See also:
U+570B, 國
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-570B

[U+570A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+570C]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
Japanese
Simplified
Traditional

Alternative forms

  • (This character is used unofficially as a shorthand for and .)
  • 𡆸 (Also a variant of .)
  • 𡆻, 𡇎, 𡇏, 𡇕, 𡈑, 𢦾, 𢧌, 𤦒, 𤦂

Han character

(radical 31, +8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田戈口一 (WIRM), four-corner 60153, composition)

Derived characters

  • 𬿓, 𪤑, 𫱣, , 𢐚, , , , , 𤎍, 𤔩, 𤡓, 𪼓, , 𥊞, 𥕏, 𦄰, , 𧤯, 𧰒, 𫏜, 𨉹, 𨫵, 𩠲, 𩪐, 𪅦
  • 𢧷, 𣂽, , 𭍲, 𭺙, 𤮋, 𭍷, 𫛐, , , 𢠝

References

  • KangXi: page 219, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4798
  • Dae Jaweon: page 447, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 720, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+570B

Chinese

trad.
simp.
variant forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷɯːɡs
*kʷɯːɡs
*kʷɯːɡ
*ɡʷɯːɡ
*ɡʷɯːɡ
*ɡʷɯːɡ, *ɢʷrɯɡ
*qʰʷrɯɡ
*qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
*qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
*ɢʷrɯɡ
*ɢʷrɯɡ
*ɡʷrɯɡ
*ɡʷrɯɡ
*ɡʷrɯɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*kʷrɯːɡ
*qʰʷrɯːɡ
*qʷrɯɡ
*qʷɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʷɯːɡ) : semantic  (closure) + phonetic  (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).

Etymology

The k-prefix derivation of (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “boundary; territory”). Cognate with (OC *qʰʷrɯɡ, “threshold”) and (OC *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ, “park; garden”).

No obvious outside cognate exists. It may be related to Burmese ကွက် (kwak, to be marked with a square or circular pattern; to be confined to a certain area) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /kuo³⁵/
Harbin /kuo²¹³/
Tianjin /kuo⁴⁵/
Jinan /kuə⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kuə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kuo²⁴/
/kuɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /kuei²¹/
Xining /kuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kuə¹³/
Lanzhou /kuə¹³/
Ürümqi /kuɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /kuɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /kue³¹/
Guiyang /kuɛ²¹/
Kunming /ko³¹/
Nanjing /kueʔ⁵/
Hefei /kuɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kuəʔ²/
Pingyao /kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kuaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /koʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /koʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kuə⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kuə²⁴/
Xiangtan /ko²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kuɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kuet̚¹/
Taoyuan /kuet̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɔk̚³/
Nanning /kɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /kwɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kɔk̚³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kuɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ko²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kok̚²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kok̚⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (132)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kwək̚/
Li
Rong
/kuək̚/
Wang
Li
/kuək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
guo
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
guó
Middle
Chinese
‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese
/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English state (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 5547
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʷɯːɡ/

Definitions

An elaborate 國

  1. country; nation; nation-state; kingdom (Classifier: )
    /    guójiā   country
  2. capital
  3. to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
  4. Short for 國語国语 (guóyǔ, “Mandarin”).
  5. Short for 國民黨国民党 (Guómíndǎng, “Kuomintang”).
  6. A surname.

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Bouyei: guef
  • Zhuang: guek

Further reading


Japanese

Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

  1. country, nation, nation-state

Readings

  • On (unclassified): こく (koku)
  • Kun: くに (kuni, )

Noun

(kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji , hiragana くに, rōmaji kuni)

  1. a land, a country

Korean

A variant of "國" commonly found in old books of pre-modern Korea.

Hanja

(eumhun 나라 (nara guk))

  1. Hanja form? of (country; state; nation; land).

Compounds


Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: quốc[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: cuốc[1][3][4], quốc[2][5]

  1. Hán tự form of quốc (nation; state; country).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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