Timeline of Indian history
This is a timeline of Indian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in India and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of India. See also the list of Governors-General of India, list of Prime Ministers of India and Years in India.
| Millennia | 500th BCE · 9th BCE · 5th BCE · 4th BCE · 3rd BCE · 2nd BCE · 1st BCE · 1st · 2nd · 3rd | |
|---|---|---|
| Centuries | BCE | 5000th · 90th · 75th · 70th · 45th · 43rd · 40th · 37th · 35th · 34th · 33rd · 32nd · 31st · 30th · 29th · 28th · 27th · 26th · 25th · 24th · 23rd · 22nd · 21st · 20th · 19th · 18th · 17th · 16th · 15th · 14th · 13th · 12th · 11th · 10th · 9th · 8th · 7th · 6th · 5th · 5th · 4th · 3rd · 2nd · 1st |
| CE | 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st | |
Pre 90th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2,000,000 – 100,000 BCE | ||
| A skull fragment found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that this part of Indian subcontinent might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era around 250,000 years ago. Anek R. Sankhyan describes it as "debated and conveniently interpreted as "evolved" Homo erectus or "archaic".[1] Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent.[2][3] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[4] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[5][6][7] Some of the Bhimbetka shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago.[8][9]
Madrasian Culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Tamil Nadu.[10] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture.[11] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite.[10] The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India.[12] Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000–100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu.[13] Technology similar to contemporary artifacts found used by Homo sapiens in Africa found in Jwalapuram around 74000 BCE. Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE[14] |
90th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 9,000 BCE | ||
| Early Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi permanent settlements appeared 11000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the Stone Age rock paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old.[15]
The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements[16] and some of its major civilisations.[17][18] |
35th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 3300 BCE | Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, the so-called Indus script.
Over the course of next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the Civilization developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.[19] The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in form of bullock carts, and also used boats.[20] | |
27th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2600 BCE | The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan,[21] covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system. | |
| 2600 BCE | End of the Early Dynastic II Period and the beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period in Mesopotamia. | |
| 2900 BCE – 2334 BCE | Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period. |
18th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1800 BCE | Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago. |
15th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1500 BCE | Early Vedic Period (to 1000 BCE) |
13th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1300 BCE | Cemetery H culture comes to an end |
12th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1200 BCE | Rigveda (to 1000 BCE) |
10th century BCE
| 1000 BCE | Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE) | |
| Iron Age India | ||
| 1000 – 300 BCE-Kanchi district, gold mine of Megalithic sites in South India[22] | ||
| Iron Age kingdoms rule India— Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha. |
9th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 877 BCE | Birth of Parsvanatha, 23rd Jain Tirthankara (traditional date) |
7th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 700 BCE | The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written. |
6th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 600 BCE | Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge. | |
| Vedic period ends. | ||
| The capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom was initially Korkai, all around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I. | ||
| 599 BCE | Mahavira, 24th Tirthankar of Jainism is born (traditional date). | |
| 563 BCE | Siddhārtha Gautama, Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas, which is now part of Nepal. | |
| 543 BCE | The Vanga-based Prince Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king of Madurai, to whom he was sending rich presents every year. Sinhalese chronicle Mahawamsa mentions this event | |
| 538 BCE | Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire reached up to northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, today's Afghanistan, which later proved to be his nemesis and caused his death. | |
| 527 BCE | Nirvana of Mahavira |
5th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 483 BCE | Proposed Mahaparinirvana date of Gautama Buddha at Kushinagar. | |
4th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 400 BCE | Siddharta Gautama 'Buddha' of the Shakya polity in S. Nepal, founds Buddhism (older date: 563–483 BCE) | |
| 350 BCE | Panini, a resident of Gandhara, describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit. | |
| 333 BCE | Persian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire. | |
| 326 BCE | Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander. | |
| Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. | ||
| 321 BCE | Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire. Mauryan capital city is Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar) | |
| 305 BCE | Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire. | |
| 304 BCE | Seleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship. |
3rd century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 273 BCE | Ashoka the Great regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Mauryan Empire. | |
| 266 BCE | Ashoka conquers and unifies most of South Asia, along with most of Afghanistan and Balochistan. | |
| 265 BCE | Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga. | |
| After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka reportedly regrets what he had done, leading him to adopt Buddhism, which then became the quasi-official state religion of the Mauryan Empire. | ||
| 261 BCE | Conquest of Kalinga | |
| 260 BCE | Ashoka begins displaying religious tolerance, grants animal rights, builds hospitals for people and animals, treats his subjects as equals regardless of caste or creed, and promotes non-violence and republicanism. | |
| Ashoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka, written down using Brahmi script. | ||
| 232 BCE | Ashoka dies and is succeeded by Kunala. | |
| 230 BCE | Simuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire. |
2nd century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 200 BCE | Kuninda Kingdom is established. | |
| Tholkappiyam describes the grammar and morphology of Tamil; it is the oldest existing Tamil grammar (dates vary between 200 BCE and 100 CE). (to 100 BC) | ||
| 184 BCE | The Mauryan Empire, which shrunk considerably, collapses after its emperor Brihadrata is assassinated by his general Pushyamitra Shunga. Pushyamitra Shunga then establishes the Shunga dynasty. |
1st century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 65 BCE | The Pandyan king sends ambassadors to the Greek and Roman lands. | |
| 58 BCE | Beginning of Vikram Era |
1st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 35 | Western Satraps formed. | |
| 68 | Establishment of the Kushan empire by Kujula Kadphises. | |
| 78 | Gautamiputra Satkarni becomes Satavahana emperor and starts Shalivahana era calendar after defeating Scythian king Maues. | |
| 90 | Sung jae has established kingdom. | |
| 100 or after | Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in northern India sometime after the first century.[23] |
3rd century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 240 | Sri-Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra |
4th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 320 | Chandragupta I ascends the Gupta throne. | |
| 335 | Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire. | |
| 380 | Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor. |
5th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 450 | Invasions by the Huna.
Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) |
6th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 554 | Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Skandagupta. |
7th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 606 | Harshavardhana crowned Monarch. | |
| 637 | Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakeshin II pushes north up to the Narmada and defeats the invading Harshavardhana of Kanauj |
8th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 700 | According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the immigrants Parsi are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana | |
| 712 | First Muslim, Muhammad Bin Qasim defeats Raja Dahir, king of Sindh Region in modern-day Pakistan | |
| 736 | Delhi is re-established by Bilan Deo Tomar also known as Anangpal Tomar | |
| 753 | Establishment of Rashtrakuta Kingdom of Manyakhet by Danti Durga by defeating Chalukyas of Badami | |
| 788 | Birth of Adi Shankaracharya |
9th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 814 | Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta emperor. Kannada literature flourishes. | |
| 836 | Gurjara-Pratihara (to 910) | |
| 985 | Rajaraja Chola ascends to the throne of Chola empire. He expands the empire to Sri Lanka and to the north to include Kalinga kingdom |
10th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1000 | Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni |
11th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1014 | Rajendra Chola I became the king of Chola empire after his father Rajaraja Chola. During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. Rajendra’s territories extended coastal Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Maldives, conquered the kings of Srivijaya (Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula in South East Asia) and Pegu islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The Cholas became one of the most powerful dynasties in Asia during his reign. The Tamil Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. Rajendra Chola I was the first Indian king to take his armies overseas and make conquests of these territories, even though there is epigraphical evidence of Pallava presence in these very areas. | |
| 1017 | Sri Ramanuja Charya is born at Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. | |
| 1021 | Mahmud Ghazni defeats Tarnochalpal and annexes Punjab | |
| 1025 | Last invasion of Mahmud Ghazni, sacked and destroyed temple of Somnath | |
| 1030 | Alberuni arrives in India; death of Mahmud of Ghazni | |
| 1058 | Sumra Dynasty ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over Sindh. |
12th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1120 | Kalyani Chalukyas power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama Chalukya era. | |
| 1134 | Life of Basaveshwara, philosopher and social reformer. (to 1196) | |
| 1157 | The Kalachuris of Kalyani under Bijjala II capture Kalyani | |
| 1175 | Muhammad of Ghor invades India.[24] | |
| 1191 | "Victory of Prithviraj Chauhan". First battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. | |
| 1192 | "Victory of Muhammed Ghori". Second battle of Tarain fought between Ghori and Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. Prithvi Raj Chauhan III is defeated by Mohammed Ghori. | |
| 1194 | Battle of Chandawar fought between Muhammad of Ghor and Jaichand of Kannauj. Ghori defeated Jayachandra and killed him. |
13th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1206 | 15 March | Khukhrain kill Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River |
| 1206 | 12 June | Qutb-ud-din Aibak establishes slave Dynasty later to be known as Delhi Sultanate |
| 1210 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak died while playing polo. | |
| 1210 | Shams ud-Din Iltutmish was the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, belonging to the Mamluk dynasty (Slave Dynasty). He introduced IQTA (Tax, revenue) system. Died in 1236 | |
| 1221 | Genghis Khan invades Punjab during rule of Iltutmish | |
| 1236 | 10 November | Rule of Razia Sultana – Daughter of Iltutmish. |
| 1238 | October | Sri Madhwacharya born in Pajaka near Udupi, Karnataka |
| 1240 | 14 October | Murder of Razia Sultan by Turkish nobles.(Chalisa) |
| 1246–66 | Rule of Nasir ud din Mahmud with support of Balban (Wazir and powerful member of Chalisa). Chalisa- a council of 40 members | |
| 1266–1286 | Rule of Balban; Chalisa wiped out. | |
| 1267 | The Mahanubhava philosophy established by Chakradhar Swami. | |
| 1275 | Birth of saint Dnyaneshwar. | |
| 1290 | Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, an army commander. | |
| 1290–96 | Jalal-ud-din Khilji. Founder of Khiliji Dynasty |
14th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1309 | Alauddin Khalji sends Malik Kafur to South. Malik Kafur Lays siege on the Kakatiya Capital Warangal and Extracts Tribute. The diamond Kohinoor was among the loot collected. | |
| 1310 | Ala-ud-din Khilji's army under Malik Kafur occupies Devagiri ending the Seuna Yadava Kingdom | |
| 1311 | Malik Kafur attacks the Hoyasalas. In the aftermath of the destruction Hoyasalas abandon the old capital Halebidu. He later attacks Madurai. The attacks on Warangal, Halebidu and Madurai is accompanied by wide scale killing, destruction of temples and repatriation of wealth back to Delhi. | |
| 1323 | Ulugh Khan defeats Prataparudra II ending the Kakatiya dynasty | |
| 1336 | Vijayanagara Empire established by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I | |
| 1340 | Birth of great mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama. | |
| 1343 | Veera Ballala III was killed at the Battle of Madurai. | |
| 1347 | Governor Hasan Gangu revolts against Muhammad bin Tughluq founding the Bahmani Sultanate | |
| 1351 | Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh | |
| 1370 | Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil speaking parts. | |
| 1398 | Timur plunders Lahore |
15th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1401 | Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India | |
| 1407 | Zafar Khan: governor of Gujarat, declares himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah founding the Gujarat Sultanate/Muzaffarid dynasty | |
| 1414 | Khizr Khan, deputized by Timur to be the governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty | |
| 1424 | Deva Raya II succeeded his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire | |
| 1443 | Abdur Razzaq visits India | |
| 1446 | Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II | |
| 1449 | 26 September | Sankardev, founder of Ekasarana Dharma was born in Nagaon, Assam. |
| 1451 | 19 April | Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty |
| 1469 | 15 April | Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism is born |
| 1483 | 14 February | Birth of Babur in Andijan, Fergana Valley in Central Asia |
| 1485 | Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty | |
| 1486 | Advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and leader of the world's first civil disobedience movement, in Navadwip, West Bengal | |
| 1490 | Ahmadnagar declares independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year thus breaking up the Bahmani Sultanate. | |
| 1494 | 9 June | Babur becomes the King |
| 1498 | 20 May | Vasco de Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back (to 1499) |
16th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1503 | Kingdom of Cochin is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India. | |
| 1508 | The Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War | |
| 1509 | 3 February | Battle of Diu marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theater. |
| 1510 | Portuguese India (to 1961) | |
| 1522 | Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast | |
| 1526 | 21 April | Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat. |
| 1527 | 17 March | Babur bribes Mewar general Silhadi promising Silhadi a kingdom, if Silhadi betrays Mewar King Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanwa, thus leading to the annexation of Mewar. |
| 1530 | Babur[9] completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun. | |
| 1539 | Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun defeated. | |
| Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs. | ||
| 1540 | Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile. | |
| Birth of Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar ( son of Maharana Udai Singh II ) | ||
| 1545 | 22 May | Death of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri. |
| 1552 | 26 March | Guru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs. |
| 1554 | 22 November | Death of Islam Shah Suri. |
| 1555 | Humayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah. | |
| 1556 | Humayun converts from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam, to gain the alliance of the Shah of Persia. Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar. | |
| Hindu king Hemu establishes 'Hindu Raj' in North India and bestowed with title of "Vikramaditya"; Second Battle of Panipat fought between Hemu and Akbar's forces in which Hemu is killed. | ||
| 1565 | 26 January | Battle of Talikota results in the rout of Vijayanagara empire. |
| 1572 | Akbar annexes Gujarat, also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born. | |
| 1574 | 1 September | Guru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs. |
| Akbar annexes Bengal. | ||
| 1581 | 1 September | Guru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs. |
| 1586 | Akbar annexes Kashmir. | |
| 1600 | 31 December | East India company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India. |
17th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1605 | 27 October | Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir. |
| 1606 | 25 May | Guru Hargobind becomes sixth guru of Sikhs. |
| 1612 | 30 November | British India (to 1947) |
| East India Company (to 1857 – Indian Rebellion of 1857, Meerut) | ||
| 1627 | 19 February | Birth of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. |
| 1628 | Jahangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jahangir dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan. | |
| 1644 | 8 March | Guru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs |
| Shivaji takes oath of Independence at Raireshwar. | ||
| 1658 | Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan dies, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb. | |
| 1659 | Shivaji's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat numerically much larger Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh marking the first victory of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general). | |
| 1661 | 6 October | Guru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs. |
| 1665 | 20 March | Guru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs. |
| 1665 | 11 June | Treaty of Purandar (1665) (or पुरंदर चा तह) was signed on June 11, 1665, between the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I |
| 1674 | Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's troops, and establishes Maratha Empire. | |
| 1675 | Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs is executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion.Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs. | |
| 1680 | 3 April | Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad. |
| 20 July | Sambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire | |
| 1681 | Aurangzeb invades the Deccan | |
| 1689 | 11 March | Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj dies. |
| 1696 | 20 November | Danish India (to 1869) |
| 1699 | Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa, the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab. | |
| 1700 | 3 March | Rajaram Chhatrapati dies |
18th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1705 | Mughal army arrested for the act. | |
| 1707 | 3 March | Death of Aurangzeb the mughal monarch. |
| 1708 | 7 October | Guru Granth Sahib becomes Guru of Sikhs. |
| 1721 | March – October | Attingal Outbreak takes place |
| 13–14 November | Madras cyclone occurs | |
| 1720 | Bajirao I appointed by Shahu Maharaj as Peshwa(prime minister) who later will expand the Maratha empire . | |
| 1756 | Black Hole of Calcutta infamous incident where soldiers of East India Company were held hostage in tortuous conditions, later served as a precedent for the Battle of Plassey | |
| 1757 | 23 June | Battle of Plassey |
| Company rule in India (to 1858) | ||
| 1758 | ||
| 1759 | French India (to 1954) | |
| 1760 | Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam.
Maratha Empire reaches its zenith. | |
| 1760 | Battle at Wandewash, British troops beat French | |
| 1761 | The Marathas are routed in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle is considered one of the largest battles fought in the 18th century. | |
| 1764 | 22 October | Battle of Buxar (British victory against allied Mughal, Bengal and Oudh forces) |
| 1765 | 12 August | Princely states (to 15 August 1947) |
| 1767 | First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Haidar Ali of Mysore defeats the combined armies of the East India Company, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. | |
| 1771 | Marathas re-captures Delhi and parts of North India. | |
| 1772 | 22 May | Ram Mohan Roy Born (to 1833) |
| 1773 | Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao. | |
| Regulating Act of 1773 | ||
| Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of Bengal | ||
| 1774 | Chief Justice of the Maratha Empire, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew. | |
| 1775 | First Anglo-Maratha War | |
| 1779 | Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai. | |
| 1780 | Second Anglo-Mysore War begins. | |
| 1784 | Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore. | |
| 1786 | District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it. | |
| 1789 | Third Anglo-Mysore War begins. | |
| 1790 | The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence | |
| 1792 | Third Anglo-Mysore War ends. | |
| 1795 | 13 August | Death of Ahilyabai Holkar |
| 1796 | Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur's capital to Kangla | |
| 1798 | Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins. | |
| 1799 | Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan, the victory of the East India Company, and the restoration of their ally, the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore. | |
| Polygar War | ||
| 1800 | 13 March | Death of Nana Fadnavis |
19th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | Maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pundits and invades Afghanistan through Khyber Pass. | |
| 1803 | Second Anglo-Maratha War begins | |
| 1805 | Second Anglo-Maratha War ends | |
| 1806 | Vellore Mutiny | |
| 1809 | East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh | |
| 1811 | 28 October | Death of Yashwantrao Holkar |
| 1814 | "Atmiya Sabha" Established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy | |
| 1817 | Third Anglo-Maratha War begins
Establishment of Hindu College (Presidency College, now Presidency University, Kolkata) | |
| 1818 | Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the defeat of Bajirao II and the end of the Maratha Empire leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India | |
| 1820 | September | Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is born (to 1891) |
| 1823 | Anglo–Burmese Wars (to 1826) | |
| 1824 | 12 February | Dayananda Saraswati is born (to 1883) |
| 1826 | British rule in Burma (to 1947) | |
| 1827 | 11 April | Jyotirao Phule is born (to 1890) |
| 1836 | Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa is born (to 1886) | |
| 1839 | First Anglo-Afghan War | |
| 1845 | First Anglo-Sikh Wars (to 1849) | |
| 4 November | Vasudev Balwant Phadke is born (to 1883) | |
| 1853 | Started Post Service | |
| 1853 | 16 April | First Railway estalblished between Bombay and Thane |
| 1855 | 30 June | Santhal rebellion |
| 1856 | 25 July | Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 |
| 23 July | Bal Gangadhar Tilak is born (to 1920) | |
| 20 August | Narayana Guru is born (to 1928) | |
| 1857 | 10 May | Indian Rebellion of 1857 |
| Established first three University of Mumbai, University of Madras and University of Calcutta in India | ||
| 1858 | 1 November | British Raj (to 1947) |
| 7 November | Bipin Chandra Pal is born (to 1932) | |
| 1859 | 18 April | Death of Tatya Tope |
| 1861 | 7 May | Rabindranath Tagore is born. |
| 1862 | The high courts of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are established.[25] | |
| 1863 | 12 January | Swami Vivekanand is born (to 1902) |
| 1865 | 28 January | Lala Lajpat Rai is born (to 1928) |
| 1867 | "Prarthana Samaj" Established Earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha","Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq"was started | |
| 1869 | 2 October | Mahatma Gandhi is born (to 30 January 1948)
Thakkar Bapa is Born (to 1951) |
| 1873 | 24 September | "Satyashodhak Samaj" is a society established by Jyotirao Phule |
| 1875 | "Arya Samaj" Established | |
| Aligarh Muslim University | ||
| Deccan Riots | ||
| 1876 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born (1876–1948) | |
| 1877 | 1 January | Delhi Durbar First time |
| 1885 | 28 December | Indian National Congress Established[26] |
| 1889 | 14 November | Jawaharlal Nehru is born (to 1964) |
| 1889 | 3 December | Keshav Baliram Hedgewar(1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940) was the founding Sarsanghachalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hedgewar founded the RSS in Nagpur in 1925, with the intention of promoting the concept of a united India rooted in indigenous ideology.[1] He drew upon influences from the Congress Party to start the RSS as a reaction to the Malabar riots.[2] Khudiram Bose is born (to 1908) |
| 1891 | 14 April | B. R. Ambedkar is born (to 1956) |
| 1895 | 11 May | jiddu krishnamurti is born (to 17 February 1986) |
| 1897 | 23 January | Subhas Chandra Bose is born (to 1945)1st finger print bureau of India est in kolkata. |
| 1899 | "Mitra Mela" Established by V.D.Savarkar. | |
20th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1902 | Anushilan Samiti, organized revolutionary association formed. | |
| 1903 | British Expedition to Tibet | |
| Delhi Durbar Second Time. | ||
| 1904 | University Act | |
| 1905 | 16 October | Partition of Bengal |
| 1906 | Jugantar formed. | |
| 30 December | Muslim League formed in Dacca. | |
| 1907 | Surat Split | |
| 1908 | Alipore bomb case | |
| 1909 | Morley-Minto Reforms | |
| 1911 | Cancellation of Partition of Bengal | |
| Delhi Durbar Third Time | ||
| 1911 | 12 December | British government change capital city from Calcutta to Delhi.[27] |
| 1912 | Delhi conspiracy case | |
| 1913 | Gadar Party formed. | |
| Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize in Literature | ||
| 1914 | Hindu–German Conspiracy | |
| 1915 | Ghadar conspiracy | |
| Provisional Government of India formed in Kabul. | ||
| Mahatma Gandhi returns to India. | ||
| 1916 | Lucknow Pact | |
| 1917 | Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha | |
| 1919 | Jallianwala Bagh massacre | |
| Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms | ||
| Rowlatt Act is passed | ||
| 1920 | Non-cooperation movement Khilafat Movement | |
| 1922 | 5 February | Chauri Chaura incident |
| 1924 | Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is formed | |
| 1925 | 9 August | Kakori conspiracy |
| 1927 | November | Simon Commission |
| 1928 | Bardoli Satyagraha | |
| 1929 | Central Assembly Bombed by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt. | |
| Purna Swaraj resolution. | ||
| 1930 | Salt Satyagraha, the civil disobedience movement, begins with the Dandi march | |
| Round Table Conferences (India) First | ||
| 1931 | March | Gandhi–Irwin Pact |
| 23 March | Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev Martyred | |
| September–December | Round Table Conferences (India) Second | |
| 1932 | 24 September | Poona Pact |
| 16 August | Communal Award | |
| November–December | Round Table Conferences (India) Third | |
| 1935 | August | Government of India Act 1935 |
| 1937 | Indian provincial elections, 1937 | |
| 1939 | All India Forward Bloc Established by Subhas Chandra Bose | |
| 1940 | 23 March | Lahore Resolution |
| 8 August | August offer 1940 | |
| 1942 | ||
| Late March | Cripps' mission | |
| August | 1. Quit India movement 2. Indian National Army Established by Subhas Chandra Bose | |
| 1943 | Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, the Provisional Government of Free India formed by Netaji. | |
| 1944 | Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi as the Father of the Nation. | |
| 1945 | Wavell Plan Simla Conference. | |
| 1946 | February | Royal Indian Navy Mutiny |
| March | Cabinet Mission | |
| 16 August | Direct Action Day/Great Calcutta Killings | |
| 1947 | July | Indian Independence Act 1947 by British Raj. |
| Partition of India and Pakistan becomes an independent state on 14 August 1947.[26] | ||
| Freedom from British Raj. | ||
| Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition. (to 1948) | ||
| 1948 | 30 January | Mahatma Gandhi assassinated by Nathuram Godse. |
| War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir. | ||
| Telangana and other princely states integrated in Indian union | ||
| 1950 | 26 January | India became Republic. |
| 1951 | Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. (to 1952) | |
| 1955 | Nationalisation of Indian Insurance Sector. Establishment of LIC. | |
| 1956 | 14 October | Dr B.R Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers. |
| 1962 | war over disputed territory of Kashmir[26] with China. | |
| India won Diu, Daman and Goa from Portuguese India. | ||
| 1964 | 27 May | Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. |
| 1965 | 6–23 September | Second war with Pakistan over Kashmir. |
| 1966 | Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister. | |
| 1971 | Third war with Pakistan over creation of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. | |
| Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union. | ||
| 1974 | India explodes first nuclear device in underground test. | |
| 1975 | Indira Gandhi declares state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. | |
| Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. (to 1977) | ||
| 1977 | Indira Gandhi's Congress Party loses general elections. Janata Party comes to power.Communist party of India comes into power in West Bengal. | |
| 1979 | Janata Party Splits. Chaudhary Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister. | |
| 1980 | Indira Gandhi returns to power heading Congress party splinter group, Congress (Indira). | |
| 1983 | N. T. Rama Rao NTR's 9 month old Telugu Desam Comes in to Power in AP marks a new Challenger post Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan against Indira | |
| 1983 | India Won 1st World Cup in one day international Cricket led by Kapil Dev. | |
| 1984 | Troops storm Golden Temple – Sikhs' most holy shrine (after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale seeks refuge inside this Holy Shrine)- to flush out Sikh Seperatism and calls for secularism, called Operation Blue Star. "Anti-Sikh Riots 1984". | |
| Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikh bodyguards, following which her son, Rajiv, takes over. | ||
| Many Sikhs were killed due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. see 1984 anti-Sikh riots. | ||
| 1987 | India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict. | |
| 1988 | SEBI was established by The Government of India on 12 April 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament. | |
| 1989 | Falling public support leads to Congress defeat in general election. | |
| 1989 | National Front (India) Headed by V. P. Singh and led by Janata Dal formed and stormed into power with outside support from BJP and CPI. | |
| 1990 | Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence in Kashmir. | |
| 1991 | Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers. | |
| Economic reform programme begun by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao. | ||
| 1992 | Babri Mosque in Ayodhya is demolished, triggering widespread Hindu-Muslim violence. | |
| Over 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha, after drinking illegally brewed liquor in the 1992 Odisha liquor deaths incident. | ||
| 1995 | July | West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India |
| 1996 | Congress suffers worst ever electoral defeat as BJP emerges as largest single party. | |
| 1996 | August | The Amarnath Yatra tragedy in which at least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms. |
| 1998 | BJP forms coalition government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. | |
| India and Pakistan carry out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation. | ||
| 1999 | February | Vajpayee makes historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration. |
| May | Tension in Kashmir leads to brief war with Pakistan-backed forces in the icy heights around Kargil in Indian-held Kashmir. | |
| October | Cyclone devastates eastern state of Odisha, leaving at least 10,000 dead. | |
| 2000 | March | US President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties. |
| May | India marks the birth of its billionth citizen. | |
| November | States of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh & Uttranchal(Uttrakhand) were created on 15 November 2000 |
21st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | A high-powered rocket is launched, adding India to the club of countries able to fire big satellites deep into space. | |
| 26 January | The 7.7 Mw Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured. | |
| July | Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir. | |
| July | Vajpayee's BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf. | |
| September | US lifts sanctions which it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign. | |
| October | India and Pakistan fire at each other's military posts in the heaviest firing along the dividing line of control in Kashmir for almost a year.[28] | |
| October | Pakistani forces shelled the village of Arnia about three km (two miles) from the border in the early hours of Monday June 6, killing five and wounding at least two dozen civilians.[28] | |
| December | Suicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen die in the assault. | |
| December | India imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions, and bans the groups in January. | |
| December | India, Pakistan mass troops on common border amid mounting fears of a looming war. | |
| 2002 | War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies. Actual war seems imminent. | |
| January | India successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile – the Agni – off its eastern coast. | |
| February | Inter-religious bloodshed breaks out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya are killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people, die in subsequent riots. (Police and officials blamed the fire on a Muslim mob; a 2005 government investigation said it was an accident, though later court and SIT report held Muslim mob responsible.) | |
| May | Pakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles, which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads. | |
| June | UK, US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan, while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war. | |
| July | Retired scientist and architect of India's missile programme A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is elected president. | |
| 2003 | August | At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay. |
| November | India matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire. | |
| December | India, Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights. | |
| 2004 | January | Groundbreaking meeting is held between government and moderate Kashmir separatists. |
| May | Surprise victory for Congress Party in general elections. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister. | |
| September | India, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan, launches an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. | |
| November | India begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir. | |
| December | Thousands are killed when tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. | |
| 2005 | July | More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region. |
| 8 October | The 7.6 Mw Kashmir earthquake strikes with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 86,000–87,351 people dead, 69,000–75,266 injured, and 2.8 million homeless. | |
| 2006 | February | India's largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty. |
| March | US and India sign a nuclear agreement during a visit by US President George W Bush. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme. | |
| 2007 | February | India and Pakistan sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war. |
| 18 February | 68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train travelling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore. | |
| March | Maoist rebels in Chhattisgarh state kill more than 50 policemen in a dawn attack. | |
| April | India's first commercial space rocket is launched, carrying an Italian satellite. | |
| May | Government announces its strongest economic growth figures for 20 years – 9.4% in the year to March. | |
| May | At least nine people are killed in a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Hyderabad. Several others are killed in subsequent rioting. | |
| July | India says the number of its people with HIV or AIDS is about half of earlier official tallies. Health ministry figures put the total at between 2 million and 3.1 million cases, compared with previous estimates of more than 5 million. | |
| July | Pratibha Patil becomes first woman to be elected president of India. | |
| 2008 | July | Series of explosions kills 49 in Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state. The little-known terrorist group Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility. |
| October | Following approval by the US Congress, President George W Bush signs into law a nuclear deal with India, which ends a three-decade ban on US nuclear trade with Delhi. | |
| October | India successfully launches its first mission to the moon, the unmanned lunar probe Chandrayaan-1. | |
| November | Nearly 200 people are killed and hundreds injured in a series of coordinated attacks by gunmen on the main tourist and business area of India's financial capital Mumbai. India blames militants from Pakistan for the attacks and demands that Islamabad take strong action against those responsible. | |
| December | India announces "pause" in peace process with Pakistan. Indian cricket team cancels planned tour of Pakistan. | |
| 2009 | February | India and Russia sign deals worth $700 million, according to which Moscow will supply Uranium to Delhi. |
| April | Trial of sole surviving suspect Ajmal Kasab in Mumbai attacks begins. | |
| May | Resounding general election victory gives governing Congress-led alliance of PM Manmohan Singh an enhanced position in parliament, only 11 seats short of an absolute majority. | |
| July | Delhi court decriminalizes gay sex | |
| 2010 | February | 16 people are killed in a bomb explosion at German Bakery in the city of Pune, Maharashtra. |
| May | Surviving gunman of 2008 Mumbai attacks is convicted of murder, possession of explosives and waging war. | |
| 2011 | April | India wins cricket world cup after 28 years. |
| May | After 34 years of Left Front Government, Trinamool Congress and Congress alliance come to power in West Bengal. | |
| 2012 | July | Pranab Mukherjee, the former Finance Minister is elected as the 13th president of India. |
| November | Ajmal Kasab the lone surviving gunman of 2008 Mumbai attacks is hanged on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 in at Yerwada Jail. | |
| 2013 | 12 February | Indian helicopter bribery scandal comes to light. |
| 21 February | Terror attacks in Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area. | |
| 5 November | Mars Orbiter Mission, is successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[29][30][31] | |
| 2014 | 16 May | Narendra Modi elected as prime minister of India, Congress was routed in the general elections. |
| 2 June | Telangana, The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. | |
| 2016 | 2–5 January | Terror Attacks on Pathankot Air Base.[32] |
| 27 June | India becomes a member of Missile Technology Control Regime. | |
| 7 June | Unrest in Kashmir. | |
| 27 September | India launches its first space laboratory Astrosat in its biggest project since its Mars orbiter mission in 2014. | |
| 23 September | India signs a billion-dollar defence deal with France to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets. | |
| 8 November | In a surprise announcement, the government withdraws high denomination notes from circulation causing chaotic scenes at banks across the country as customers try to exchange old notes. | |
| 2017 | 30 June | The Goods and Services Tax (GST) launched, the biggest tax reform in history of India. |
See also
- Chronology of Tamil history
- Hindu units of time
- History of cricket (1066–present)
- Sikh gurus (1469–1666)
- Tamil units of measurement
- Timeline of Ahmedabad
- Timeline of Ayyavazhi history
- Timeline of Buddhism (563 BCE – present)
- Timeline of Jainism
- Timeline of Mumbai
References
- ↑ Sankhyan, Anek R. (2013). "The Emergence of Homo sapiens in South Asia: The Central Narmada Valley as Witness" (PDF). Human Biology Review. 2 (2): 136–152.
- ↑ "Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of Pakistan". Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ↑ Murray, Tim (1999). Time and archaeology. London; New York: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 0-415-11762-3.
- ↑ Rendell, H. R.; Dennell, R. W.; Halim, M. (1989). Pleistocene and Palaeolithic Investigations in the Soan Valley, Northern Pakistan. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 364. ISBN 0-86054-691-8. OCLC 29222688.
- ↑ Parth R. Chauhan. Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective.
- ↑ Lycett, Stephen J (2007), "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment", Journal of Archaeological Science, 34 (9): 1434, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001
- ↑ Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum. World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. 2008, page 19
- 1 2 http://originsnet.org/bimb1gallery/index.htm
- 1 2 Sen, Sailendra Nath (1 January 1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ↑ Reddy (1 December 2006). Indian Hist (Opt). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-07-063577-7. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ↑ Tribal Studies (2007). Mibang, Tamo; Behera, M. C. Mittal Publications. India.
- ↑ Pappu, Shanni; et al. "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India". Science Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ↑ "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India". Antiquity journal. September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ↑ Klaus K. Klostermaier (1989), A survey of Hinduism, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-88706-807-3,
... prehistoric cave paintings at Bhimbetka (ca. 30000 BCE) ...
- ↑ Coppa, A.; Bondioli, L; Cucina, A; Frayer, D. W.; Jarrige, C.; Jarrige, J. F.; Quivron, G; Rossi, M.; Vidale, M; Macchiarelli, R. (6 April 2006). "Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry" (PDF). Nature. 440 (7085): 755–756. doi:10.1038/440755a. PMID 16598247. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
- ↑ Possehl, G. L. (October 1990). "Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanisation". Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 (1): 261–282. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001401. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- ↑ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Heuston, Kimberley (May 2005). The Ancient South Asian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517422-4. OCLC 56413341.
- ↑ Wright 2010, pp. 115–125.
- ↑ Hasenpflug, Rainer, The Inscriptions of the Indus civilisation Norderstedt, Germany, 2006.
- ↑ Robert Greenberger (2003). A Historical Atlas of Pakistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8239-3866-7.
- ↑ "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites". IBN Live. Tamil Nadu, India. 14 March 2012.
- ↑
- Sato, Tsugitaka (2014). Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam. BRILL. p. 01. ISBN 9789004277526.
- ↑ Muhammad of Ghor#Invasion of India
- ↑ Chandra, Bipan. 'Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy.' Modern India. NCERT. 1971.
- 1 2 3 "BBC News – India profile – Timeline". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ↑ "India's capital is moved from Calcutta to New Delhi on 12 December 1911". 12 December 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- 1 2 http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/10/06/india-pakistan-idINKCN0HV0OY20141006
- ↑ Walton, Zach (15 August 2012). "India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Curiosity Landing". Web Pro News. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
- ↑ Staff (15 August 2012). "Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ↑ Bal, Hartosh Singh (30 August 2012). "BRICS in Space". New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ↑ "Pathankot terror attack: Terrorists hid overnight in airbase shed". The Indian Express. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
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