Maithils

Maithil
মৈথিল
Total population
c. 43 million
Regions with significant populations
India 40 million (2001 Census)[1][2]
Nepal 3.1 million (2011 Census)[3]
Languages
Maithili, Hindi.[4]
Religion

Majority:

Hinduism

Minority:

Islam · Buddhism · Jainism
Related ethnic groups
Magahi people · Bhojpuris · Awadhis

Maithils (Tirhuta: মৈথিল, Devanagri: मैथिल), also known as Maithili people, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Maithili language and inhabit the Mithila region, which is now situated mainly in northern and eastern Bihar of India and some adjoining districts of the eastern Terai of Nepal.[5][6][7] There is also a large population of Maithils living in Jharkhand and they are mainly found in Deoghar and Godda districts.[8]

The Maithil homeland forms an important part of Hindu mythology as it is said to be the birthplace of Sita, the wife of Ram.[9] "Pure" Maithil culture is said to be found in the villages of Madhubani district in Bihar.[10]

History

Vedic period

Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan speaking peoples who established the Videha kingdom. During the late Vedic period (c. 1100-500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.[11]

The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajji confederacy which was based in Mithila.[12]

Medieval period

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas, who were of Parmar Rajput origin, the Oinwar dynasty, who were Maithil Brahmins, and the Khandavalas of Raj Darbhanga, who were also Maithil Brahmins.[13] It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.[14][15]

Region

India

Majority of Maithils normally reside north of the Ganges; based around Darbhanga and the rest of North Bihar. [16] Native Maithili speakers also reside in Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Ranchi and Mumbai.[17]

Indian Mithila comprises the West Champaran, East Champaran, Sheohar, Sitamarhi, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Begusarai, Munger, Khagaria, Saharsa, Madhepura, Supaul, Purnia, Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj, Bhagalpur, Godda, Deoghar and Banka districts.[18][19]

Darbhanga in particular played an important role in the history of Mithila and is considered one of its "core centers". It was the center of Raj Darbhanga who ruled most of the region.[20] Madhubani was also where Madhubani paintings originated from which is a major part of Maithil culture.[21] Sitamarhi is claimed by many to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita with Sitakund being a major pilgrimage site. Baliraajgadh, situated in present-day Madhubani district, is thought to be the capital of ancient Mithila Kingdom.[22] Maithils played a major role in building the Baidyanath Temple which is an important pilgrimage site for them.[8]

Nepal

Most of the region from Jhapa to Parsa in Nepal (centered around Janakpur, in southeastern Nepal) form Nepalese Mithila. This area was part of the kingdom of Videha.[23] The kingdom appears in the Ramayana. Many people claim Janakpur to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita but this is disputed as many consider Sitamarhi as Her birthplace. Maithils in Nepal have been working towards a "Free Maithil state".[24]

There was a movement in the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal for a separate state, which concluded after the Constitution of Nepal 2015 guaranteed it and Province No. 2 was established. The 2015 Constitution transformed the country into the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, with a total of 7 provinces.[25]

Ethnicities and castes

Many ethnic groups and castes inhabit the Mithila region, these include Maithil Brahmins, Rajputs, Bhumihars, Karan Kayasthas, Ahirs, Kurmis, Koeris, Baniyas and many more.[26]

Maithil Brahmins are the Hindu Brahmin community of the Mithila region. They are one of the five Pancha-Gauda Brahmin communities.[27] They are also noted for panjis, the extensive genealogical records maintained for the last twenty-four generations.

Rajputs are scattered throughout the region and are divided into various sub-clans with the most prominent being the Gandhawarias who ruled estates mainly in Saharsa and Madhepura.[28] The Rajputs of Mithila maintain social and marital relations with Rajputs of other regions.

Language

The common language of Maithil people is Maithili, which is one of the recognised regional languages of India and the second national language of Nepal listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and the Interim Constitution of Nepal. It is an ancient language, from which Nepali, Bengali and related scripts have evolved. The oldest example of this Mithilakshar or Tirhuta script is a Shiva temple inscription in Tilkeshwarsthāna (near Kusheshwarsthāna, in Darbhangā district), in which it is mentioned in Eastern Māgadhi Prākrit that the temple was built on "Kāttika sudi" (Kārtika Shukla pratipadā, or the first tithi in the bright half of the Hindu lunar month of Kārtika) in "Shake 125" (AD 203) on the day after Diwāli (still regarded as auspicious for installing an icon in a temple). The script of the inscription is little different from modern Maithili script. However, during the 20th century most Maithili writers gradually adopted Devanagari script for Maithili.[29] Some traditional pandits still use Tirhutā or Mithilākshara script for pātā (ceremonial letters related to important functions, such as marriage). Fonts for this script were developed in 2003.

Culture

The Paag is the tradition headgear of the Maithil people

The most striking aspects of their environment are the decorated rice containers, colorfully painted verandahs and outer walls of their homes using only available materials like clay, mud, dung and grass. Much of the rich design is rooted in devotional activities and passed on from one generation to the next, occasionally introducing contemporary elements such as a bus or an airplane.[30]

Household structure

Traditionally Maithils lived in Badaghars called longhouses with big families of many generations, sometimes 40–50 people. All household members pool their labor force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.[31]

Religious practices

The religious practices of the Maithils is based on orthodox Hinduism as Mithila has historically been a principal seat of Hindu learning.[32]

Cross-border regionalism

Mithila regionalism unites Maithils of India and Maithils of Nepal from both sides of international border. Since they share a common history, language, culture, and ethnicity, they feel part of one Mithila. Positive events on one side of the international border are celebrated on the other side, and negative events are mourned on both sides.[33]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state". m.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  2. ↑ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-wise Population (Census) Data: 2001 Census, India". Educationforallinindia.com. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  3. ↑ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "Maithil Population (Nepali Census) Data: 2011 Census, Nepal". Educationforallnepal.com. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Demographics of Maithil population of Nepal".
  5. ↑ "The Politics of India Since Independence". p. 184. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. (2012). Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 9781136649561. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Burman, B.K.R.; Chakrabarti, S.B. (1988). Social Science and Social Concern: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman. Mittal Publications. p. 411. ISBN 9788170990628. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  8. 1 2 Narayan, Sachindra (1 June 1983). "Sacred Complexes of Deoghar and Rajgir". Concept Publishing Company – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Minahan, J.B. (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598846607. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  10. ↑ Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal Studies in Anthropology and History. Routledge, 2012. p. 250. ISBN 9781136649561.
  11. ↑ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143
  12. ↑ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86
  13. ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "Wetlands management in North Bihar". Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  15. ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "Bihar district gazetteers, Volume 17". p. 16. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑ Makhan Jha (1 January 1997). Anthropology of Hindu Kingdom of Nepal: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
  19. ↑ Kumāra, B. B. (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
  20. ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". p. 62. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  21. ↑ "Madhubani paintings". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  22. ↑ "नालंदा ने आनंदित किया लेकिन मिथिला के बलिराजगढ़ की कौन सुध लेगा ? - News of Bihar". NewsOfBihar.com. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143
  24. ↑ "Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom". Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  25. ↑ Burkert, C. (2012). "Defining Maithil Identity". In Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 241–273. ISBN 9781136649561.
  26. ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". pp. 32–35. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  27. ↑ Venkatesa Iyengar (1932). The Mysore of Brahmins of Mithila region of Nepal. Mittal Publications. p. 301. GGKEY:XFC5XHQ9E3J.
  28. ↑ "The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Volumes 7-8". pp. 412–415. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  29. ↑ Chaudhary, Pranava (May 22, 2011). "US scholar's project of encoding Tirhuta script into digital media". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  30. ↑ Meyer, K. W., Deuel, P. (1997). "The Maithils of the Terai-Madhesh". Indigo Gallery, Kathmandu. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  31. ↑ Lam, L. M. (2009). "Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Maithils in Central Nepal" (PDF). University of Adelaide. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
  32. ↑ "A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools". Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  33. ↑ "Maithils of India mourned for Maithils of Nepal who losts lives in Janakpur bombing 9205721". Jagran.com. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2013.

Bibliography

  • Alan R. Beals & John Thayer Hitchcock (1960). "Field Guide to India". India: National Academies.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.