眾生

See also: 衆生 and 众生

Chinese

		numerous; multitude; crowd	to be born; to give birth; life to be born; to give birth; life; to grow; student; raw
trad. (眾生/衆生)		眾/衆	生
simp. (众生)		众	生

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhòngshēng

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung³ sang¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung-sên
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chiòng-seng

(Teochew, Peng'im): zêng³ sên¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhòngshēng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonqsheng
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhòngsheng
  - IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung³ sang¹
  - Yale: jung sāng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung³ sang¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung³ seng¹
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung-sên
  - Hakka Romanization System: zung sen´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zung⁴ sen¹
  - IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵ sen²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiòng-seng
  - Tâi-lô: tsiòng-sing
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciorngsefng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɕiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zêng³ sên¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsèng seⁿ
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕɨuŋ^H ʃˠæŋ|ʃˠæŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	眾	生	生
Reading #	2/2	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	生 (21)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	庚 (109)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II	II
Fanqie	之仲切	所庚切	所敬切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨuŋ^H/	/ʃˠæŋ/	/ʃˠæŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiuŋ^H/	/ʃᵚaŋ/	/ʃᵚaŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiuŋ^H/	/ʃaŋ/	/ʃaŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuwŋ^H/	/ʂaɨjŋ/	/ʂaɨjŋ^H/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuŋ^H/	/ʃɐŋ/	/ʃɐŋ^H/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuŋ^H/	/ʃɐŋ/	/ʃɐŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uŋ^H/	/ʂɐŋ/	/ʂɐŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhòng	shēng	shèng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ-s sreŋ|sreŋ|sreŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋs sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	眾	生	生	生
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhòng	shēng	shēng	shēng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuwng^H ›	‹ sræng ›	‹ sræng ›	‹ srjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ-s/	/sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or s.reŋ ?)	/*sreŋ/	/sreŋ/ (or s.reŋ ?)
English	numerous	bear, be born; live	fresh, raw	bear, be born; live
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	眾	生	生
Reading #	2/2	1/2	2/2
No.	17491	11312	11322
Phonetic component	衆	生	生
Rime group	終	耕	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	衆	生	生
Old Chinese	/*tjuŋs/	/*sʰleːŋ/	/*sreŋs/
Notes	甲文象日下三人，金文或改目下，表衆人在監督下勞作

Noun

眾生

(Buddhism) all living things
博愛眾生 / 博爱众生 ― bó'ài zhòngshēng ― to universally love all living things
the masses
all animals, except humans
(offensive) bugger

Derived terms

一切眾生／一切众生
普度眾生／普度众生
普渡眾生／普渡众生
普濟眾生／普济众生

眾生好度，人難度／众生好度，人难度
眾生皆有佛性／众生皆有佛性
眾生相／众生相 (zhòngshēngxiàng)
芸芸眾生／芸芸众生 (yúnyúnzhòngshēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (眾生):

→ Japanese: 衆 (しゅ)生 (じょう) (shujō)
→ Korean: 중생 (衆生/眾生, jungsaeng)
→ Vietnamese: chúng sinh (眾生)

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