See also:
U+4ECA, 今
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECA

[U+4EC9]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4ECB]

Translingual

Stroke order
Mainland China
Stroke order
All regions except mainland China

Alternative forms

  • In all regions except mainland China, the stroke between 𠆢 and for (and its derived characters) is written with a horizontal line.
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing standardized form), the stroke between 𠆢 and for (and its derived characters) is written with a slanting dot instead.
  • In the historical Kangxi dictionary, the component below 𠆢 is written followed by 𠃍 instead.

Han character

(radical 9, +2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓 (OIN) or 人一弓 (OMN), four-corner 80207, composition(G) or ⿱(HTJKV))

Derived characters

References

Wikidata

  • KangXi: page 91, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 105, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4ECA

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
variant forms 𫢉
⿱𠆢𬼽
⿱𠆢下

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*kʰl'uːm
*l̥ʰuːmʔ
*l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
*qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
*qʰɯːm
*qʰɯːm
*qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
*ɡɯːm
*ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
*ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
*ɡɯːm
*ɡɯːm
*ɡɯːm
*ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
*ɡɯːms
*ɡɯːms
*qɯːm, *qaːb
*qɯːm, *qrɯːms
*krɯːm
*qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
*qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
*ɡram, *ɡrɯm
*ɡram
*ɡram
*ɡram, *ɡrɯm
*nɯːms
*sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
*sɢrɯm
*sɡrɯm
*sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
*sɡrɯm
*ɡjɯms
*krɯm
*krɯm
*krɯm
*kʰrɯm
*kʰrɯmʔ
*kʰrɯms
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯm
*ɡrɯms
*ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
*ŋɡrɯm
*qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
*qrɯm
*qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
*qrɯms
*qrɯms
*ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Ideogram (指事) – in the mouth. The derivative (OC *ɡɯːm) refers to the original word.

Pronunciation


Note:
  • kin - colloquial;
  • kim - literary;
  • taⁿ - semantic (also written as (dàn) or (dāng)).

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () Chongniu III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kjim/
Li
Rong
/kjəm/
Wang
Li
/kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jīn
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jīn
Middle
Chinese
‹ kim ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]r[ə]m/
English now

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 6599
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯm/
Notes

Definitions

  1. now; at present; current
    Synonyms: 現在现在 (xiànzài)
       jīntiān   the current day; today
    以後 / 以后   cóngjīnyǐhòu   from now onwards.
  2. (literary, idiomatic) modern times
    Synonyms: 現代现代 (xiàndài)
    Antonyms: ()
    古往 / 古往   gǔwǎngjīnlái   from ancient to modern times.
  3. this
    Synonyms: (), (zhè)
       jīn   this time
    日事,日畢jīnrì shì, jīnrì bì(literally) Matters of this day ought to be completed by this day.
  4. (Classical Chinese) thus; promptly
    Synonyms: (), 立刻 (lìkè)
  5. (Classical Chinese) if
    Synonyms: (ruò), 假如 (jiǎrú)
  6. A surname.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, ,
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 現在, 現今, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今,
Mandarin Beijing 現在, 現而今
Taiwan 現在
Harbin 現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
Shenyang 現在
Hailar 現在
Ulanhot 現在
Tongliao 現在
Chifeng 現在
Bayanhot 現在
Jinan 現在, 如今, 現如今
Muping 這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
Luoyang 現在, 而今, 現如今
Wanrong 人根, 移根
Xi'an 致兒, 現在
Xuzhou 眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
Yinchuan 現在
Lanzhou
Ürümqi 眼下, 現在
Wuhan 如今, 此如今
Chengdu 這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
Guiyang 這下, 這崗, , 這歇, 這個時候
Liuzhou 一寁
Kunming 現在
Yangzhou 現在
Nanjing 現在
Hefei 而今, 如今
Cantonese Guangzhou 而家, 家下, 家陣
Hong Kong 而家, 家下, 家陣
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 那下
Taishan 該時
Dongguan 家下, 那下
Yangjiang 果陣
Xinyi 個陣
Nanning 而家, 而卡
Wuzhou 家陣, 而家
Kuala Lumpur 而家
Gan Nanchang 現在, 如今
Lichuan 該行崽
Pingxiang 該仔, 如今
Hakka Meixian 今下, 今仔下
Xingning 如下
Huidong (Daling) 今下
Qujiang 如今
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 如今
Changting 如今
Pingyu
Wuping 今下
Liancheng 已久
Ninghua 今子
Yudu 如今
Ruijin 如今, 今下子
Shicheng 今底
Shangyou 如今
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
Liudui (S. Sixian) 這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
Hsinchu (Hailu) 這下, 現下, 今這下
Dongshi (Dabu) 這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
Hsinchu (Raoping) 這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
Hong Kong 今下
Sabah 今下, 今下子, 今下仔
Senai 今下
Huizhou Jixi 爾歇
Shexian 爾扎兒
Jin Taiyuan 如今, 而今
Xinzhou 現時
Baochang 現在
Jining 這會兒
Hohhot 這會兒
Baotou 這會兒
Dongsheng 這會兒
Linhe 這咱會兒
Haibowan 如今
Min Bei Jian'ou 迦今, 今迦, 現刻
Dikou
Zhenqian
Wuyishan 今下
Shibei , 今下
Min Dong Fuzhou 現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今,
Fuqing 現時
Ningde 現在,
Fuding 足古
Min Nan Xiamen 這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時,
Quanzhou 這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今,
Zhangzhou 這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾,
Taipei 這馬, 這站 mT, 現主時 mT
Kaohsiung , 這時, 這陣, 這馬
Tainan , 這時, 這陣, 這馬
Taichung 這馬, 這陣
Wuqi 這馬
Hsinchu 這陣, 這馬
Taitung 這馬
Lukang 這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
Sanxia 這馬
Yilan , 這陣, 這馬
Kinmen 這陣
Magong 這陣, , 這馬
Penang 今仔, 當今
Singapore 這時, 這陣, 當今
Philippines (Manila) 這陣
Chaozhou 此在, 現在, 現時
Johor Bahru 現在
Wenchang 現旦
Haikou 現旦
Leizhou 現旦
Puxian Min Putian
Xianyou
Pinghua Nanning 而今
Wu Shanghai 現在,
Suzhou 現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
Hangzhou 記歇
Wenzhou 恁界, 恁仰界
Chongming 那末
Danyang 格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
Jinhua 格孑
Xiang Changsha 如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
Shuangfeng 侯基
Xiangtan 咯如在
Loudi 而界, 如今
Note mT - mainstream Taiwanese (no particular region identified)

Compounds


Japanese

Alternative forms

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. now; at present

Readings

Compounds

Kanji in this term
いま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Adverb

(hiragana いま, rōmaji ima)

  1. now
  2. just now
  3. soon

Noun

(hiragana いま, rōmaji ima)

  1. now; present
     (いま) ()きる
    ima o ikiru
    live in the now
     (いま)はもうない。
    Ima wa mō nai.
    It does not exist any more. (lit. "now it is no longer existing.")
  2. just now
    Synonym: さっき
     (いま) (こえ)
    ima no koe
    that voice just now
    なんだったんだろう、 (いま)の。
    Nan datta n darō, ima no.
    What was that just now?

Synonyms

Derived terms

Terms derived from  (いま) (ima):

Proper noun

(hiragana こん, rōmaji Kon)

  1. A surname.

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 이제 (ije geum))

  1. now; at present

Compounds


Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: kim[1][2][3], câm (()(ngâm)(thiết))[1][2]
: Nôm readings: kim[1][2][4][5], câm[1][2], căm[1], cầm[1], ngấm[1]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
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