayamónPR-2 in San Juan ——
PR-29 —— PR-2 in BayamónPR-5 in Bayamón ——
PR-30 19.08[15]30.71 PR-1 in CaguasPR-53 in Humacao ——
PR-31 —— PR-30 / PR-189 in JuncosPR-3 in Naguabo ——
PR-32 —— PR-172 in CaguasPR-1 in Caguas ——
PR-33 —— PR-183 in CaguasPR-1 / PR-189 in Caguas ——
PR-34 —— PR-196 in CaguasPR-183 in Caguas ——
PR-35 —— PR-1 in San JuanPR-16 in San Juan ——
PR-36 —— PR-25 in San JuanPR-27 in San Juan ——
PR-37 —— PR-35 in San JuanPR-187 in Carolina ——
PR-38 —— Calle Recinto Sur in San JuanPR-25 in San Juan ——
PR-39 —— PR-1 in San JuanPR-25 in San Juan ——
PR-40 —— PR-25 in San JuanPR-27 in San Juan ——
PR-41 —— PR-17 in San JuanPR-25 in San Juan ——
PR-42 —— PR-39 in San JuanCalle Lafayette in San Juan ——
PR-47 —— Calle Ferrocarril / Paseo De Diego in San JuanPR-3 in San Juan ——
PR-52 67.30[15]108.31 PR-2 / PR-9 in PoncePR-1 / PR-18 in San Juan 01968-01-011968[16]current Tolled
PR-53 —— PR-52 in SalinasPR-3 in Fajardo 01988-01-011988[16]current Tolled. PR-53 exists into four portions due to an unconstructed segments between Guayama and Yabucoa.
PR-54 —— PR-53 in GuayamaPR-3 / PR-748 in Guayama ——
PR-60 2.21[15]3.56 PR-30 in HumacaoPR-3 in Humacao ——
PR-63 —— PR-102 in MayagüezPR-2 in Mayagüez ——
PR-64 —— PR-102 / PR-3342 in MayagüezPR-2 / PR-342 in Mayagüez ——
PR-65 —— PR-2R in MayagüezPR-106 in Mayagüez ——
PR-66 —— PR-3 / PR-26 in CarolinaPR-3 / PR-187 in Río Grande 02006-01-012006[17]current Tolled
  •       Former

Secondary highways

Secondary roads are numbered in the 100 to 299 range. Unlike primary highways, which are numbered randomly throughout the island, secondary highways generally follow a grid pattern. They begin from the southwest portion of the island with PR-100 and increase in number as you progress in a northeasterly fashion. PR-100 is located in the southwestern town of Cabo Rojo, whilst PR-198 is in Juncos, Las Piedras and Humacao in the eastern part of Puerto Rico. The highest secondary highway number assigned so far (February 2014) is 252 (PR-252), located in the northeastern municipality-island of Culebra. A few roads “violate” this grid order; for example, PR-199 lies in Guaynabo and San Juan.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Number Length (mi) Length (km) Southern or western terminus Northern or eastern terminus Formed Removed Notes
PR-100 —— PR-301 in Cabo RojoPR-2 in Hormigueros ——
PR-101 —— Calle José de Diego in Cabo RojoPR-102 in San Germán ——
PR-102 —— PR-104 in MayagüezPR-121 / PR-368 in Sabana Grande ——
PR-103 —— PR-101 in Cabo RojoPR-114 in Cabo Rojo ——
PR-104 —— PR-3108 in MayagüezPR-2 in Mayagüez ——
PR-105 —— Calle Tamarindo in MayagüezPR-128 in Maricao —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-106 —— Calle Méndez Vigo / Calle Oriente in MayagüezPR-120 in Las Marías —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-107 —— PR-2 in AguadillaBorinquen Road in Aguadilla ——
PR-108 —— Calle Méndez Vigo in MayagüezPR-109 in Añasco ——
PR-109 —— PR-2 in AñascoPR-119 in San Sebastián ——
PR-110 —— PR-2 in AñascoCliff Road / San Antonio Road in Aguadilla ——
PR-110R —— PR-110 in MocaPR-110 in Moca ——
PR-110R —— PR-110 in AguadillaRamey Air Force Base in Aguadilla —— Renumbered to PR-4010
PR-111 —— PR-2 / PR-1107 in AguadillaPR-140 in Utuado ——
PR-111R —— PR-111 in AguadillaPR-111 in Aguadilla —— Renumbered to PR-1107P
PR-111R —— PR-125 in San SebastiánPR-111 in San Sebastián —— Renumbered to PR-125
PR-111R —— PR-111 in LaresPR-111 in Lares —— Renumbered to PR-1111
PR-111R —— PR-123 in UtuadoPR-111 in Utuado —— Renumbered to PR-6111
PR-112 —— PR-125 in MocaPR-113 / PR-459 in Isabela ——
PR-113 —— PR-112 / PR-459 in IsabelaPR-119 in Camuy ——
PR-114 —— PR-2 / PR-2R in MayagüezPR-102 in San Germán ——
PR-115 —— PR-2 / PR-109 in AñascoPR-1107 in Aguadilla ——
PR-115R —— PR-417 in AguadaPR-115 in Aguada —— Renumbered to PR-4415
PR-116 —— PR-101 in LajasPR-2 in Guánica ——
PR-116R —— PR-116 in GuánicaPR-116 in Guánica —— Renumbered to PR-4116
PR-116R —— PR-116 in GuánicaPR-121 in Yauco —— Renumbered to PR-326
PR-117 —— PR-315 in LajasPR-121 in Sabana Grande ——
PR-118 —— PR-117 in LajasPR-102 in San Germán ——
PR-119 —— PR-2 in San GermánPR-2 in Hatillo —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-120 —— Calle Neponucema Santiago / Calle 65 de Infantería in Sabana GrandePR-124 in Las Marías —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-121 —— PR-102 / PR-368 in Sabana GrandePR-127 / PR-128 in Yauco ——
PR-122 —— PR-116 in LajasPR-2 in San Germán —— PR-122 exists into two segments due to a still-under-construction portion between Lajas and San Germán.
PR-123 —— PR-12 in PoncePR-10 in Arecibo ——
PR-124 —— PR-119 in Las MaríasPR-1111 in Lares ——
PR-125 —— PR-111 in AguadillaPR-111 in San Sebastián —— Formerly PR-111
PR-125R —— PR-125 in San SebastiánPR-109 in San Sebastián ——
PR-127 —— PR-121 / PR-128 in YaucoPR-2 in Peñuelas ——
PR-128 —— PR-2 / PR-3334 in YaucoPR-1111 / PR-4128 in Lares —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-129 —— PR-135 in AdjuntasPR-2 in Arecibo ——
PR-130 —— PR-129 in HatilloPR-119 in Hatillo ——
PR-131 —— Guilarte Forest in AdjuntasPR-135 in Adjuntas —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-132 —— PR-2 / PR-136 in GuayanillaPR-123 in Ponce ——
PR-133 —— PR-123 / PR-1P in PoncePR-1 / PR-2 in Ponce ——
PR-134 —— PR-111 in LaresPR-129 in Hatillo ——
PR-135 —— PR-128 in LaresPR-123 in Adjuntas —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-136 —— PR-127 in GuayanillaPR-2 / PR-132 in Guayanilla ——
PR-137 —— PR-155 in MorovisPR-2 in Vega Baja ——
PR-138 —— PR-14 / PR-153 in CoamoPR-155 in Coamo ——
PR-139 —— PR-10 / PR-14 in PoncePR-143 in Ponce ——
PR-139R —— PR-139 in PonceParque Luis A. "Wito" Morales in Ponce ——
PR-140 —— PR-143 in JayuyaPR-2 in Barceloneta ——
PR-141 —— PR-144 in JayuyaPR-140 in Utuado ——
PR-142 5.10[18]8.21 PR-159 in CorozalPR-2 in Dorado ——
PR-143 —— PR-123 in AdjuntasPR-162 in Barranquitas —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-144 —— PR-140 in JayuyaPR-149 in Ciales ——
PR-145 —— PR-146 / PR-149 in CialesPR-155 / PR-634 in Morovis ——
PR-146 —— PR-123 in AreciboPR-145 / PR-149 in Ciales ——
PR-147 —— PR-152 / PR-164 in NaranjitoPR-164 in Naranjito —— Became part of PR-5
PR-148 —— PR-164 / PR-167 in NaranjitoPR-5 / PR-826 in Naranjito ——
PR-149 —— PR-1 in Juana DíazPR-22 in Manatí ——
PR-149R —— PR-149 in VillalbaPR-149 in Villalba ——
PR-150 —— PR-149R in VillalbaPR-14 in Coamo ——
PR-151 —— PR-150 in VillalbaPR-143 in Villalba ——
PR-152 —— PR-156 in BarranquitasPR-5 / PR-164 in Naranjito ——
PR-152R —— PR-143 in BarranquitasPR-152 in Barranquitas ——
PR-153 —— PR-1 in Santa IsabelPR-14 / PR-138 in Coamo ——
PR-154 —— PR-153 in CoamoPR-543 in Coamo ——
PR-155 —— PR-14 in CoamoPR-2 / PR-688 in Vega Baja ——
PR-156 —— PR-597 / PR-5155 in OrocovisPR-1P in Caguas ——
PR-157 —— PR-149 in CialesPR-155 in Orocovis ——
PR-158 —— PR-52 in CayeyPR-1 in Cayey proposed[19]—
PR-158 —— PR-1 in Juana DíazFort Allen in Juana Díaz —— Now Calle 158
PR-159 —— PR-155 / PR-6623 in MorovisPR-165 in Toa Alta ——
PR-160 —— PR-159 in MorovisPR-2 in Vega Baja ——
PR-161 —— PR-1 in Santa IsabelPR-1 in Santa Isabel ——
PR-162 —— PR-1 in AibonitoPR-156 in Barranquitas ——
PR-163 —— PR-500 in PoncePR-2 in Ponce ——
PR-164 —— PR-159 in CorozalPR-148 / PR-167 in Naranjito ——
PR-165 —— PR-164 in NaranjitoPR-2 / PR-23 in Guaynabo ——
PR-165R —— PR-165 in Toa AltaPR-861 in Toa Alta ——
PR-166 —— PR-102 in San GermánPR-122 in San Germán ——
PR-167 —— PR-156 / PR-7167 in ComeríoPR-165 in Toa Baja ——
PR-168 —— PR-2 in BayamónCalle Reverendo Domingo Marrero Navarro / Calle Río Cialitos in Bayamón ——
PR-169 —— PR-1 / PR-8834 in GuaynaboPR-20 in Guaynabo ——
PR-170 —— PR-206 in CayeyPR-14 / PR-731 in Cayey ——
PR-171 —— PR-14 in CayeyPR-172 / PR-734 in Cidra ——
PR-172 —— PR-156 in ComeríoPR-1 in Caguas ——
PR-173 —— PR-14 in AibonitoPR-1 / PR-8834 in Guaynabo ——
PR-174 —— PR-156 in Aguas BuenasPR-5 in Bayamón ——
PR-175 —— PR-1 in CaguasPR-181 / PR-8860 in Trujillo Alto ——
PR-176 —— PR-175 in Trujillo AltoPR-1 / PR-21 in San Juan ——
PR-177 —— PR-174 in BayamónPR-176 in San Juan ——
PR-178 —— PR-3 in ArroyoPR-3 / PR-753 in Arroyo ——
PR-179 —— PR-15 in GuayamaPR-184 in Cayey —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-180 —— PR-701 in SalinasPR-1 / PR-52 in Salinas ——
PR-181 —— PR-3 in PatillasPR-17 in San Juan ——
PR-182 —— PR-181 in YabucoaPR-3 in Yabucoa —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-183 —— PR-1 in CaguasPR-198 in Las Piedras ——
PR-184 —— PR-3 in PatillasPR-1 in Cidra —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-185 —— PR-30 in JuncosPR-9959 in Canóvanas ——
PR-186 —— PR-185 in CanóvanasPR-3 in Río Grande ——
PR-187 —— PR-26 in CarolinaPR-3 / PR-66 in Río Grande ——
PR-187R —— PR-3 in Río GrandePR-187 in Río Grande ——
PR-188 —— PR-3 in CanóvanasPR-187 in Loíza ——
PR-189 —— PR-1 / PR-33 in CaguasPR-30 / PR-31 in Juncos ——
PR-190 —— PR-3 / PR-8887 in CarolinaPR-26 in Carolina ——
PR-191 —— PR-31 in NaguaboPR-3 in Río Grande —— PR-191 exists into two segments in El Yunque National Forest.
PR-192 —— PR-3 in NaguaboPR-31 in Naguabo ——
PR-193 —— PR-3 in LuquilloPR-3 / PR-992 in Luquillo ——
PR-194 —— PR-3 in FajardoPR-3 / PR-940 in Fajardo ——
PR-195 —— PR-3 in FajardoPort of Fajardo ——
PR-196 —— PR-156 in CaguasPR-1 in Caguas ——
PR-198 —— PR-31 in JuncosPR-3 in Humacao ——
PR-198R —— PR-198 in HumacaoPR-198 in Humacao ——
PR-199 —— Urbanización Portobello in Toa AltaPR-181 / PR-876 in Trujillo Alto —— PR-199 exists into two segments due to an unconstructed portion between Bayamón and Guaynabo.
PR-200 3.91[20]6.29 PR-994 in ViequesBarrio Puerto Diablo in Vieques ——
PR-200R 0.93[20]1.50 PR-200 in ViequesSector Santa María in Vieques ——
PR-201 4.47[20]7.19 Barrio Llave in ViequesPR-200 in Vieques ——
PR-203 —— PR-183 / PR-9931 in San LorenzoPR-30 in Gurabo ——
PR-204 —— PR-183 in Las PiedrasPR-198 in Las Piedras ——
PR-204 —— PR-2 in BarcelonetaPR-140 in Barceloneta —— Renumbered to PR-140
PR-205 —— PR-31 in NaguaboPR-53 in Naguabo ——
PR-206 —— PR-1 in CayeyPR-14 in Cayey ——
PR-208 —— PR-156 in Aguas BuenasPR-156 in Aguas Buenas proposed[21]—
PR-212 —— PR-2 / PR-4494 in IsabelaPR-4472 in Isabela —— Formerly portion of PR-4494 extension
PR-238 —— PR-153 in CoamoPR-14 in Coamo —— Formerly portion of PR-138
PR-250 5.47[22]8.80 Port of CulebraZoni Beach in Culebra —— Formerly PR-998[23]
PR-251 1.74[22]2.80 PR-250 in CulebraFlamenco Beach in Culebra —— Formerly PR-999[23]
PR-252 —— PR-250 in CulebraBarrio Playa Sardinas I in Culebra ——
PR-253 1.99[22]3.20 Calle Punta Soldado in CulebraPR-250 in Culebra ——
  •       Former
  •       Future

Tertiary highways
"For your safety" driving in Puerto Rico sign

Tertiary highways also follow a general grid. Towns which do not border the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea, especially in the mountainous area, may overlap this grid, for example Ciales may have both highways in the 600-699 grid and the 500-599 grid, depending where they begin further north or further south. Generally along the areas where the highways are, the lower the number, the more south it is. Culebra is the only town in Puerto Rico that does not fall in any of the regions, for only PR-250 and PR-251 are the main routes. The entire immediate metropolitan area of San Juan with the exception of Caguas falls in the 800 region, while the entire east coast (north and south) east of San Juan, Caguas and Patillas fall in the 900 region. This is because the eastern portion of Puerto Rico has a southeastern coast which goes to the west from Humacao, which roughly defines where the Vieques Passage and the Caribbean Sea meet along the coast. Yabucoa is in the exact south-southeast area and lies in the 900 region, while Maunabo overlaps the 700's and 900's regions. Vieques, an offshore island-municipality, has some highways in the 900 order.

PR-1 and PR-8834 in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico

Some roads are numbered using four digits. For example, PR-5506. These are branches, or spurs, of tertiary roads by the same last three digit number. Thus, PR-5506 is a branch of PR-506. They are often dead end branches, and are common in the mountain regions of the main island. Sometimes they are loops branching off the main road and eventually connecting back to the same main tertiary road. The “fourth” digit is generally a repeat of the first digit of the main tertiary road in question. Thus, a branch of PR-301 would be signed PR-3301, with the added 3 prefixing the number of the main tertiary road associated with the spur, 301, because 3 is the first digit of the main road. When the road has more than one distinct spur, an additional unrelated digit is used (example, PR-4301).

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Number Length (mi) Length (km) Southern or western terminus Northern or eastern terminus Formed Removed Notes
PR-301 —— Los Morrillos Light in Cabo RojoPR-101 in Cabo Rojo ——
PR-339 —— PR-105 in MayagüezPR-119 in Mayagüez —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-344 —— PR-345 in HormiguerosPR-348 in Mayagüez ——
PR-365 —— PR-368 in Sabana GrandePR-105 in Maricao —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-366 —— PR-120 in Sabana GrandePR-365 in Maricao —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-385 —— PR-127 in PeñuelasPR-132 in Peñuelas ——
PR-413 —— PR-115 in RincónPR-115 in Rincón ——
PR-435 —— PR-119 in San SebastiánPR-124 in Lares ——
PR-438 —— PR-111 in San SebastiánBarrio Juncal in San Sebastián ——
PR-487 —— PR-130 / PR-488 in HatilloPR-129 in Hatillo ——
PR-500 —— Sector La Cotorra in PoncePR-132 in Ponce ——
PR-501 —— PR-123 in PoncePR-123 in Ponce ——
PR-502 —— PR-132 in PoncePR-501 in Ponce ——
PR-503 —— Calle Salsa in PoncePR-143 in Utuado ——
PR-504 —— PR-10 / PR-503 in PoncePR-505 in Ponce ——
PR-505 —— PR-139 in PoncePR-503 in Ponce ——
PR-506 —— Urbanización Hacienda Juliana in PoncePR-14 in Ponce ——
PR-510 —— PR-1 in PoncePR-14 in Juana Díaz ——
PR-511 —— PR-14 in PoncePR-143 in Ponce ——
PR-515 —— PR-123 in PoncePR-10 in Ponce ——
PR-516 —— Sector Santas Pascuas in PoncePR-123 in Ponce ——
PR-518 —— PR-131 in AdjuntasPR-123 in Adjuntas —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-525 —— PR-135 in AdjuntasPR-131 in Adjuntas —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-549 —— Sector Ranchete in PoncePR-132 in Ponce ——
PR-567 —— PR-157 in OrocovisPR-145 / PR-6622 in Morovis ——
PR-568 —— PR-5155 in OrocovisPR-159 in Corozal ——
PR-577 —— PR-143 in PonceCerro Maravilla in Ponce ——
PR-578 —— PR-1 in PonceCalle Húcar in Ponce ——
PR-585 —— PR-123 in PoncePR-2R in Ponce ——
PR-588 —— PR-504 in PonceCamino La Zarza in Ponce ——
PR-591 —— PR-2 in PoncePR-2 in Ponce ——
PR-617 —— PR-155 / PR-618 in MorovisPR-155 / PR-159 in Morovis ——
PR-633 —— PR-149 in CialesPR-155 in Morovis ——
PR-642 —— PR-140 in FloridaPR-6685 in Manatí ——
PR-647 —— PR-159 / PR-5568 in CorozalPR-676 in Vega Alta ——
PR-693 —— PR-690 in Vega AltaPR-2 / PR-165 in Dorado ——
PR-715 —— Sector Cercadillo in CayeyPR-1 in Cayey —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-722 —— PR-162 / PR-7718 in AibonitoPR-14 in Aibonito —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-723 —— PR-143 in CoamoPR-14 in Aibonito —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-735 —— PR-1 in CayeyPR-1 in Cayey —— Carretera Central
PR-741 —— PR-15 in CayeyBarrio Culebras Alto in Cayey —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-742 —— PR-179 in GuayamaPR-738 in Cayey —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-744 —— Sector Central Machete in GuayamaPR-3 in Guayama ——
PR-760 —— Punta Tuna Light in MaunaboPR-3 in Maunabo —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-798 —— PR-1 in CaguasPR-1 in San Juan —— Carretera Central
PR-803 —— PR-152 / PR-802 in NaranjitoPR-164 in Corozal ——
PR-805 —— PR-568 in CorozalPR-803 in Corozal ——
PR-807 —— PR-805 in CorozalCalle San Manuel in Corozal ——
PR-818 —— Sector Baja del Palo in CorozalPR-159 in Corozal ——
PR-819 —— PR-861 in Toa AltaPR-863 in Toa Baja ——
PR-821 —— PR-891 in CorozalPR-630 in Corozal ——
PR-862 —— PR-861 in BayamónPR-864 in Bayamón ——
PR-863 —— PR-2 in Toa BajaPR-862 in Toa Baja ——
PR-864 —— PR-2 in BayamónPR-2 in Bayamón ——
PR-866 —— PR-2 in Toa BajaPR-167 in Toa Baja ——
PR-869 —— PR-5 in CatañoPR-165 in Cataño ——
PR-873 —— PR-1 in San JuanPR-1 in San Juan —— Carretera Central
PR-888 —— PR-165 in CatañoPR-5 in Cataño ——
PR-891 —— PR-159 in CorozalPR-159 in Corozal —— Formerly PR-159
PR-901 —— PR-760 in MaunaboPR-9910 in Yabucoa —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-908 —— PR-3 in YabucoaPR-3 in Humacao ——
PR-939 —— PR-760 in MaunaboSector Quebrada Arenas in Maunabo —— Part of the Ruta Panorámica
PR-955 —— PR-3 in Río GrandePR-3 / PR-968 in Río Grande ——
PR-998 5.47[23]8.80 Port of CulebraZoni Beach in Culebra —— Renumbered to PR-250
PR-999 1.74[22]2.80 PR-250 in CulebraFlamenco Beach in Culebra —— Renumbered to PR-251
PR-1107 —— PR-2 / PR-111 in AguadillaPR-107 in Aguadilla —— Formerly PR-111
PR-1111 —— PR-111 in LaresBarrio Lares in Lares —— Formerly PR-111
PR-1116 —— PR-116 in GuánicaPR-121 in Yauco —— Formerly PR-116R; renumbered to PR-326
PR-1150 —— PR-5520 in VillalbaPR-150 in Coamo ——
PR-1181 —— PR-3 in PatillasPR-3 in Patillas ——
PR-3101 —— Calle San Blas in LajasPR-101 in Lajas ——
PR-3108 —— PR-2 in MayagüezPR-108 in Mayagüez ——
PR-3116 —— PR-116 in GuánicaPR-116 in Guánica —— Formerly PR-116
PR-3131 —— PR-132 in GuayanillaSector Malpaso in Peñuelas ——
PR-3132 —— PR-132 in PeñuelasPR-132 in Peñuelas ——
PR-3301 —— Calle Mariana Bracetti in Cabo RojoPR-301 in Cabo Rojo ——
PR-3342 —— PR-102 in MayagüezPR-64 / PR-102 in Mayagüez ——
PR-3344 —— PR-309 in HormiguerosPR-344 in Hormigueros ——
PR-4010 —— PR-110 in AguadillaRamey Air Force Base in Aguadilla —— Formerly PR-110R
PR-4110 —— PR-443 in AguadillaPR-110 in Moca ——
PR-4111 —— PR-111 in San SebastiánPR-111 in San Sebastián —— Formerly PR-111
PR-4116 —— PR-116 in GuánicaPR-116 in Guánica —— Formerly PR-116R
PR-4119 —— PR-485 in QuebradillasPR-119 in Camuy —— Formerly PR-485
PR-4128 —— PR-111 in LaresPR-128 in Lares ——
PR-4413 —— PR-413 in RincónDomes Beach in Rincón ——
PR-4415 —— PR-417 in AguadaPR-115 in Aguada —— Formerly PR-115R
PR-4440 —— Parque de Colón in AguadaPR-1107 in Aguadilla ——
PR-5139 —— PR-14 in PoncePR-139 / PR-139R in Ponce ——
PR-5141 —— PR-144 in JayuyaPR-141 in Jayuya ——
PR-5144 —— PR-141 in JayuyaPR-144 in Jayuya ——
PR-5155 —— PR-155 in OrocovisPR-155 in Orocovis —— Formerly PR-155
PR-5156 —— PR-155 in OrocovisPR-156 in Orocovis ——
PR-5506 —— PR-1 in PoncePR-10 in Ponce ——
PR-5510 —— PR-1 in PoncePR-510 in Juana Díaz ——
PR-5561 —— PR-149 in VillalbaPR-150 in Villalba ——
PR-5567 —— PR-567 in MorovisBarrio Vaga in Morovis ——
PR-5568 —— PR-568 in CorozalPR-159 / PR-647 in Corozal ——
PR-6111 —— PR-123 in UtuadoPR-111 in Utuado —— Formerly PR-111R
PR-6140 —— PR-2 in BarcelonetaPR-140 in Barceloneta —— Formerly PR-140
PR-6165 —— PR-693 in DoradoPR-165 in Dorado ——
PR-6633 —— PR-6685 in CialesPR-149 in Ciales ——
PR-6685 —— PR-146 in CialesPR-2 in Manatí —— Formerly PR-149
PR-6693 —— PR-696 in DoradoPR-693 in Dorado ——
PR-7014 —— PR-14 in CayeyCalle Enramada in Cayey ——
PR-7156 —— PR-156 in Aguas BuenasPR-156 in Caguas —— Formerly PR-156
PR-7167 —— PR-156 / PR-167 in ComeríoLa Plata River in Comerío —— Formerly PR-156
PR-7173 —— Sector Las Corujas in Aguas BuenasPR-173 in Aguas Buenas ——
PR-7718 —— PR-14 in AibonitoPR-162 / PR-722 in Aibonito —— Ruta Panorámica[24]
PR-7722 —— PR-722 in AibonitoPR-1 in Cayey —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-7737 —— PR-715 in CayeyPR-15 in Cayey —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-7740 —— PR-184 in PatillasPR-181 in San Lorenzo —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-7741 —— PR-741 in CayeyPR-742 in Guayama —— Ruta Panorámica
PR-7760 —— PR-760 in MaunaboPR-901 in Maunabo ——
PR-8176 —— PR-176 in San JuanPR-176 in San Juan ——
PR-8177 —— PR-177 in GuaynaboPR-841 in Guaynabo ——
PR-8834 —— PR-1 / PR-173 in GuaynaboPR-1 / PR-169 in Guaynabo —— Carretera Central
PR-8838 —— PR-177 in San JuanPR-1 in San Juan —— Carretera Central
PR-8869 —— PR-869 in CatañoPR-5 in Cataño ——
PR-9030 —— PR-189 in GuraboPR-933 in Gurabo ——
PR-9185 —— PR-185 in JuncosPR-31 in Juncos ——
PR-9189 —— PR-189 in GuraboSector Preciosa in Gurabo ——
  •       Former

Interstates
Map of Puerto Rico's Interstate Highways

There are no Interstate-signed highways in Puerto Rico, but there are roadways that have received up to 90% of their funding from the US Interstate Highway System.[25] Still, at least as of 2007, none of such highways funded by the Interstate Highway program were planned or built to the standards of the Interstate Highway System.[26] As of March 2001, Puerto Rico had 410 km (250 mi) of such roadways.[27] As of 2001, there were three highways in Puerto Rico funded under the Interstate Highway Program.[28] For obvious reasons, these routes—as with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Interstate Highways in Hawaii—do not connect to the Interstate Highway System in the contiguous United States.

Unlike Interstate routes in Hawaii, Puerto Rico Interstate routes are unsigned. For administrative and funding purposes, the three routes have been designated as PRI-1, PRI-2 and PRI-3[28] and run along various combinations of Puerto Rico routes. They do not follow the even-and-odd-number rule used in mainland United States that indicates direction of travel. Per Section 103(c)(1)(B) (ii), Title 23, United States Code (23 U.S.C.) Puerto Rico is exempt from the design standards of Section 109(b).[25]

Puerto Rico's Interstate routes should not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3, which are other major highways in Puerto Rico.[29]

Route Component routes Length
mi[30]		 Length
km		 From To
PRI-1 PR-52
PR-18		 71.08 114.39 PR-2 in Ponce PR-2 in San Juan (PR-22/PR-18 interchange)
PRI-2 PR-2
PR-22		 138.13 222.30 PR-1 in Ponce PR-3 in San Juan (PR-1/PR-26 interchange)
PRI-3 PR-53
PR-3
PR-66
PR-26		 65.27 105.04 PR-3 in Humacao PR-2 in San Juan (PR-1/PR-26/PR-66 interchange)

See also

References
  1. Autoridad de Carreteras y Transportación (22 December 2004). "Guias para la Selección e Instalación de Rotulos de Orientacion (Suplemento al MUTCD 2003)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  2. Guías para la Selección e Instalación de Rótulos de Orientación (Suplemento al MUTCD 2009). Autoridad de Carreteras. 24 July 2015. pp. 1-2. Accessed 31 March 2019.
  3. Autoridad de Carreteras y Transportación Estándares de Ingeniería. "Chapter i: General Design Criteria". Manual de Diseño (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas. Sections 1-03.01, pp. 1-2. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  4. "Municipal Ordinance Number 52, Series 2009-2010. Primera Hora" (PDF) (in Spanish). Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. 28 April 2010. p. 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
  5. "Oficinas Regionales" (in Spanish). Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  6. "ACT Propone Diseño de Mejoras Geometricas Para Agilizar el Transito en las Rampas de Acceso de la PR-52 Hacia y Desde Juana Diaz" (Press release) (in Spanish). Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas. 16 November 2010.
  7. "Municipio de Ponce Repavimenta la PR-2". El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 16 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  8. ¿Sabes cómo identificar si una carretera es estatal o municipal? Carlos M. Contreras-Aponte, Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works (DTOP). Departamento de Transportación y Obras Publicas de Puerto Rico. Published 28 August 2017. (Video series name: DTOP en Ruta; Date of video: Unknown). Accessed 2 May 2019.
  9. "AutoExpreso" (in Spanish). Department of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  10. "Tarifas de Estaciones de Peaje" (in Spanish). Department of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  11. "Puerto Rico Seeks Prosperity Through Transportation". The New York Times. 29 March 1970. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  12. PR-2R, Ponce, Puerto Rico PR.Geoview.Info Accessed 3 May 2019.
  13. Inauguran conector con la PR-10 del sur. Sandra Caquías Cruz. El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 14 October 2000. Accessed 15 February 2018
  14. Listado de Sistemas Viales: Muestra. Departamento de Transportación y Obras Publicas de Puerto Rico. 3 May 2019. Archived at WayBack Machine on 2011-02-06 at 05:23:03AM (6 February 2011). Accessed 3 May 2019.
  15. Guía de Carreteras Principales, Expresos y Autopistas. Gobierno de Puerto Rico. Departamento de Transportación y Obras Publicas. Accessed 3 May 2019.
  16. Historia. Departamento de Transportacion y Obras Publicas de Puerto Rico. Archived on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  17. "Route 66 Phase 2". Puerto Rico Day Trips. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  18. "RESOLUCIÓN Para ordenar a la Comisión de Transportación, Infraestructura, y de Recreación y Deportes de la Cámara de Representantes de Puerto Rico, a realizar una investigación sobre las condiciones de la Carretera 142, la cual discurre por los municipios de Dorado, Toa Alta y Corozal, debido a los constantes accidentes automovilísticos en la zona que ponen en peligro la seguridad de los usuarios de dicha vía de rodaje" (PDF). House of Representatives of Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  19. "Comunidades impugnarán Ciudadela de Cayey". Centro de Periodismo Investigativo (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  20. "Plan Maestro para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Vieques" (PDF). PUERTO RICO Microjuris (in Spanish). 2004. p. 168-169. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  21. "Ponencia del alcalde del municipio de Aguas Buenas, honorable Luis Arroyo Chiqués sobre la resolución del Senado 40 para investigación sobre la paralización del proyecto expreso número 156 que conduce de Caguas a Aguas Buenas" (PDF). Oficina de Servicios Legislativos (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  22. "Plan Maestro para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Culebra" (PDF). PUERTO RICO Microjuris (in Spanish). 2004. p. 142. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  23. "Culebra, Memoria Núm. 75" (PDF). Puerto Rico Planning Board (in Spanish). 1955. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  24. Ley Núm. 62 del año 2016 (P. de la C. 2753): Para designar la Carretera Estatal PR-7718, parte de la “Ruta Panorámica Luis Muñoz Marín”, en el Barrio Pasto de Aibonito, Puerto Rico, como “Paseo Don Julio Francisco “Paco” Santos Vázquez”. Ley Num. 62 de 17 de junio de 2016. Camara de Representantes de Puerto Rico. LexJuris Puerto Rico. Accessed 2 May 2019.
  25. National Highway System: Interstate Highway System: FHWA Route Log and Finder List: Interstate Funding. US Department of Transportation. National Highway Administration. Accessed 2 May 2019.
  26. FHWA Route Log and Finder List: Additional Designations. Tony DeSimone. U.S. Federal Highway Administration. 22 March 2007. 2 May 2019.
  27. "Section D: Puerto Rico Highways" (PDF). Latin America Trade and Transportation Study. Mississippi Department of Transportation. March 2001.
  28. DeSimone, Tony (6 April 2011). "Table 3: Interstate Routes in Each of the 50 States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  29. "National Highway System - Puerto Rico Map" (PDF). U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  30. "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
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