生

See also: 主 and 玍
生 U+751F, 生
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F
← 甞
[U+751E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 甠 →
[U+7520]

Translingual
Stroke order (Chinese)
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character

生 (radical 100, 生+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition ⿻𠂉土)

  1. Kangxi radical #100, ⽣.

Derived characters

Further reading

Wikisource

  • KangXi: page 754, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2575, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+751F

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 生
variant forms 𤯓

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 生
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
猜 *sʰlɯː
輤 *sʰleːns
綪 *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ
倩 *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs
棈 *sʰleːns
蒨 *sʰeːns
篟 *sʰeːns
生 *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs
牲 *sreŋ
笙 *sreŋ
甥 *sreŋ
鉎 *sreŋ, *sleːŋ
珄 *sreŋ
鼪 *sreŋ, *sreŋs
猩 *sreŋ, *seːŋ
狌 *sreŋ
眚 *sreŋʔ
貹 *sreŋs
崝 *zreːŋ
精 *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs
菁 *ʔsleŋ
鶄 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
蜻 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
鼱 *ʔsleŋ
婧 *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ
箐 *ʔsleŋ
聙 *ʔsleŋ
旌 *ʔsleŋ
清 *sʰleŋ
圊 *sʰleŋ
請 *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊 *sʰleŋs
䝼 *zleŋs, *zleŋ
靚 *zleŋs
情 *zleŋ
晴 *zleŋ
夝 *zleŋ
靜 *zleŋʔ
靖 *zleŋʔ
睲 *seŋʔ, *seːŋs
惺 *seŋʔ, *seːŋ
性 *sleŋs
姓 *sleŋs
靗 *l̥ʰeŋs
鯖 *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ
青 *sʰleːŋ
靘 *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs
掅 *sʰleːŋs
胜 *sleːŋ
曐 *sleːŋ
星 *sleːŋ
鮏 *sleːŋ
腥 *seːŋ, *seːŋs
鯹 *seːŋ
醒 *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂 *seːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”).

Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.

Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).

Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).

Pronunciation
Note:
  • saang1 - colloquial;
  • sang1 - literary.
Note:
  • sâng - colloquial;
  • sên - literary.
Note:
  • sáng, cháng - colloquial;
  • sáing - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: săng / chăng / sĕng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /saŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/, /sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • săng - colloquial;
  • chăng - colloquial (“raw”);
  • sĕng - literary.
Note:
  • siⁿ/seⁿ - colloquial;
  • chhiⁿ/chheⁿ - colloquial (“raw”);
  • seng/sng - literary.
Note:
  • sên1 - colloquial;
  • cên1 - colloquial (“raw”);
  • sêng1 - literary (“student”).
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: san (T1); sen (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sã⁵³/, /səɲ⁵³/
Note:
  • 1san - colloquial;
  • 1sen - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 生
Mandarin Beijing /ʂəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂəŋ⁴/
Tianjin /səŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /səŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /səŋ²¹/
Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /sə̃/
Nanjing /sən³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
/ʂʐ̩e̞¹³/
Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sen³³/
Wenzhou /siɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
/sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /siẽ³³/
/sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑŋ⁴²/
/sɛn⁴²/ ～意
Hakka Meixian /saŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐŋ⁵³/
/saŋ⁵³/
Nanning /saŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐŋ⁵⁵/
/saŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /siŋ⁵⁵/
/sĩ⁵⁵/ ～死
/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵/ ～肉
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /saiŋ⁵⁴/ 學～
/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴/ ～熟
Shantou (Min Nan) /seŋ³³/
/sẽ³³/
/t͡sʰẽ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /seŋ²³/
/sɔŋ²³/
/tɛ²³/ ～活
/sɛ²³/ 不熟
Rime
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 庚 (109) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 所庚切 所敬切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠæŋ/ /ʃˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚaŋ/ /ʃᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃaŋ/ /ʃaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂaɨjŋ/ /ʂaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂɐŋ/ /ʂɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shēng shèng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 生 生 生
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shēng shēng shēng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sræng › ‹ sræng › ‹ srjæng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) /*sreŋ/ /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
English bear, be born; live fresh, raw bear, be born; live

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11312 11322
Phonetic
component		 生 生
Rime
group		 耕 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 生 生
Old
Chinese		 /*sʰleːŋ/ /*sreŋs/

Definitions

生

  1. to live; to subsist; to exist
  2. to grow; to develop; to bud
  3. (causative) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
    她妻子生了一對雙胞胎女孩。 [MSC, trad.]
    她妻子生了一对双胞胎女孩。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā qīzǐ shēng le yī duì shuāngbāotāi nǚhái. [Pinyin]
    His wife gave birth to twin girls.
  4. to be born; to come into existence
    他生在中國。 / 他生在中国。  ―  Tā shēng zài zhōngguó.  ―  He was born in China.
  5. offspring; descendant
  6. pupil; disciple; student
    你作為全日制生必須定期上課。 [MSC, trad.]
    你作为全日制生必须定期上课。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ zuòwèi quánrìzhì shēng bìxū dìngqī shàngkè. [Pinyin]
    As a full-time student, you should attend classes on a regular basis.
  7. (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
  8. (opera) actor or male character
  9. Short for 先生 (xiānsheng, “gentleman”).
  10. (Cantonese) Short for 先生 (xiānsheng, “Mr.”).
    陳生 / 陈生 [Cantonese]  ―  can4 saang1 [Jyutping]  ―  Mr. Chan
  11. life; existence; being; living
    殺生 / 杀生  ―  shāshēng  ―  to destroy a life
  12. fresh; not stale
  13. unripe
  14. raw; uncooked
    Antonyms: 熟 (shú)
    生洋蔥 / 生洋葱  ―  shēng yángcōng  ―  raw onions
    我覺得呢塊肉仲係太生。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我觉得呢块肉仲系太生。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Ngo5 gok3 dak1 ni1 faai3 juk6 zung6 hai6 taai3 saang1. [Jyutping]
    I think this piece of meat is too raw.
  15. (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage
    生黎  ―  shēng Lí  ―  wild Li
  16. strange; unfamiliar
    生人  ―  shēngrén  ―  stranger
  17. mechanically; forcedly
  18. † very; quite; extremely
  19. vivid; strong; forceful
  20. innate; natural; born with
  21. † Original form of 性 (xìng, “intelligence; natural endowment”).
  22. living things; organism
  23. livelihood; subsistence
    謀生 / 谋生  ―  móushēng  ―  to make a living
  24. lifetime; all one's life
    來生 / 来生  ―  láishēng  ―  afterlife
  25. birthday; anniversary
    慶生 / 庆生  ―  qìngshēng  ―  to celebrate one's birthday
  26. to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
  27. to generate; to breed; to create
  28. to manufacture; to produce
  29. to happen; to occur; to take place
  30. to catch (a disease)
    我生了什麼病？ / 我生了什么病？  ―  Wǒ shēng le shénme bìng?  ―  What disease have I got?
    生蛇 [Min Nan]  ―  seⁿ-chôa [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to have shingles
  31. (transitive) to be infested by a parasite
    生跳蚤  ―  shēng tiàozǎo  ―  to be infested with fleas
    生蝨乸 / 生虱乸 [Cantonese]  ―  saang1 sat1 naa2 [Jyutping]  ―  to be infested with lice
  32. (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
  33. (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
  34. to light; to ignite (a fire)
    母親沒有生爐子。 / 母亲没有生炉子。  ―  Mǔqīn méi yǒu shēng lúzi.  ―  Mother did not light the stove.
  35. A surname​.

Compounds
Derived terms from 生

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (生):

Japanese
Stroke order (Japan)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Kanji
生

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
生
なま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Noun

生 (hiragana なま, rōmaji nama)

  1. a raw, uncooked state
    肉 (にく)を生 (なま)のまま食 (た)べると、腹 (はら)を壊 (こわ)すことがある。
    Niku o nama no mama taberu to, hara o kowasu koto ga aru.
    You may have a stomachache if you eat raw meat.
  2. Short for 生ビール (“draft beer”).

Prefix

生 (hiragana なま, rōmaji nama-)

  1. (broadcasting) live
    生 (なま)演奏 (えんそう)
    namaensō
    live performance
  2. fresh, draft
    生 (なま)クリーム
    nama kurīmu
    fresh cream
    生 (なま)ビール
    nama bīru
    draft beer
  3. raw, uncooked, rare
    生 (なま)卵 (たまご)
    nama tamago
    a raw egg
  4. natural, unprocessed

Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
生
せい
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”).

Pronunciation

Noun

生 (hiragana せい, rōmaji sei)

  1. a living
    生 (せい)を営 (いとな)む
    sei o itonamu
    make a living
  2. life
    生 (せい)の喜 (よろこ)び
    sei no yorokobi
    the joys of life
    Synonym: 命 (inochi)

Pronoun

生 (hiragana せい, rōmaji sei)

  1. (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males)

Suffix

生 (hiragana せい, rōmaji -sei)

  1. a student
    中学 (ちゅうがく)生 (せい)、大学 (だいがく)生 (せい)、受験 (じゅけん)生 (せい)
    chūgakusei, daigakusei, jukensei
    middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee
  2. (be) born in
    1950 (せんきゅうひゃくごじゅう)年 (ねん)生 (せい)
    sen-kyūhyaku-gojū-nen sei
    born in 1950
    Antonym: 歿 (botsu) ("died in")

Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
生
き
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, “life, living; freshness”).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

生 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki)

  1. purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted
    ウィスキーを生 (き)で飲 (の)む
    wisukī o ki de nomu
    drink whiskey straight

Prefix

生 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki-)

  1. unrefined
    生 (き)糸 (いと)
    kiito
    raw silk
  2. pure, undefiled, unadulterated
    生 (き)娘 (むすめ)
    kimusume
    innocent young girl

Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
生
しょう
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH). The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

Affix

生 (hiragana しょう, rōmaji shō)

  1. life; lifetime
Derived terms
Derived terms

See also
  • Appendix:Gikun Usage in Meiji Version of Japanese Bible/生

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC ʃˠæŋ, ʃˠæŋH). Attested in 훈몽자회／訓蒙字會 as Middle Korean ᄉᆡᇰ (soyng).

Hanja

Wikisource

生 (eumhun 날 생 (nal saeng))

  1. Hanja form? of 생 (“raw; uncooked”).
  2. Hanja form? of 생 (“of life; to be born”).
  3. Hanja form? of 생 (“to produce”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

生: Hán Việt readings: sinh[1][2][3][4], sanh (師(sư)庚(canh)切(thiết))[3][4]
生: Nôm readings: sanh[1][2][5][4][6][7], siêng[1][3][5][4][6][7], sinh[1][2][3][4][7], xinh[1][2][3][5], xênh[1][3][5], sống[1], xanh[1]

  1. Hán tự form of sinh (“to produce; to yield; to give birth to”).
  2. Hán tự form of sanh (“to be born”).
  3. Nôm form of siêng (“dilligent; assiduous”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Hồ (1976).
  6. Génibrel (1898).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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