中國

Chinese

	middle; center; within middle; center; within; among; in; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)	country; state; nation
trad. (中國)	中	國
simp. (中国)	中	国
anagram	國中／国中
Literally: “middle country; central country”.

Etymology

This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

Western Zhou Dynasty [1046–771 BCE]:
the region controlled by the Western Zhou Dynasty, covering the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, as well as the basin between the Yellow River and the Luo River.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty [770–221 BCE]:
all of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
Since Qin Dynasty [221 BCE–1911 CE]:
the land controlled by the imperial regime of the Central Plain - i.e. the ancestors of modern China.
After the Xinhai Revolution [1911 CE]:
shorthand for 中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó).
After the founding of the People's Republic of China [1949 CE]:
shorthand for 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): Zhōngguó

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ

(Chengdu, SP): Zong¹ gue²

(Dungan, Cyrillic): Җунгуй (Žunguj, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zung¹ gwok³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung¹ gok²
Gan (Wiktionary): zung¹ guet⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Chûng-koet

(Meixian, Guangdong): zung¹ guêd⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): zung¹ gueh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): Dô̤ng-gŏ
Min Dong (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-guók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-kok

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ gog⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): tson koq (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zhong¹ gue⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: Zhōngguó
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonggwo
  - IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ gue²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zunggue
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: Җунгуй (Žunguj, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/, /t͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuɤ⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ gwok³
  - Yale: jūng gwok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gwok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ guog³
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zuung¹ gok²
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: zung¹ guet⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁴² kuɛt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-koet
  - Hakka Romanization System: zung´ gued`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ gued⁵
  - IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zung¹ guêd⁵
  - IPA: /t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zung¹ gueh⁴
  - IPA (old-style): /t͡sũŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Dô̤ng-gŏ
  - IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ³³ ko²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-guók
  - IPA ^(key): /tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-kok
  - Tâi-lô: Tiong-kok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diongkog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dong¹ gog⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong kok
  - IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tson koq (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊʔ²¹/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhong¹ gue⁶
  - IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡ʂʊŋ³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/
  - IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sən³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨuŋ kwək̚/▼

Rime
Character	中	國
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	德 (132)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	陟弓切	古或切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/	/kwək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/	/kʷək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/	/kuək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/	/kwək̚/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/	/kuək̚/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/	/kuək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/	/kwək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	guo

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ [C.q]ʷˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ kʷɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	中	國
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	guó
Middle Chinese	‹ trjuwng ›	‹ kwok ›
Old Chinese	/*truŋ/	/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English	center	state (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	中	國
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	17407	5547
Phonetic component	中	或
Rime group	終	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	中	國
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*kʷɯːɡ/

Proper noun

中國

China; the Middle Kingdom; Central State
中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
The capital of China is Beijing.

他現在在中國旅行。 [MSC, trad.]
他现在在中国旅行。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]
He's travelling around China right now.

你喜歡中國文學嗎？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, trad.]
你喜欢中国文学吗？ [Taiwanese Mandarin, simp.]
Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]
Do you like Chinese literature?

中國和平崛起 / 中国和平崛起 ― Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ ― China's peaceful rise

中國社會科學院 / 中国社会科学院 ― Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn ― the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中國典籍英譯 / 中国典籍英译 ― zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì ― English translations of Chinese classics
(～地方, ～地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan
- 2004, 于沛, 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所学术论文集（1964-2004）：古代中世纪卷
  這裡的中國是指日本的中國地方，即指本州西部的岡山、廣島、山口、島根、鳥取 5 縣。 [MSC, trad.]
  这里的中国是指日本的中国地方，即指本州西部的冈山、广岛、山口、岛根、鸟取 5 县。 [MSC, simp.]
  Zhèlǐ de Zhōngguó shì zhǐ Rìběn de Zhōngguó Dìfāng, jí zhǐ Běnzhōu xībù de Gāngshān, Guǎngdǎo, Shānkǒu, Dǎogēn, Niǎoqǔ 5 xiàn. [Pinyin]
  Here, 中國 refers to the Chūgoku region of Japan, or the five prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, and Tottori that lay in the western region of Honshū.

Synonyms

(abbreviation) 華／华 (huá)
(lofty) 天下 (tiānxià)

Derived terms

Derived terms from 中國

中國中心主義／中国中心主义 (zhōngguózhōngxīnzhǔyì)
中國之春／中国之春
中國人／中国人 (zhōngguórén)
中國人民解放軍／中国人民解放军 (Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn)
中國內地／中国内地 (Zhōngguó nèidì)
中國化／中国化 (zhōngguóhuà)
中國圖／中国图 (zhōngguótú)
中國城／中国城 (zhōngguóchéng)
中國大百科全書／中国大百科全书
中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù)
中國字／中国字 (zhōngguózì)
中國學／中国学 (Zhōngguóxué)
中國工農紅軍／中国工农红军 (Zhōngguó Gōngnóng Hóngjūn)
中國式／中国式 (Zhōngguóshì)
中國文化大學／中国文化大学
中國文字／中国文字
中國時報／中国时报
中國本土／中国本土 (Zhōngguó běntǔ)
中國海／中国海 (Zhōngguóhǎi)

中國特色／中国特色 (Zhōngguó tèsè)
中國畫／中国画 (Zhōngguóhuà)
中國科大／中国科大 (Zhōngguó Kēdà)
中國科學院／中国科学院
中國結／中国结 (zhōngguójié)
中國菜／中国菜 (Zhōngguócài)
中國話／中国话 (zhōngguóhuà)
中國語／中国语 (zhōngguóyǔ)
中國超新星／中国超新星
中國通／中国通 (Zhōngguótōng)
中國銀行／中国银行 (Zhōngguó Yínháng)
中國電視公司／中国电视公司
中國風／中国风 (zhōngguófēng)
中媒 (zhōngméi)
新中國／新中国 (Xīnzhōngguó)
自由中國／自由中国
舊中國／旧中国 (Jiùzhōngguó)
蘇俄在中國／苏俄在中国
赤色中國／赤色中国

Noun

中國

(archaic) imperial court
(archaic) capital of a state
(archaic) region under direct rule of the emperor
(archaic) Central Plain

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中國):

→ Japanese: 中 (ちゅう)国 (ごく) (Chūgoku)
→ Korean: 중국 (中國, Jungguk)
→ Vietnamese: Trung Quốc (中國)

Others:

→ English: Middle Kingdom (calque)
→ Hlai: Dongxgok
→ Indonesian: Tiongkok
→ Kazakh: Жұңго (Juñgo)
→ Tibetan: ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go)
→ Uyghur: جۇڭگو‎ (junggo), Җуңго (Junggo) (Cyrillic)
→ Zhuang: Cunghgoz, Cungguek

Japanese

Kanji in this term
中	國
ちゅう Grade: 1	こく > ごく Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Proper noun

中國 (kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji 中国, hiragana ちゅうごく, rōmaji Chūgoku)

Kyūjitai form of 中国: China

Korean

Hanja in this term
中	國

Proper noun

中國 • (Jungguk) (hangeul 중국)

Hanja form^? of 중국 (“China”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
中	國

Proper noun

中國

Hán tự form of Trung Quốc (“China”).

Zhuang

Proper noun

中國

Sawndip form of Cunghgoz

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