Standard of living in India

Standard of living in India varies from state to state. With one of the fastest growing economies in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 7.6% in 2015, India is on its way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy. According to Deutsche Bank Research, there are between 30 million and 300 million middle-class people in India.[1] If current trends continue, India's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 in 2016 to 8.5 percent of the world share by 2020.[2] In 2011, less than 22 percent of Indians lived under the global poverty line, nearly an 8 percent reduction from 29.8 percent just two years prior in 2009.[3]

According to NCAER, India's middle class population would be 267 million in 2016. Further ahead, by 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals.[4] Another estimate put the Indian middle class as numbering 475 million people by 2030.[5] It is estimated that average real wages will quadruple between 2013 and 2030.[6]

The standard of living in India shows large disparity. For example, there is widespread poverty in rural areas of India, where medical care tends to be very basic or unavailable, while cities boast of world class medical establishments. Similarly, the very latest machinery may be used in some construction projects, but many construction workers work without mechanisation in most projects.[7] However, a rural middle class is now emerging in India, with some rural areas seeing increasing prosperity.[8]

In 2010, the per capita PPP-adjusted GDP for India was US$3,608.[9]

Poverty

24.3% of the population earned less than US$1 (PPP, around US$0.25 in nominal terms) a day in 2005, down from 42.1% in 1981.[10][11] 41.6% of its population (540 million people approx.) is living below the new international poverty line of $1.25 (PPP) per day, down from 59.8% in 1981.[10] The World Bank further estimates that a third of the global poor now reside in India.

On the other hand, the Planning Commission of India uses its own criteria and has estimated that 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004–2005, down from 51.3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994.[12] The source for this was the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the criterion used was monthly per capita consumption expenditure below ₹ 356.35 for rural areas and ₹ 538.60 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas, most of them are daily wagers, self-employed householders and landless labourers.

Although Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.[13] For the year 2015-16, the GSDP growth rates of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh was higher than Maharashtra, Odisha or Punjab.[14]

Since the early 1950s, successive governments have implemented various schemes, under planning, to alleviate poverty, that have met with partial success. Programmes like Food for work and National Rural Employment Programme have attempted to use the unemployed to generate productive assets and build rural infrastructure.[15] In August 2005, the Indian parliament passed the Rural Employment Guarantee Bill, the largest programme of this type, in terms of cost and coverage, which promises 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in 200 of India's 600 districts. The Indian government is planning to bring in more economic reforms which can help farmers and unskilled labourers transition into industrialised sectors.

Physical infrastructure

Pictured here, is the New Delhi Metro, operational since 2002 and seen as a model for other metros.

Since independence, India has allocated nearly half of the total outlay of the five-year plans for infrastructural development. Much of the total outlay was spent on large projects in the area of irrigation, energy, transport, communications and social overheads. Development of infrastructure was completely in the hands of the public sector and was plagued by corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, urban-bias and an inability to scale investment.[16] Calcutta city was the first city in India to boast of a metro-system. India's low spending on power, construction, transportation, telecommunications and real estate, at $31 billion or 6% of GDP in 2002 has prevented India from sustaining a growth rate of around 8%. This has prompted the government to partially open up infrastructure to the private sector allowing foreign investment.[17][18] India holds second position in the world in roadways' construction.[19]

As of 31 December 2005, there were an estimated 835,000 broadband lines in India.[20] Low tele-density is the major hurdle for slow pick-up in broadband services. Over 76% of the broadband lines were via DSL and the rest via cable modems.

A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed that in 20 cities the average duration of water supply was only 4.3 hours per day. No city had a continuous water supply. The longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in Chandigarh, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per day in Rajkot.[21]

A study by WaterAid estimated as many as 157 million Indian or 41 percent of Indians living in urban areas, live without adequate sanitation. India comes top for having the greatest number of urbanites living without sanitation. India tops urban sanitation crisis, has the largest amount of urban dwellers without sanitation and the most open defecators over 41 million people.[22][23]

Regional imbalance

One of the critical problems facing India's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India's different states and territories in terms of per capita income, poverty, availability of infrastructure and socio-economic development. For instance, the difference in growth rate between the forward and backward states was 0.3% (5.2% & 4.9%) during 1980–81 to 1990–91, but had grown to 3.3% (6.3% & 3.0%) during 1990–91 to 1997–98.[24]

The five-year plans have attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions, but industries still tend to concentrate around urban areas and port cities. Even the industrial townships in the interiors, Bhilai for instance, resulted in very little development in the surrounding areas.[25] After liberalisation, the disparities have grown despite the efforts of the union government in reducing them. Part of the reason being that manufacturing and services and not agriculture are the engines of growth. The more advanced states are better placed to benefit from them, with infrastructure like well developed ports, urbanisation and an educated and skilled workforce which attract manufacturing and service sectors. The union and state governments of backward regions are trying to reduce the disparities by offering tax holidays, cheap land, etc., and focusing more on sectors like tourism, which although being geographically and historically determined, can become a source of growth and is faster to develop than other sectors.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The middle class in India" (PDF). Deutsche Bank Research.
  2. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  3. ↑ "India - Data". data.worldbank.org.
  4. ↑ "India's middle class population to touch 267 million in 5 yrs".
  5. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  6. ↑ "Average wages in India could quadruple by 2030: PwC report". thehindu.com.
  7. ↑ Labouring Brick by Brick: A Study of Construction Workers Archived 5 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. - www.sewa.org
  8. ↑ "Rural areas see middle class rise". Deccan Herald.
  9. ↑ List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
  10. 1 2 "The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty". World Bank. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009.
  11. ↑ "India has fewer poor people: World Bank". Business Standard.
  12. ↑ Poverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: 25 August 2007
  13. ↑ "Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India's Success" (PDF). World Bank. 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
  14. ↑ "AP stands 1st in India in GSDP growth rate". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  15. ↑ "Economic Survey 2004–2005". Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  16. ↑ Sankaran, S (1994). Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development. Margham Publications. ISBN.
  17. ↑ "Infrastructure the missing link". CNN. 6 October 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2005.
  18. ↑ "Infrastructure in India: Requirements and favorable climate for foreign investment". Archived from the original on 13 July 2005. Retrieved 14 August 2005.
  19. ↑ "Infrastructure Rankings".
  20. ↑ "World broadband statistics q4-2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2006.
  21. ↑ 2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-971-561-648-5.
  22. ↑ "The State of the World's Toilet 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  23. ↑ "Overflowing Cities: 157 Million Indians Still Without Toilets". Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  24. ↑ Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M. "27". Indian Economy. pp. 471–472.
  25. ↑ Bharadwaj, Krishna (1991). "Regional differentiation in India". In Sathyamurthy, T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–199. ISBN 0-19-564394-1.
  26. ↑ Sachs, D. Jeffrey; Bajpai, Nirupam & Ramaiah, Ananthi (2002). "Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India" (PDF). Working paper 88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2007.
  27. ↑ Kurian, N.J. "Regional disparities in india". Retrieved 6 August 2005.
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