Holland Tunnel

Holland Tunnel
Manhattan entrance to tunnel
Overview
Other name(s) Holland Vehicular Tunnel
Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel
Canal Street Tunnel
Location Jersey City, NJ–Lower Manhattan, New York City, NY, US
Route I‑78 (full length)
Route 139 (NJ side)
Crosses Hudson River
Operation
Opened November 13, 1927 (1927-11-13)
Operator Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Traffic 89,792 (2016)[1]
Toll (Eastbound only) As of December 6, 2015:
  • Cars $15.00 for cash
  • $12.50 for Peak (E-ZPass)
  • $10.50 for Off-peak (E-ZPass)
  • $6.50 (when carpooling with 3 people or more with NY and NJ E-ZPass only, or $6.25 New York or New Jersey issued E-ZPass with registered commuter plan and 3 or more trips into Staten Island, NY during a calendar month.)
[2]
Technical
Length 8,558 feet (2,608.5 m) (westbound)
8,371 feet (2,551.5 m) (eastbound)
No. of lanes 4
Tunnel clearance 12.6 feet (3.84 m)
Depth of tunnel below water level 93 feet (28.3 m) below MHW
Route map
Holland Tunnel
An eastbound trip through the tunnel
Location Jersey City, New Jersey and Manhattan, New York City
Built 1920
Architect Clifford Holland
NRHP reference # 93001619
Significant dates
Added to NRHP November 4, 1993[3]
Designated NHL November 4, 1993

The Holland Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River. It connects Manhattan in New York City, New York, to the east, and Jersey City, New Jersey, to the west. An integral conduit within the New York metropolitan area, the Holland Tunnel is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). The entirety of the tunnel carries Interstate 78; the New Jersey side also carries New Jersey Route 139.

Plans for a fixed vehicular crossing over the Hudson River were first devised in 1906. However, disagreements prolonged the planning process until 1919, when it was decided to build a tunnel under the river. Construction of the Holland Tunnel started in 1920, and it opened in 1927. At the time of its opening, the Holland Tunnel was the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in the world. The Holland Tunnel is one of three vehicular crossings between Manhattan and New Jersey, the others being the Lincoln Tunnel and the George Washington Bridge.

The Holland Tunnel was originally known as the Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel or the Canal Street Tunnel. It was renamed the Holland Tunnel in memory of Clifford Milburn Holland, the chief engineer, following his sudden death in 1924, but before the tunnel was opened. The Holland Tunnel was the world's first mechanically ventilated tunnel; the ventilation system was designed by Ole Singstad, who oversaw the tunnel's completion.

Description

Tubes

The Holland Tunnel is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[4] It consists of a pair of tubes with 29.5-foot (9.0 m) diameters, running roughly parallel to each other and 15 feet (4.6 m) apart underneath the Hudson River. The exteriors of each tube are composed of a series of cast iron rings, which themselves comprise 14 curved steel pieces, each of which is 6 feet (1.8 m) long. The steel rings, in turn, are covered by a 19-inch-thick (48 cm) layer of concrete.[3]:3 Each tube provides a 20-foot (6.1 m) roadway with two lanes and 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m) of vertical clearance. The north tube is 8,558 feet (2,608 m) between portals, while the south tube is slightly shorter, at 8,371 feet (2,551 m).[3]:3[4] If each tube's immediate approach roads are included, the north tube is 9,210 feet (2,807 m) long and the south tube 9,275 feet (2,827 m) long.[3]:3 Most vehicles carrying hazmats, trucks with more than three axles, and vehicles carrying trailers cannot use the tunnel. There is a width limit of 8 feet (2.4 m) for vehicles entering the tunnel.[5]

Both tubes' underwater sections are 5,410 feet (1,650 m) long and are situated in the silt beneath the river.[3]:3 The lowest point of the roadways are about 93 feet (28.3 m) below mean high water, and the lowest point of the tunnel ceiling is about 72 feet (21.9 m) below mean high water.[4][6][7] The tubes descend at a maximum grade of 4.06% and ascend at a grade of up to 3.8%.[7] The tubes stretch an additional 1,000 feet (300 m) from the eastern shoreline to the New York portals, and 500 feet (150 m) from the western shoreline to the New Jersey portals. These sections of the tunnel are more rectangular in shape, since they were built as open cuts that were later covered over.[3]:4 The walls and ceiling are furnished with glazed ceramic tiles, which were originally engineered to minimize staining.[7] The majority of the tiles are white, but there is a two-tile-high band of yellow-orange tiles at the bottom of each tube's walls, as well as two-tile-high band of blue tiles on the top.[3]:4[8]

The northern tube, which carries westbound traffic, originates at Broome Street in Manhattan between Varick and Hudson Streets; it continues to 14th Street east of Marin Boulevard in Jersey City. The southern tube, for eastbound traffic, originates at 12th Street east of Marin Boulevard, and surfaces at the Holland Tunnel Rotary in Manhattan.[6] The entrance and exit ramps to and from each portal are lined with granite and are 30 feet (9.1 m) wide.[3]:5 Although the two tubes' underwater sections are parallel and adjacent to each other, the tubes' portals on either side are located two blocks apart in order to reduce congestion on each side.[9][3]:4 The Holland Tunnel's tubes initially contained a road surface made of Belgian blocks and concrete, but this has since been replaced with asphalt in 1955.[3]:5 Each tube contains a catwalk on its left (inner) side, raised 4 feet (1.2 m) above the roadway.[6] Five emergency-exit cross-passages connect the two tubes' inner catwalks.[3]:6 When the Holland Tunnel opened, the catwalk was equipped with police booths and a telephone system, stationed at intervals of 250 feet (76 m).[9]

The amount of traffic going through the Holland Tunnel has remained steady despite tight restrictions on eastbound traffic in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks, including a ban on commercial traffic entering New York City put in place after an August 2004 threat.[10][11] Aside from a sharp decline immediately following the September 11 attacks, the number of vehicles using the Holland Tunnel in either direction daily has steadily declined from a peak of 103,020 daily vehicles in 1999 to 89,792 vehicles in 2016.[1]:218 As of 2017, the eastbound direction of the Holland Tunnel was used by 14,871,543 vehicles annually.[12]

The Holland Tunnel was designed by Clifford Milburn Holland, chief engineer on the project, who died in October 1924, before it was completed.[13] He was succeeded by Milton Harvey Freeman, who died less than a year after Holland did.[14][15] Afterward, Ole Singstad oversaw the completion of the tunnel.[16][14] The tunnel was designated a National Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1982[17] and a National Historic Landmark in 1993.[18][19][20][21]

Emergency services at the Holland Tunnel are provided by the Port Authority's Tunnel and Bridge Agents, who are stationed at the Port Authority's crossings.[22][23]

Ventilation

The Holland Tunnel was the first mechanically ventilated underwater vehicular tunnel in the world. It contains a system of vents that run transverse, or perpendicular, to the tubes.[7][24][25] Each side of the Hudson River has two ventilation shaft buildings: one on land, and one in the river approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) from the respective shoreline. All of the ventilation buildings have buff brick facades with steel and reinforced-concrete frames.[3]:5[26][14] The shafts within the river rise 107 feet (33 m) above mean high water; their supporting piers descend 45 feet (14 m), of which 40 feet (12 m) are underwater and 5 feet (1.5 m) are embedded in the riverbed.[3]:5[24] The river shafts double as emergency exits by way of shipping piers that connected each ventilation shaft to the shoreline.[3]:6 The New York Land Ventilation Tower, a five-story building with a trapezoidal footprint, is 122 feet (37 m) tall. The New Jersey Land Ventilation Tower is a four-story, 84-foot (26 m) building with a rectangular perimeter.[3]:5

The four ventilation towers contain a combined 84 fans. Of these, 42 are intake fans with varying capacities from 84,000 to 218,000 cubic feet (2,400 to 6,200 m3) per minute, while the other 42 are exhaust fans, which could blow between 87,500 and 227,000 cubic feet (2,480 and 6,430 m3) per minute.[14][6] At the time of the tunnel's construction, two-thirds of the 84 fans were being used regularly, while the other fans were reserved for emergency use.[27] The fans blow fresh air into ducts, which in turn provide air intake to the tunnel via openings at the tubes' curbside. The ceiling contains slits, which are used to exhaust air.[3]:5[24][25] The fans can replace all of the air inside the tunnel every 90 seconds. A forced ventilation system is essential because of the poisonous carbon monoxide component of automobile exhaust, which constituted a far greater percentage of exhaust gases before catalytic converters became prevalent.[3]:6[28][29]

Boyle Plaza

The approach to the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City begins where the lower level of NJ 139 and the Newark Bay Extension merge. On May 6, 1936, the section of what became NJ 139/I-78 between Jersey Avenue and Marin Boulevard was named in memory of John F. Boyle, the former interstate tunnel commissioner.[30] Despite being part of the Interstate Highway System, I-78 and NJ 139 run concurrently along 12th and 14th Streets to reach the Holland Tunnel. Westbound traffic uses 14th Street while eastbound traffic uses 12th Street. The plaza was restored and landscaped by the Jersey City government in 1982.[31]

There is a nine-lane toll plaza for eastbound traffic only at the eastern end of 12th Street, just west of the tunnel portal.[4] The original toll plaza had eight lanes;[9] it was renovated in 1953–1954,[32][3]:6 and the current nine-lane tollbooth was constructed in 1988.[33][3]:6

Panorama of Holland Tunnel entrance in New Jersey
Jersey City entrance during rush hour

Holland Tunnel Rotary

1973 aerial view of rotary with parked buses. A fifth exit was added in 2004.

Soon after construction of the tunnel, a freight depot, the St. John's Park Terminal, was demolished,[34] and a new circular roadway was created in the city block bounded by Laight, Varick, Beach and Hudson Streets for traffic exiting the eastbound tube in Manhattan.[35][36] The original structure had four exits, but the plaza was renovated in the early 2000s with landscaping by Studio V Architecture[37] and Ives Architecture Studio.[38] A fifth exit was added in 2004.[39][40]

Freeman Plaza

Originally used as the toll plazas for New Jersey-bound traffic, the small triangular patches of land at the mouth of the westbound tube entrance are referred to as Freeman Plaza or Freeman Square. The plaza is named after Milton Freeman, the engineer who took over the Holland Tunnel project after the death of Clifford Milburn Holland.[41] The Freeman Plaza received its name just before the tunnel opened in 1927. The toll plaza was removed circa 1971 when the Port Authority stopped collecting tolls for New Jersey-bound drivers, and the square was later fenced off by the Port Authority.[3]:7[42] The small maintenance buildings for toll collectors were removed around 1982 or 1983.[3]:7 A bust of Holland sits outside the entrance to the westbound tube in Freeman Plaza.[43]:16

A business improvement district for the area, the Hudson Square Connection, was founded in 2009 with the goal of repurposing the square for pedestrian use.[42][44] Hudson Square Connection and the Port Authority collaborated to create a five year, $27 million master plan for Freeman Plaza.[45] In 2013, Freeman Plaza West was opened to the public. Bounded by Hudson, Broome, and Watts Streets, it features umbrellas, bistro tables and chairs, and tree plantings.[46] In 2014, Freeman Plaza East and Freeman Plaza North were opened on Varick and Broome Streets, respectively. The plazas contained chaise lounge chairs, bistro tables, and umbrellas.[47] In 2016, the Hudson Square Connection added solar powered charging stations to both plazas, and introduced a summer lunchtime music series, called live@lunch.[48] A statue by the artist Isamu Noguchi was also installed within the plaza.[49]

History

Need for vehicular tunnel

Until the first decade of the 20th century, passage across the lower Hudson River was possible only by ferry.[50]:10[3]:9 The first tunnels to be bored below the Hudson River were for railroad use. The Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (now PATH) constructed two pairs of tubes to link the major railroad terminals in New Jersey with Manhattan Island: the Uptown Hudson Tubes, which opened in 1908,[50]:21[51] and the Downtown Hudson Tubes, which opened in 1909.[52] The Pennsylvania Railroad's twin North River Tunnels, constructed to serve the new Pennsylvania Station, opened in 1910.[50]:37[53] The construction of these three tunnels proved that tunneling under the Hudson River was feasible.[50]:10 However, although train traffic was allowed to use the tunnel crossings, automotive traffic still had to be transported via ferry.[3]:9

At the same time, freight traffic in the Port of New York and New Jersey was mostly carried on boats, but traffic had grown to such a point that the boats were at full capacity, and some freight started going to other ports in the United States. To alleviate this, officials proposed building a freight railroad tunnel, but this was blocked by the organized syndicates that held influence over much of the port's freight operations.[43]:9–10 The public learned of the excessive traffic loads on existing boat routes, as well as the limited capacity of the H&M and North River Tunnels, when the surface of the Hudson River froze in winter 1917, and again when Pennsylvania Railroad workers went on strike in winter 1918.[43]:11–13[3]:9 One engineer suggested that three freight railroad tunnels would be cheaper to construct than one bridge.[54]

Planning

Initial plans

In 1906, the New York and New Jersey Interstate Bridge Commission, a consortium of three groups, was formed to consider the need for a crossing across the Hudson River between New York City and New Jersey.[55] That year, three railroads asked the Commission to consider building a railroad bridge over the river.[56] In 1908, the commission considered building three bridges across the Hudson River at 57th, 110th, and 179th Streets in Manhattan. The reasoning was that bridges would be cheaper than tunnels.[57] These three locations were considered to be the only suitable locations for suspension bridges; other sites were rejected on the grounds of aesthetics, geography, or traffic flows.[55][58] John Vipond Davies, one of the partners for the consulting firm Jacobs and Davies (which had constructed the Uptown Hudson Tubes), wanted to build a vehicular tunnel between Canal Street, Manhattan, and 13th Street, Jersey City. This proposal would compete with the six-lane suspension bridge at 57th Street.[59] Some plans provided for the construction of both the bridge and the tunnel.[59][60] The ferries could not accommodate all of the 19,600 vehicles per day, as of 1913, that traveled between New York and New Jersey.[60] The Bridge Commission hosted several meetings to tell truck drivers about the details of both the 57th Street Bridge and Canal Street Tunnel plans.[61]

The United States Department of War brought up concerns about the 57th Street bridge plans: the span would need to be at least 200 feet (61 m) above the mean high water to avoid interfering with shipping.[43]:13 By comparison, the tunnel would be 95 feet (29 m) below mean water level.[60] The Interstate Bridge Commission, which had been renamed the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission in April 1913,[62][63] published a report that same month, stating that the Canal Street tunnel would cost $11 million while the 57th Street bridge would cost $42 million.[58] In October 1913, Jacobs and Davies stated that a pair of tunnels, with each tube carrying traffic in one direction, would cost only $11 million, while a bridge might cost over $50 million. Moreover, the low elevation and deep bedrock of Lower Manhattan was more conducive to a tunnel than to a bridge.[43]:13–14[64][65] By the end of that year, the consulting engineers for both the 57th Street Bridge and the Canal Street Tunnel had submitted their plans to the Bridge and Tunnel Commission.[66] New York City merchants mainly advocated for the tunnel plan, while New Jerseyans and New York automobile drivers mostly supported the bridge plan.[67] Meanwhile, the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission indicated that it favored the Canal Street tunnel plan. On the other hand, the 57th Street bridge plan remained largely forgotten.[65][66]

The Public Service Commission of New Jersey published a report in April 1917, stating that the construction of a Hudson River vehicle tunnel from Lower Manhattan to Jersey City was feasible.[68] That June, following this report, New Jersey Governor Walter Evans Edge convened the Hudson River Bridge and Tunnel Commission of New Jersey, which would work with the New York Bridge and Tunnel Commission to construct the new tunnel.[43]:15[69] In March 1918, a report was sent to the New York State Legislature, advocating for the construction of the tunnel as soon as possible.[70] That year, six million dollars in funding for the Hudson River Tunnel was proposed in two bills presented to subcommittees of the United States Senate and House of Representatives.[71][70] The bill was voted down by the Interstate Commerce Committee before it could be presented to the full Senate.[72]

Plans approved

Clifford Milburn Holland, 1919

The original plans for the Hudson River tunnel were for twin two-lane tubes, with each tube carrying traffic in a single direction.[55] A request for proposals for the tunnel was announced in 1918, and eleven such requests were considered.[43]:15[73] One of these proposals, authored by engineer George Goethals, was for a bi-level tube.[55][74] A modification of Jacobs and Davies' 1913 plan,[70] the Goethals proposal specified that each level would carry three lanes of traffic, and that traffic on each level would run in a different direction.[43]:15[74] Goethals stated that his plan would cost $12 million and could be completed in three years.[75] Subsequently, John F. O'Rourke offered to build the tunnel for $11.5 million.[76] Goethals cited the area's freight traffic as one of the reasons for constructing the tube.[70] His proposal would use a 42-foot (13 m) diameter shield to dig the tunnel.[55][76][77] This large tunnel size was seen as a potential problem, since there were differences in the air pressure at the top and the bottom of each tunnel, and that air pressure difference increased with a larger tunnel diameter. Thus, five engineers were assigned to examine the feasibility of Goethals's design.[77] In July 1919, President Woodrow Wilson ratified a Congressional joint resolution for a trans-Hudson tunnel,[3]:9 and Clifford Milburn Holland was named the Chief Engineer of the project.[14] Holland stated that, based on the construction methods used for both pairs of H&M tubes (and for the downtown pair in particular), it should be relatively easy to dig through the mud on the bottom of the Hudson River, and that construction should be completed within two years.[78]

The federal government refused to finance the project, even in part, and so it was the states' responsibility to raise the funds.[55] In June 1919, U.S. Senator and former New Jersey governor Edge presented another iteration of the Hudson River Tunnel bill to the U.S. Senate, where it was approved.[79] The New York and New Jersey governments signed a contract in September 1919, in which the states agreed to build, operate, and maintain the tunnel in partnership.[43]:16[80] The contract was signed by the states' respective tunnel commissions in January 1920.[81]

Under Holland's plan, each of the two tubes would have an outside diameter of 29 feet (8.8 m) including exterior linings, and the tubes would contain 2-lane roadways with a total width of 20 feet (6.1 m).[73][82] One lane would be for slower traffic, and the other would be for faster traffic. This contrasted with Goethals's plan, wherein the three roadways would have had a total width of 24.5 feet (7.5 m), only a few feet wider than Holland's 2-lane roadways.[83] Additionally, according to Holland, the 42-foot-wide tube would require the excavation of more dirt than both 29-foot tubes combined: two circles with 29-foot diameters would have a combined area of 5,282.2 square feet (490.73 m2), while a circle with a 42-foot diameter would have an area of 5,541.8 square feet (514.85 m2).[43]:17[55][83] The more northerly westbound tube would begin at Broome and Varick Streets on the Manhattan side and end at the now-demolished intersection of 14th and Provost Streets on the New Jersey side. The more southerly eastbound tube would begin at the still-intact intersection of 12th and Provost Streets in Jersey City, and end at the south side of Canal Street near Varick Street.[73] By way of comparison, Goethals's plan would have combined the entrance and exit plazas on each side.[43]:18 The Motor Truck Association of America unsuccessfully advocated for three lanes in each tube.[84]

Even though Goethals's method of digging had not been tested, he refused to concede to Holland's proposal, and demanded to see evidence that Holland's proposal would work.[43]:18 The New York and New Jersey Tunnel Commission subsequently rejected Goethals's plan in favor of a twin-tube proposal that Holland had devised, which was valued at around $28.7 million.[73][82] When Goethals asked why, the commission responded that Goethals's proposal had never been tested; that it was too expensive; and that the tunnel plans had many engineering weaknesses that could cause the tube to flood.[85] Additionally, while a tube with three lanes in each direction would be able to handle more traffic than a tube with two lanes, projections showed that traffic on the tunnel's approach roads could barely handle the amount of traffic going to and from the two-lane tubes, and that widening the approach roads on each side would cost millions of dollars more.[83] The commission then voted to forbid any further consideration of Goethals's plan.[86] Holland defended his own plan by pointing out that the roadways in Goethals's plan would not only feature narrower road lanes, but also would have ventilation ducts that were too small to ventilate the tube efficiently.[87]

In May 1920, the New Jersey legislature voted to approve the start of construction, overriding a veto from the New Jersey governor.[88] The same month, the New York governor signed a similar bill that had been passed in the New York legislature.[89] The legislature of New Jersey approved a $5 million bond issue for the tunnel in December 1920.[90]

Construction

The first bid for constructing the Hudson River Tunnel, a contract for digging two of the tunnel's eight planned shafts, was advertised in September 1920.[91] A groundbreaking for the Hudson River Tunnel's ventilation shaft, which marked the official start of construction on the tunnel, occurred on October 12, 1920, at Canal and Washington Streets on the Manhattan side.[92] However, further construction of the Hudson River Tunnel was soon held up due to concerns over its ventilation system.[93] There was also a dispute over whether the New York City government should pay for street-widening projects on the New Jersey side.[94] Further delays arose when the New York and New Jersey tunnel commissions could not agree over which agency would award the contract to build the construction and ventilation shafts.[95]

Ventilation system

One of four towers, the New York Land Ventilation Building in 1985
Hudson River ventilation tower in Jersey City

The most significant design aspect of the Holland Tunnel is its ventilation system; it is served by four ventilation towers designed by Norwegian architect Erling Owre.[96] At the time of its construction, underwater tunnels were a well-established part of civil engineering, but no long vehicular tunnels had been built, as all of the existing tunnels under New York City waterways carried only railroads and subways. These tubes did not have as much of a need for ventilation, since the trains that used the tubes were required to be electrically powered, and thus emitted very little pollution.[3]:10[93] On the other hand, the traffic in the Holland Tunnel consisted mostly of gasoline-driven vehicles, and ventilation was required to evacuate the carbon monoxide emissions, which would otherwise asphyxiate the drivers.[3]:10[97]:181–202[98] There were very few tunnels at that time that were not used by rail traffic; the most notable of these non-rail tunnels, the Blackwall Tunnel and Rotherhithe Tunnel in London, did not need mechanical ventilation.[3]:10 However, a tunnel of the Hudson River Tunnel's length required an efficient method of ventilation, so Chief Engineer Singstad pioneered a system of ventilating the tunnel transversely (perpendicular to the tubes).[16][99]

In October 1920, General George R. Dyer, the chairman of the New York Tunnel Commission, published a report in which he stated that Singstad had devised a feasible ventilation system for the Hudson River Tunnel.[93] Working with Yale University, the University of Illinois, and the United States Bureau of Mines, Singstad built a test tunnel in the bureau's experimental mine at Bruceton, Pennsylvania, measuring over 400 feet (122 m) long, where cars were lined up with engines running. Volunteer students were supervised as they breathed the exhaust in order to confirm air flows and tolerable carbon monoxide levels by simulating different traffic conditions, including backups.[25][99] The University of Illinois, which had hired the only professors of ventilation in the United States, built an experimental 300-foot-long (91 m) ventilation duct at its Urbana campus to test air flows.[99][100] In October 1921, Singstad concluded that a conventional, longitudinal ventilation system would have to be pressurized to an air flow rate of 27 cubic meters per second (953 cu ft/s) along the tunnel.[25] On the other hand, the tunnel could be adequately ventilated transversely if the compartment carrying the tube's roadway was placed in between two plenums. A lower plenum below the roadway floor could supply fresh air, and an upper plenum above the ceiling could exhaust fumes at regular intervals.[25][24]

Two thousand tests were performed with the ventilation system prototype.[14] The system was determined to be of sufficiently low cost, relative to the safety benefits, that it was ultimately integrated into the tunnel's design.[99] By the time the tunnel was in service, the average carbon monoxide content in both tunnels was 0.69 parts per 10,000 parts of air. The highest recorded carbon monoxide level in the Holland Tunnel was 1.60 parts per 10,000, well below the permissible maximum of 4 parts per 10,000.[7][101] The public and the press proclaimed air conditions were better in the tubes than in some streets of New York City; after the tunnel opened, Singstad stated that the carbon monoxide content in the tubes were half of those recorded on the streets.[101][102]

Tunnel boring

The ventilation system and other potential issues had been resolved by December 1921, and officials announced that the tunnel would break ground the following spring.[103] Builders initially considered building a trench at the bottom of the Hudson River and then covering it up, but this was deemed infeasible because of the soft soil that comprised the riverbed, as well as the heavy maritime traffic that used the river.[3]:11 Officials started purchasing the properties in the path of the tunnel's approaches, evicting and compensating the tenants "without delay" so that construction could commence promptly.[104] A bid to construct the tubes was advertised, and three firms responded.[105] On March 29, 1922, the contract to dig the tubes was awarded to the lowest bidder, Booth & Flinn Ltd., for $19.3 million.[106] The materials that were necessary to furnish the Hudson River Tunnel had already been purchased, so it was decided to start work immediately.[107] Construction on the bores began two days later as workers broke ground for an air compressor to drive the tubes. The ceremony for the air compressor was held at the corner of Canal and West Streets on the Manhattan side.[108] The workers who were performing the excavations, who were referred to as "sandhogs", were to dig each pair of tubes from either bank of the Hudson River, so that the two sides would eventually connect somewhere underneath the riverbed. The tunnel was to be 9,250 feet (2,820 m) long between portals, and the roadway was to descend to a maximum depth of 93 feet (28 m) below mean high water level.[107]

The start of construction for the tubes from the New Jersey side was delayed because the Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel Commission had not yet acquired some of the land for the project.[109] Although Jersey City officials had insisted that the Tunnel Commission widen 12th and 14th Streets in Jersey City,[110] these officials were involved in a disagreement over sale prices with the Erie Railroad, which owned some of the land that was to be acquired for the street widening. As a result, work on the Hudson River Tunnel was delayed by one year and could not be completed before 1926 at the earliest.[109] Work on the New Jersey side finally started on May 30, 1922, after Jersey City officials continued to refuse to cede public land for the construction of the tunnel's plazas. The Jersey City Chamber of Commerce wrote a letter that denounced this action, since the New Jersey Tunnel Commission's members on the Hudson River Tunnel Commission had not been notified of the groundbreaking until they read about it in the following day's newspapers.[111] In mid-June, a state chancellor made permanent an injunction that banned Jersey City officials from trying to preclude construction on the Hudson River Tunnel.[112] The Hudson River Tunnel Commission ultimately decided that Jersey City would not have its own groundbreaking celebration due to the city's various efforts at blocking the tunnel's construction.[113] However, although Jersey City officials had been primarily accused of delaying construction, officials from both states had wanted the Tunnel Commission to widen the approach streets to the Hudson River Tunnel as part of the construction process.[114]

Construction progress, 1923

For the project, six tunnel digging shields were to be delivered.[107] These shields comprised cylinders whose diameters were wider than the tunnel bores, and these cylinders contained steel plates of various thicknesses on the face that was to be driven under the riverbed.[26] Four of the shields would dig the Hudson River Tunnel under the river, while the remaining two shields would dig from the Hudson River west bank to the Jersey City portals. They could dig through rock at a rate of 2.5 feet (0.76 m) per day, or through mud at a daily rate of 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m). The air compressors would provide an air pressure of 20 to 45 pounds per square inch (140 to 310 kPa).[115] The shovels used to dig the tunnel were provided by the Marion Power Shovel Company,[116] while the six digging shields were built by the Merchants Shipbuilding Corporation.[117] The air compressor was completed in September 1922, and the first shield was fitted into place in the Manhattan side's construction shaft. By this point, the shafts on the New Jersey side were being excavated, and two watertight caissons were being constructed.[118][26]

The shield started boring in late October of that year after the steel plates that were necessary for the shield's operation had been delivered.[119] The first permanent steel-rings lining the tubes were laid a short time afterward.[120] The caissons were completed and launched into the river in December,[121] and after the caissons were outfitted with the requisite equipment such as airlocks,[26] tugboats dropped the caissons into place in January 1923.[122] Officials projected that at this rate of progress, the tunnel would be finished within 36 months, by late 1926 or early 1927.[123]

Tunnel construction required the sandhogs to spend large amounts of time in the caisson under high pressure of up to 47.5 pounds per square inch (328 kPa), which was thought to be necessary to prevent river water from entering prior to completion of the tubes.[124] The caissons were massive metal boxes with varying dimensions, but each contained 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) walls.[26] Sandhogs entered the tunnel through a series of airlocks, and could only remain inside of the tunnel for a designated time period. On exiting the tunnel, sandhogs had to undergo controlled decompression to avoid decompression sickness or "the bends", a condition in which nitrogen bubbles form in the blood from rapid decompression.[124][125] The rate of decompression rate for sandhogs working on the Hudson River Tunnel was described as being "so small as to be negligible".[126] Sandhogs underwent such decompressions 756,000 times throughout the course of construction. which resulted in 528 cases of the bends, though none were fatal.[127] The tunnel's pressurization caused other problems, including a pressure blowout in April 1924 that flooded the tube.[128][125]

Due to the geology of the river, the shields digging from the New Jersey side were mostly being driven through mud, and so could be driven at a faster rate than the shields from the New York side, which were being dug through large rock formations. When workers tried to dig through the Manhattan shoreline, they had encountered several weeks of delay due to the existence of an as-yet-unrecorded granite bulkhead on the shoreline.[129] In September 1923, after having proceeded about 1,100 feet (340 m) from the Manhattan shoreline, workers encountered a sheet of Manhattan schist under the riverbed, forcing them to slow shield digging operations from 12.5 feet per day (3.8 m/d) to less than 1 foot per day (0.30 m/d). This outcropping was fed from a stream in Manhattan that emptied into the Hudson River. The sandhogs planned to use small explosive charges to dig through the rock shelf without damaging the shield.[130] By December 1923, about 4,400 feet (1,300 m) of each tube's total length had been excavated, and the first of the shields had passed through the underwater shafts that had been sunk during construction.[129] Due to these unexpected issues, the cost estimate for the tunnel was increased from $28 million to $42 million in January 1924.[131] By March 1924, all seven of the ventilation shafts had been dug, and three of the four shields that were digging underwater had passed through their respective underwater construction shafts, with the fourth shield nearing its respective shaft.[126]

Workers also performed tests to determine whether they could receive radio transmissions while inside the tunnel. They found that they were able to receive transmissions within much of the Hudson River Tunnel.[132] However, a New Jersey radio station later found that there was a spot in the middle of the tunnel that had no reception.[133]

The cost of the project increased as work progressed. In July 1923, the New York and New Jersey Vehicular Tunnel Commission had revised plans for the entrance and exit plazas on each side to accommodate an increase in traffic along Canal Street on the Manhattan side. The commission had spent $2.1 million to acquire land.[134] Further redesigns were made in January 1924 due to a change of major components in the tunnel plan, including tunnel diameters and ventilation systems, which had increased the cost by another $14 million.[134]

Nearing completion

Jersey City entrance

The two ends of both tubes were scheduled to be "holed through", or connected to each other, at a ceremony on October 29, 1924, in which President Calvin Coolidge would have remotely set off an explosion to connect the two sides of the tunnel.[135] However, two days before the holing-through ceremony supposed to take place, Holland died of a heart attack at the sanatorium in Battle Creek, Michigan, aged 41. Individuals cited in The New York Times attributed his death to the stress he endured overseeing the tunnel's construction. The ceremony was postponed out of respect for Holland's death.[136] The tunnel was ultimately holed through on October 29, but it was a nondescript event without any ceremony.[17] On November 12, 1924, the Hudson River Vehicular Tunnel was renamed the Holland Tunnel by the two states' respective tunnel commissions.[137] Holland was succeeded by Milton Harvey Freeman, who died of pneumonia in March 1925, after several months of heading the job.[14][15] After Freeman's death, the position was occupied by Ole Singstad, who oversaw the completion of the tunnel.[16][14]

As part of the tunnel project, one block of Watts Street in Manhattan was to be widened to accommodate traffic heading toward the westbound tube.[138] Sixth Avenue was also widened and extended between Greenwich Village and Church Street. Ten thousand people were evicted to make way for the Sixth Avenue extension.[139] The north-south Church Street was widened and extended southward to Trinity Place; West Street was expanded and supplemented with an elevated highway; and the west-east Vestry and Laight Streets were also widened.[140] On the New Jersey side, the Holland Tunnel was to connect a new highway (formerly the Route 1 Extension; now New Jersey Route 139), which extended westward to Newark.[6] This included a 2,100-foot (640 m) viaduct, rising 80 feet (24 m) from 12th and 14th Streets, at the bottom of the Palisades, to the new highway, at the top of the Palisades.[140] The New Jersey highway approach was opened in stages beginning in 1927,[141] and most of that highway was finished in 1930.[142]

The construction of the tunnel approach roads on the New Jersey side was delayed for months by the Erie Railroad, whose Bergen Arches right-of-way ran parallel to and directly south of NJ 139, in the right of way of the proposed approach roads. Although the Erie had promised to find another site for its railroad yards, it had refused to respond to the plans that the New Jersey State Highway Commission had sent them. In March 1925, the Highway Commission decided that construction on the approach roads would begin regardless of Erie's response, and so the land would be taken using eminent domain.[143] This led to a legal disagreement between the Erie and the Highway Commission.[144] The Erie maintained that it absolutely needed 30 feet of land along 12th Street, while the Highway Commission stated that the most direct approach to the eastbound Holland Tunnel's 12th Street portal should be made using 12th Street. The commission rejected a suggestion that it should use 13th Street, one block north, because it would cost $500,000 more and involve two perpendicular turns.[145] In October 1926, one million dollars was allocated to the completion of the NJ 139 approach.[146]

The contracts for constructing the Holland Tunnel's ventilation systems were awarded in December 1925.[147] Two months later, the New York-New Jersey Vehicular Tunnel Commission asked for $3.2 million more in funding. The tunnel was now expected to cost $46 million, an increase of $17 million over what was originally budgeted.[134] The Holland Tunnel was nearly complete: in March 1926, Singstad stated that the tunnel was expected to be opened by the following February.[148] By May 1926, the tubes had been almost completely furnished: the polished-white tile walls were in place, as were the bright lighting systems and the Belgian-block-and-concrete road surfaces.[6] The tile surfaces were specially engineered so that they could maintain their coloring even after years of use, and the lighting systems used in the Holland Tunnel were designed to allow motorists to adjust to a gradual change in lighting levels just before leaving the tubes.[7]

The ventilation towers were the only major component of the Holland Tunnel that was not completed, but major progress had been made by the end of 1926.[24] Ole Singstad and the two states' tunnel commissions tested the tunnel's ventilation system by releasing gas clouds in one of the tubes in February 1927. Singstad subsequently declared that the ventilation system was well equipped to ventilate the tunnel air.[27] However, the New York Board of Trade and Transportation disagreed, stating that the system would be inadequate if there was a genuine incident within the tunnel. In April 1927, the board had conducted their own tests with two lighted candles, and a cloud of smoke had filled the entire tube before the ventilation system was able to perform a full exhaust.[149] The Chief Surgeon of the U.S. Board of Mines supported Singstad's position that the ventilation system could sufficiently filter the tubes' air.[150] To affirm the ventilation system's efficacy, in November 1927, the New York and New Jersey tunnel commissions burned a car within the tunnel; the ventilation system dissipated the fire within three and a half minutes.[151]

The governors of New York and New Jersey took ceremonial rides through the tunnel in August 1926, meeting at the midpoint.[152] The first unofficial drive through the entirety of the Holland Tunnel was undertaken by a group of British businessmen a year later, in August 1927.[153] The next month, a group from the Buffalo and Niagara Frontier Port Authority Survey Commission also visited the tunnel.[154] In October, a delegation of representatives from Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, toured the nearly complete Holland Tunnel to get ideas for the then-proposed Detroit–Windsor Tunnel.[155][156] A reporter for The New York Times was able to make a test drive through the tunnel, noting that "there is no sudden pressure of wind upon the ear-drums" and that it would reduce the duration of crossing the Hudson River by between 15 and 22 minutes.[9] Three hundred police officers were trained in advance of the Holland Tunnel's opening,[157] and bus companies started receiving franchises to operate buses through the tunnel.[158]

Opening and early years

The New York end of the eastbound tube

The Holland Tunnel was officially opened at 4:55 p.m. (EST) on November 12, 1927. President Coolidge ceremonially opened the tunnel from his yacht by turning the same key that had "opened" the Panama Canal in 1915.[159] Time magazine called it "the golden lever of the Presidential telegraphic instrument."[28] It rang a giant brass bell at the tunnel's entrances that triggered American flags on both sides of the tunnel to separate.[28][159] The tunnel's opening ceremony was broadcast on local radio stations.[160] About 20,000 people walked the entire length of the Holland Tunnel before it was closed to pedestrians at 7 p.m. The Holland Tunnel officially opened to vehicular traffic at 12:01 a.m. on November 13, the next day; over a thousand vehicles had gathered on the New Jersey side, ready to pay a toll.[159] The first car to pay a toll was driven by the daughter of the chairman of New Jersey's Bridge and Tunnel Commission. The widows of Chief Engineers Holland and Freeman rode in the second vehicle that paid a toll.[28][159] At the time, the Holland Tunnel was the world's longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel,[28][17] as well as the world's first tunnel designed specifically for vehicular traffic.[17][3]:8

Each passenger car paid a 50-cent toll[161] (worth about $7.04 in 2017[162]). Tolls for other vehicular classes ranged from 25 cents for a motorcycle to two dollars for large trucks.[7][28][161] Commuter bus routes, which paid a 50-cent-per-vehicle toll,[161] began operating through the tunnel in December 1927.[163] Truckers subsequently objected that these rates were too high, as the Holland Tunnel truck tolls were double the tolls that were charged on the trans-Hudson ferries; by contrast, the tunnel's passenger vehicle, motorcycle, and bus tolls were on par with those charged by the ferries.[164] The toll revenues would be used to pay off the tunnel's cost[28][21] (which was estimated at $48 million in 1927 dollars,[28][21][165] or equivalent to $546 million in 2016[166]). Within ten years of opening, it was expected that all construction costs would be paid off.[165] Horsedrawn vehicles were banned from the tunnel from the start, since it was believed that horses' slow speeds would cause traffic congestion in the tubes.[167] Pedestrian and bicycle traffic was also banned. A few months before the tunnel's opening, there were suggestions that pedestrians would be allowed to cross the tunnel if they paid a toll described as "not encouraging," but the idea was never seriously considered.[168]

The Holland Tunnel was expected to relieve congestion on the vehicular ferries across the Hudson River, since the capacity of the tunnel was similar to that of the vehicular ferries. Upon opening, it had been estimated that up to 15 million vehicles per year could use the tunnel in both directions, equating to a maximum daily capacity of 46,000 vehicles or an hourly capacity of 3,800 vehicles.[6][14][7] Singstad stated that increasing freight traffic across the river would result in a corresponding increase in truck traffic, which would then cause the tunnel to reach its maximum traffic capacity shortly after its opening.[169]

The Holland Tunnel was immediately popular: on November 13, a Sunday, it saw 52,285 vehicles on the first day of operation, more than its projected maximum capacity. The lines to enter the tunnel stretched for miles on either end, although most of these vehicles were passenger cars who were making a round trip to tour the tunnel.[170][28] On November 14, the Holland Tunnel's first weekday of operation, the tunnel carried 17,726 cars.[171] Traffic counts in the Holland Tunnel remained relatively steady until the following weekend, when over 40,000 vehicles went through the tunnel.[172] The first holiday rush period for the Holland Tunnel occurred two weeks after the tunnel's opening, when around 30,000 motorists used the tunnel over the Thanksgiving holiday; there were no major traffic disruptions.[173] A half-million vehicles had passed through the Holland Tunnel within three weeks,[174] and a million had used the tubes by New Year's Day.[175] Within the tunnel's first year, 8.5 million vehicles had used it, and the toll revenue had grossed $4.7 million in profit; it was estimated that at this rate, the Holland Tunnel's construction costs might be paid off sooner than expected.[176]

Trans-Hudson ferries reported that their traffic counts had been halved in the two weeks since the tunnel opened,[177] and at least one ferry route reduced service within one month of the opening.[178] Another ferry cut its toll rates to half those of the Holland Tunnel in an effort to recover business.[179] The Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (later PATH), which operated rapid transit services across the Hudson River through its Uptown and Downtown Hudson Tubes, also saw a decline in ridership after the Holland Tunnel opened.[180]:55 Even after the start of the Great Depression in 1929, when most transit in New York City saw declines, the Holland Tunnel saw an increase in traffic, as did ferry lines.[181]

In 1930, there was a disagreement between the Hudson River Tunnel Commission and the Port of New York Authority over who would construct the Lincoln Tunnel. The tunnel was to be located further north along the Hudson River, connecting nearby Weehawken to Manhattan. The two agencies merged that April, and the expanded Port Authority of New York and New Jersey took over operations of the Holland Tunnel,[182] a role that it maintains to this day.[4] Real property title was not passed however.[183] A second vehicular link between New Jersey and Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge, opened in October 1931.[184] The Lincoln Tunnel, the third and final vehicular connection between New Jersey and Manhattan, first opened in December 1937.[185][186] Within the first 25 years of the Holland Tunnel's opening, it had carried 330 million vehicles in total, but a significant portion of Holland Tunnel traffic was diverted to the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge after the opening of the latter two crossings.[187]

Later years

In 1945, the Port Authority approved the extension of a tunnel approach on the New Jersey side. A new viaduct for westbound traffic would connect the intersection of 14th Street and Jersey Avenue, outside the Holland Tunnel's exit portal, to Hoboken Avenue and NJ 139, on top of the Palisades. This would supplement an existing bidirectional viaduct, which connected Hoboken Avenue with 12th Street and currently only carries eastbound traffic.[188] The 14th Street viaduct was first opened for vehicular use in January 1951, although the road was not complete;[189] it was officially completed that February.[190] The 12th and 14th Street viaducts were later also connected to the NJ Turnpike Extension. The first part of the extension, the Newark Bay Bridge, opened between Bayonne and Newark Airport in April 1956;[191] the connection between Bayonne and the 12th/14th Street viaducts was completed that September, providing direct highway connection between the Holland Tunnel and Newark Airport.[192] The NJ Turnpike Extension, as well as the Holland Tunnel and the 12th/14th Street approaches, was designated as part of I-78 in 1958.[193]

The tollbooth on the New Jersey side in 1985, just before its reconstruction

The Port Authority voted in 1953 to replace the original tollbooths on the New Jersey side, which did not contain canopies, with an updated plaza that contained a canopy.[32] The next year, the Port Authority also voted to refurbish the Holland Tunnel's administration building on the New Jersey side, as well as construct a new service building.[194] The development of a 2-foot-wide (0.61 m) one-man miniature electric car for tunnel police, to be installed on the tubes' catwalks, was announced in August 1954.[195] The Port Authority tested the "catwalk car" along a 2,200-foot (670 m) stretch of the Holland Tunnel,[196] After the car had passed its test, policemen could patrol the full length of the tubes using the catwalk car instead of having to walk the tubes' entire length. By use of a swivel seat the policemen could drive the car in either direction.[197]

Starting in the 1940s, New York City officials developed plans to connect the Holland Tunnel's Manhattan end to the Lower Manhattan Expressway, a proposed elevated highway connecting to both the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge to Brooklyn. This connection would be part of I-78.[198] In 1956, Robert Moses suggested adding a third tube to the Holland Tunnel, similar to the Lincoln Tunnel's third tube, so there would be sufficient capacity for the proposed expressway traffic.[199] The route of the Lower Manhattan Expressway was approved in 1960,[200] but quickly became controversial due to the large number of tenants who would have to be relocated.[201] The Lower Manhattan Expressway project was ultimately canceled in March 1971.[202]

In 1970, the Port Authority stopped collecting tolls for New Jersey-bound drivers through the Holland Tunnel, who used the westbound tube, while doubling tolls to $1 for New York-bound drivers, who used the eastbound tube. This was done in an effort to speed up traffic, and it was the first toll increase in the tunnel's history.[203] Although westbound drivers initially saved time by not paying tolls, the removal of westbound tolls ultimately had an adverse effect on traffic in the Holland Tunnel. In 1986, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, between the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Staten Island, stopped collecting tolls for Brooklyn-bound drivers (who were generally headed eastbound) and doubled its tolls for Staten Island-bound drivers (who were generally headed westbound).[204] This had the effect of increasing congestion along the New Jersey-bound tube of the Holland Tunnel, which drivers could use for free. Drivers would go through New Jersey and use the Bayonne Bridge, paying a lower toll to enter Staten Island. The amount of westbound traffic in the Holland Tunnel increased compared to eastbound traffic: by 1998, there were 50,110 daily westbound trips and 46,688 daily eastbound trips through the tunnel. Simultaneously, there was a decrease in westbound trips on the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge compared to eastbound bridge.[205] The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge toll pattern also caused traffic gridlock around the Holland Tunnel, and Canal Street saw the most severe congestion because it served as the main entrance to the tunnel.[206] Fatal accidents involving pedestrians in Lower Manhattan also increased greatly as a result.[207] Rush-hour congestion within the Holland Tunnel has persisted for more than thirty years due to the Verrazano-Narrow Bridge's one-way westbound toll.[208]

A renovation of Holland Tunnel's tiled ceilings, which were deteriorating due to water damage, started in 1983.[209] The ceilings were replaced at a total cost of $78 million, and the south tube's ceiling was renovated first. Since the Holland Tunnel had to remain open during the renovation, 4,000 modular concrete ceiling panels were made offsite, and narrow lift trucks parked in one of the tube's two lanes installed the panels while traffic continued to move through the tube's other lane. The panels were each designed to the specifications of a certain section of tube, such that none of the ceiling panels were identical; the Port Authority stated that the ceiling-replacement project was the first one of its kind in the world.[210] In 1988, after the ceiling renovations had been completed, work started on replacing the 8-lane tollbooth, which consisted of six lanes built in the 1950s and two additional lanes built in the 1980s. The new $54 million tollbooth contained 9 lanes and a central control center.[33]

The Holland Tunnel was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 27, 1993, becoming part of the National Register of Historic Places. With this designation, it became the 92nd National Historic Landmark in New York City, as well as the sixth such landmark that was a tunnel. According to M. Ann Belkov, the National Park Service superintendent for Ellis Island, the tunnel had been granted landmark status because it had been the first "mechanically ventilated underwater vehicular tunnel" in the world.[18][19][21] Between 2003 and 2006, the fire protection system in both tunnels was modernized. Fire extinguishers were placed in alcoves along the tunnel walls. Although the water supply was turned off, it remained in place during the renovation.[211]

The Holland Tunnel was closed on October 29, 2012, as Hurricane Sandy approached. The tunnel, like many other New York City tunnels, was flooded by the high storm surge. It remained closed for several days, opening for buses only on November 2 and to all traffic on November 7.[212][213]

Accidents and terrorism

The first fatal vehicular crash in the Holland Tunnel happened in March 1932, four and a half years after it opened. One person died and two others were injured.[214]

The 1949 Holland Tunnel fire, which started aboard a chemical truck, caused severe damage to the south tube of the tunnel.[215] The fire resulted in 69 injuries and nearly $600,000 worth of damage to the structure. In addition, two first responders, a FDNY battalion chief and a Port Authority patrolman, died as a result of injuries sustained in fighting the fire.[216]

Due to its status as one of the few connections between Manhattan and New Jersey, the Holland Tunnel is considered to be one of the most high-risk terrorist target sites in the United States.[43]:118 Other such sites in New Jersey include the Lincoln Tunnel in Weehawken, the PATH station at Exchange Place in Jersey City, and the Port of Newark in Elizabeth.[217] In 1995, Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and nine other men were convicted of a bombing plot in which a radical Islamic group plotted to blow up five or six sites in New York City, including the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels and the George Washington Bridge.[218]

Following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, the Holland Tunnel remained closed to all but emergency traffic for over a month, due to the Manhattan portal's proximity to the World Trade Center site. When the tunnel reopened on October 15, 2001, strict new regulations were enacted, and single-occupancy vehicles and trucks were banned from entering the tunnel.[219] In March 2002, before all of the post-9/11 restrictions were lifted, a warehouse fire near the eastbound tube's New Jersey portal caused the tunnel to be closed entirely for five days;[220] the fire continued for over a week.[221] That April, all trucks were banned from the westbound tube, and trucks with more than three axles were also banned from the eastbound tube.[222] Single-occupant vehicles were prohibited in the tunnel on weekday mornings between 6:00 am and 10:00 am until November 17, 2003, when the restrictions were lifted.[223]

In 2006, a plot to detonate explosives in a Hudson River tunnel was uncovered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It was originally reported that the Holland Tunnel was the target, but in a later update of the source, the plot was clarified to be aimed at the PATH's tubes instead of the Holland Tunnel.[224]

Tolls

As of December 6, 2015, the cash tolls going from New Jersey to New York are $15 for cars and motorcycles; there is no toll for passenger vehicles going from New York to New Jersey. E-ZPass users are charged $10.50 for cars and $9.50 for motorcycles during off-peak hours, and $12.50 for cars and $11.50 for motorcycles during peak hours.[2]

Tolls are collected at a tollbooth on the New Jersey side. Originally, tolls were collected in both directions. In August 1970, the toll was abolished for westbound drivers, and at the same time, eastbound drivers saw their tolls doubled. The tolls of eleven other New York–New Jersey and Hudson River crossings along a 130-mile (210 km) stretch, from the Outerbridge Crossing in the south to the Rip Van Winkle Bridge in the north, were also changed to eastbound-only at that time.[203] E-ZPass was first made available at the Holland Tunnel in October 1997.[225]

Historic tolls for the Holland Tunnel
YearsTollToll equivalent
in 2018[162]		Direction collected Ref.
1927–1970 $0.50 $3.15 – 8.51 each direction [161]
1970–1975 $1.00 $4.55 – 6.30 eastbound only [203]
1975–1983 $1.50 $4.46 – 6.82 eastbound only [226]
1983–1987 $2.00 $4.31 – 5.94 eastbound only [227]
1987–1991 $3.00 $5.39 – 6.46 eastbound only [228]
1991–2001 $4.00 $5.53 – 7.19 eastbound only [229]
2001–2008 $6.00 $6.82 – 8.29 eastbound only [230]
2008–2011 $8.00 $8.70 – 9.09 eastbound only [231]
2011–2012 $12.00 $12.79 – 13.05 eastbound only [232]
2012–2014 $13.00 $13.44 – 13.66 eastbound only [233]
2014–2015 $14.00 $14.45 – 14.47 eastbound only [234]
2015 (Dec)– $15.00 $15.00 eastbound only [235][2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. 2016. p. 11. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 "New Toll Fare Rates for the Bridges & Tunnels Effective December 6, 2015 at 3:00 AM". Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 National Park Service (April 15, 2008). "National Register Information System – Holland Tunnel (#93001619)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Holland Tunnel Statistics, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed May 11, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Traffic Restrictions". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "GREAT VEHICULAR TUNNEL NEARLY COMPLETED; Holland Tube Under Hudson Is Actually a Double Roadway Between New York and New Jersey -- Will Accommodate 46,000 Vehicles Daily -- Elaborate Ventilation System Is Now Being Perfected". The New York Times. May 30, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "$48,000,000 Traffic Tunnel Under Hudson Opens To-day". New York Sun. November 12, 1927. pp. 1, 5.
  8. ↑ Hannan, Frank (1926). "ABSTRACTS OF WATER WORKS LITERATURE". American Water Works Association. 15 (6): 720–737. JSTOR 41227220.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "HOW IT FEELS TO RIDE IN THE HOLLAND TUBE; Reporter Tells Experiences on Underwater Trip -- No Pressure on Ear-Drums. 7-MINUTE TRIP ONE WAY Vehicles Enter by Broad Plazas and Speed Through Tunnel in Two Traffic Lanes. TRUCKS NOT TO SLOW AUTOS Police System Insures Safety and Quick Passage -- Opening on Oct. 29 Is Expected". The New York Times. October 2, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  10. ↑ Weekly Traffic Advisory, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed September 25, 2008.
  11. ↑ McFadden, Robert D.; Dao, James (August 3, 2004). "THREATS AND RESPONSES: THE OVERVIEW; At 5 Buildings, A Day of Pluck And Patience". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  12. ↑ "2017 Monthly Traffic and Percent of E-ZPass Usage" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. March 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  13. ↑ Aronson, Michael (June 15, 1999). "The Digger Clifford Holland". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Smoke Bombs to be Fired in Motor Tunnel" (PDF). New York Sun. February 10, 1926. p. 26. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  15. 1 2 "Another Engineer Dies on Big Tunnel Job; M.H. Freeman Is Victim of Acute Pneumonia". The New York Times. March 26, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  16. 1 2 3 Krebs, Albin (December 9, 1969). "Ole Singstad, 87, Master Builder Of Underwater Tunnels, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Holland Tunnel". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  18. 1 2 "Holland Tunnel National Historic Landmark summary listing". National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on November 15, 2007.
  19. 1 2 Lange, Robie, S. (March 1993). "Holland Tunnel National Historic Landmark Nomination" (PDF). National Park Service.
  20. ↑ "Holland Tunnel National Historic Landmark Nomination—Accompanying 12 photos, from 1927–1992" (PDF). National Park Service. March 1993.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Barron, James (June 27, 1994). "A Tunnel? Holland Named U.S. Historic Landmark". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  22. ↑ Ford, James (July 12, 2018). "The most important part of commuting you've never heard of: training TBAs". WPIX 11 New York. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  23. ↑ Kurtz, Gretchen (April 13, 2003). "ROAD AND RAIL; On the Job, Way Under Water". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "BIG RIVER TOWERS GIVE AIR TO TUBE; Powerful Machinery Is Being Installed on Jersey and Manhattan Shores to Ventilate The Holland Vehicular Tunnel". The New York Times. November 28, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 "TESTS SHOW SAFETY OF VEHICLE TUNNEL; Ventilating System for Proposed Tube Under HudsonTried Out in Pittsburgh.SMOKE BOMBS EXPLODEDBut Air Remains Pure, as it AlsoDoes When Autos Are RunThrough Test Tube". The New York Times. October 30, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Howe, Jerome W. (September 14, 1924). "BORING OUT A HIGHWAY UNDER THE HUDSON; How the Engineers and Their Huge Machines Are Building the Vehicular Tunnels Through the Murk and the Cold of the River Bed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  27. 1 2 "GAS BOMB FUMES TEST HOLLAND TUBE; Set Off in Experiment, Cloud of Smoke Is Cleared Quickly by Ventilation System. 84 FANS KEEP THE AIR PURE Ole Singstad, Chief Engineer, Is Satisfied That Demonstration Proves Tunnel's Safety". The New York Times. March 16, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Science: Holland Tunnel". Time. November 21, 1927. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  29. ↑ "Compressed Air's Greatest Triumph". Popular Science Monthly: 25. January 1928. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  30. ↑ "Boyle Plaza Dedicated". The New York Times. May 6, 1936. p. 26. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  31. ↑ Parisi, Albert J. (July 4, 1982). "APPROACHES TO HOLLAND TUNNEL BEING BEAUTIFIED". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  32. 1 2 "New Toll Booths Planned At Holland Tunnel Entry". The New York Times. 1953-04-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  33. 1 2 Hays, Constance L. (October 10, 1988). "Construction Delays Due at Holland Tunnel". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Park of the Past". New York Parks Department. October 8, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Holland Tunnel Rotary" (PDF). Ives Architecture Studio. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  36. ↑ White, Norval; Elliot Willensky; Fran Leadon (2010). AIA Guide to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-538386-7.
  37. ↑ "Holland Tunnel Rotary". Studio 5 Partnership. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
  38. ↑ "Holland Tunnel Rotary" (PDF). Ives Architecture Studio. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
  39. ↑ "Rehabilitation of Holland Tunnel New York exit plaza to begin this month". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. March 20, 2003. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Port Authority completes Holland Tunnel improvements". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. December 29, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  41. ↑ "COOLIDGE WILL OPEN HOLLAND TUBE TODAY; Flash From White House Will Lower Flags at Entrances in Both States. PUBLIC TO SEE THE TUNNEL Will Be Allowed to Walk Through From 5 to 7 P.M. After the Ceremonies Are Over. LATE ENGINEERS HONORED Passage Bears Name of One, and Area at Entrance Here Is Named Freeman Square". The New York Times. November 12, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  42. 1 2 Blakinger, Keri (July 13, 2016). "A look at the history of the little-known Freeman Plaza named after a forgotten NYC tunnel engineer". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gillespie, Angus K. (2011). Crossing Under the Hudson: The Story of the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-81355-003-9.
  44. ↑ Amateau, Albert (April 21, 2010). "Hudson Square BID thinking freely about Freeman Plaza". The Villager. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  45. ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt (2012-10-09). "Park Is Proposed for Holland Tunnel's Entrance in Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  46. ↑ Karni, Annie. "Pretty plaza sprouts in Hudson Square". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  47. ↑ "Small Parks With Chaise Lounges Open Near Holland Tunnel Entrance". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  48. ↑ "live@lunch | The Hudson Square Connection a Business Improvement District". Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  49. ↑ Tcholakian, Danielle (December 22, 2016). "12,000-Pound Sculpture Installed in Hudson Square Near Holland Tunnel". DNAinfo New York. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-82890-257-1, OCLC 911046235
  51. ↑ "TROLLEY TUNNEL OPEN TO JERSEY; President Turns On Power for First Official Train Between This City and Hoboken. REGULAR SERVICE STARTS Passenger Trains Between the Two Cities Begin Running at Midnight. EXERCISES OVER THE RIVER Govs. Hughes and Fort Make Congratulatory Addresses -- Dinner at Sherry's in the Evening". The New York Times. February 26, 1908. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  52. ↑ "40,000 CELEBRATE NEW TUBES' OPENING; Downtown McAdoo Tunnels to Jersey City Begin Business with a Rush. TRIP TAKES THREE MINUTES Red Fire and Oratory Signalize the Event -- Speeches by Gov. Fort and Others -- Ovation to Mr. McAdoo". The New York Times. July 20, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  53. ↑ "OPEN PENNSYLVANIA STATION TO-NIGHT; First Regular Train to Use the Hudson River Tubes Starts at 12:02 A.M. Sunday". The New York Times. November 26, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  54. ↑ "FREIGHT TUNNELS UNDER THE HUDSON; Engineer Says Three Would Cost Less Than One Bridge-- He Suggests Conveyor Tubes in Them". The New York Times. June 30, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Vehicular Tunnel Under the Hudson Seems Assured". New York Sun. January 26, 1919. pp. 1, 7.
  56. ↑ "RAILROADS WOULD USE A HUDSON RIVER BRIDGE; Inter-State Commission Will Proceed to Consider Plans. SITE NOT DETERMINED YET The Erie and Jersey Central Railroads and Jersey Public Service Corporation Will Use the Structure". The New York Times. June 29, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  57. ↑ "WANT THREE BRIDGES ACROSS NORTH RIVER; Engineers Favor Structures to Jersey at 57th, 110th, and 179th Streets. COST WOULD BE HEAVY They Recommend Also Bridges from Staten Island to Bayonne, Elizabethporf, and Perth Amboy". The New York Times. December 6, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  58. 1 2 "TUNNELS NOT BRIDGE FAVORED TO JERSEY; New York State Commission Implies in Report That Cost of Span Is Prohibitive". The New York Times. April 22, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  59. 1 2 "Proposed $30,000,000 Suspension Bridge Over the Hudson River, with a New York Approach Near West Fifty-Seventh Street". The New York Times. December 22, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  60. 1 2 3 "Wagon Subways Under North River To Vie With Great Bridge in Linking Two States" (PDF). New York Herald. June 1, 1913. p. 2. Retrieved May 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  61. ↑ "MOTOR TRUCK MEN TO HEAR RIVER PLAN; Commissions of New York and New Jersey Will Tell of Tunnel and Bridge at A.C.A. PRESSING NEED OF ACTION George N. Duck Tells of Ferryboat Congestion by Vehicles -- Reeves a General Manager". The New York Times. March 7, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  62. ↑ Greater New York: Bulletin of the Merchants' Association of New York. Merchants' Association of New York. 1913. p. 144.
  63. ↑ "HUDSON TUNNEL BILL SIGNED" (PDF). The Saratogian. April 4, 1913. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  64. ↑ "TUNNEL INSTEAD OF BRIDGE.; Mr. Davies Shows That Traffic and Cost Favor the Former". The New York Times. January 19, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  65. 1 2 "Driveway Under Hudson to Join States Is Urge" (PDF). New York Herald. October 5, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  66. 1 2 "Connecting Links Between New York and New Jersey". The New York Times. December 28, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  67. ↑ "NEW YORKERS FAVOR TUNNEL TO JERSEY; Sister State's Representatives at Hearing Urge Hudson River Bridge. S.M. HOYE FEARS McADOO Tells Interstate Commissioners They Are Tools and Objects to". The New York Times. December 11, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  68. ↑ "NEW BOARD TO PLAN FOR JERSEY TUNNELS; Governor Edge Appoints Com mission to Confer with the New York Body.PUT COST AT $11,000,000 Project Calls for Two Tunnels from Canal Street to Hoboken forVehicular Traffic". The New York Times. June 9, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  69. ↑ "HUDSON RIVER TUNNEL PLAN; Public Service Commission of N.J. Completes Its Investigation". The New York Times. April 8, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  70. 1 2 3 4 "URGES NEW TUNNEL UNDER THE HUDSON; State Commission Advocates Its Immediate Construction for Foot and Vehicular Traffic. WOULD CROSS AT CANAL ST. Losses of Any One Day of Coal Crisis, the Commission Asserts, Would Meet Estimated Cost. The New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission has filed with the Legislature its eighth annual report, in which it recommends the immediate construction of a tunnel under the Hudson ... Proposed Plan of Financing. Equal to Seventy-five Ferryboats". The New York Times. March 18, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  71. ↑ "ASK NATION TO SHARE IN TUNNEL TO JERSEY; Calder and Eagan Introduce Bill Based on Plans Approved by Goethals. GOVERNMENT TO PAY HALF Ferry Traffic Can Be Relieved Much Quicker and at One-fourth the Cost of a Bridge, Experts Say. Delay at the Ferries. Quick Passage of Troops". The New York Times. June 29, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  72. ↑ "HUDSON TUBE BILL REJECTED; Senate Committee Declines to Approve $6,000,000 Appropriation". The New York Times. December 13, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  73. 1 2 3 4 "ASKS $28,669,000 FOR JERSEY TUBE; Interstate Bridge and Tunnel Commission Makes a Detailed Report.EXCERPT IN NEWARK PAPER Differences Between Holland andGoethals Over Construction andSize Are Disclosed. Declares Against Plan. Defines the Terminals. Insists on Suitable Plazas". The New York Times. February 15, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  74. 1 2 "Major Gen. Goethals Favors Hudson River Tunnel". The New York Times. January 27, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  75. ↑ "BIDS $12,000,000 ON HUDSON TRUCK TUBE; General Goethals Reports Plan Feasible and O'Rourke Offers to Build It in Three Years. THREE ROADWAYS PROPOSED Great Help to War Needs Seen In Facility for Motor Transport from Beyond North River". The New York Times. December 15, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  76. 1 2 "Under-Hudson Tunnel is Declared Feasible" (PDF). The Saratogian. March 17, 1919. p. 6. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  77. 1 2 "ENGINEERS STUDY VEHICULAR TUNNEL; Governor's Reconstruction Commission Considers Feasibility of Proposal.LEGISLATURE ASKED TO ACTCity Expert Doubts Whether Gen.Goethals's Plan for 42-FootShield Is Practicable. Five Engineers Consulted". The New York Times. March 16, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  78. ↑ Harrington, John Walker (June 15, 1919). "HUDSON UNDER-RIVER ROADWAY; Chief Engineer Talks of Plans and Prospects for the 40-Foot Tunnel With Three Lines of Traffic Each Way Difficulties of Bridging. Ten Minutes by Wheel. Through Soft Mud. Two Years to Build It. Too Decks of Three Columns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  79. ↑ "PASS HUDSON TUNNEL BILL.; Compact Between New York and New Jersey Is Approved by Senate". The New York Times. June 18, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  80. ↑ "VEHICULAR TUNNEL CONTRACT SIGNED" (PDF). New York Sun. September 28, 1919. p. 9. Retrieved May 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  81. ↑ "HUDSON TUBE CONTRACT; Signed by New York and New Jersey Terminal Commission". The New York Times. January 4, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  82. 1 2 "New Vehicular Tube to Cost $28,669,000" (PDF). New York Tribune. February 16, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  83. 1 2 3 "Twin Tubes Under Hudson Will Care For Future Traffic" (PDF). The Sun and New York Herald. February 22, 1920. p. 12. Retrieved May 2, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  84. ↑ "DEMAND WIDER TUNNEL.; Motor Association Wants 31 Feet, Giving Six Lines of Traffic". The New York Times. March 21, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  85. ↑ "DECLARES GOETHALS TUBE WOULD FLOAT; Interstate Commission Gives Its Objections to Concrete Block Tunnel. CALLS IT THE WORST TYPE General's Estimate of Cost Too Low, It Says--Board of Engineers Indorses Reply". The New York Times. March 2, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  86. ↑ "COMMISSIONS BAR GOETHALS TUNNEL; Engineers to be Instructed Not to Spend Time Considering Concrete Plan. CLEAR WAY FOR IRON TUBES Suggestions by Civic Organizations on Hudson Scheme Also to Be Ignored". The New York Times. March 10, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  87. ↑ "HOLLAND DEFENDS TWIN-TUBE TUNNEL; Declares Three-Way". The New York Times. March 24, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  88. ↑ "PASS TUNNEL BILL OVER EDWARDS VETO; Assembly Early This Morning Readopts Measure Providing for $28,000,000 Bond Issue. CALLS FOR $2,000,000 TAX Governor, in Message, Said He Opposed This Means of Raising the Money". The New York Times. May 5, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  89. ↑ "SIGNS BILL TO BEGIN NEW JERSEY TUNNEL; Gov. Smith Approves Measure with Others Calling for $5,000,000 in Appropriations". The New York Times. May 26, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  90. ↑ "2 BOND ISSUES BY JERSEY.; $5,000,000 Hudson Tunnel and $12,000,000 Bonus Approved". The New York Times. December 3, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  91. ↑ "FIRST BIDS OPENED FOR VEHICULAR TUBE; Lowest Figures for Construction of Two Hudson TunnelShafts Is $650,802.50.TO LET CONTRACT TUESDAY Completion of Under-water Thoroughfare Is Now Expected in the Summer of 1924". The New York Times. September 22, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  92. ↑ "GROUND IS BROKEN FOR VEHICULAR TUBE; Tunnel Is Acclaimed as Emblematic of Closer Bonds Between the Two States.3,000 ATTEND EXERCISESLieut. Gov. Walker Wields Pickas Gov. Edwards RemovesFirst Shovelful of Earth.MILITIA ACTS AS ESCORTSenator Calder Says Linking ofNew York and New Jersey isof National Import". The New York Times. October 13, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  93. 1 2 3 "SOLVE VENTILATION OF VEHICULAR TUBE; Gen. Dyer Says That Experts Have Settled Difficult Problem of Hudson Tunnel.AUTO CASES ANALYZEDPhysiological and Psychological Effects of Noxious Fumes from Gasoline Combustion Determined". The New York Times. October 10, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  94. ↑ "TRYING TO SETTLE TUNNEL DISPUTE; New Jersey Commissioners Want New York to Pay for Widening Jersey City Streets. WILL CONFER TOMORROW Controversy May Go to Courts, but Work Will Begin at Once--To Be Open In January, 1925". The New York Times. May 2, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  95. ↑ "NEW HITCH DELAYS VEHICULAR TUNNEL; State Commissions Clash Over Awarding of Contracts for Sinking Shafts. NEW COMPANY BIDS LOWEST New York Engineer Says This Concern, Favored in New Jersey,Lacks Experience". The New York Times. July 29, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  96. ↑ Gomez, John (April 10, 2012), "Brilliant design in Modernist towers that ventilate the Holland Tunnel: Legends & Landmarks", The Jersey Journal, retrieved August 12, 2012
  97. ↑ Bjork, K. (2007). Saga in Steel and Concrete - Norwegian Engineers in America. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-6829-9. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  98. ↑
    • "Studies and Methods Adopted for Ventilating the Holland Vehicular Tunnels". Engineering News-Record. 98. June 9, 1927. pp. 934–939.
    • "Ventilating the Holland Vehicular Tunnel". Heating and Ventilating Magazine. 23 (79). August 1926.
    • Singstad, Ole. "Ventilation of Vehicular Tunnels". Proceedings of the World Engineering Congress. 9. pp. 381–399.
    • Davis, A. C. (October 1930). "Development of the ventilation system of the Holland Tunnel". Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning. 2. pp. 866–874.
    • Fieldner, A.C.; Henderson, Y.; Paul, J.W.; others (February 1927). "Ventilation of vehicular tunnels (Report of U.S. Bureau of Mines to New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission and New Jersey State Bridge and Tunnel Commission)". American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.
  99. 1 2 3 4 "PURE AIR IS ASSURED FOR THE VEHICULAR TUNNEL; There Will Be No Danger of Asphyxiation From Motor-Car Monoxide in the Big New Boring Under the North River, as Shown by Remarkable Experiments in Ventilation". The New York Times. February 17, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  100. ↑ "STUDY TUBE VENTILATION.; Model of Hudson River Tunnel Being Built by Mining Bureau". The New York Times. April 3, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  101. 1 2 "Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America". 1947. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015.
  102. ↑ "TUNNEL AIR CALLED PUREST; Singstad Says Its Monoxide Is Half What Harris Found In Streets". The New York Times. 1927-12-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  103. ↑ "ADVERTISE FOR TUBE BIDS.; Ground Will Be Broken for Vehicular Tunnel on March 3". The New York Times. December 30, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  104. ↑ "VEHICULAR TUBES IN THREE YEARS; Rapid Transfers of $1,600,000 of Real Estate to Be Made Without Delay. PROPERTY TAKEN AT ONCE Unsatisfied Owners May Appeal to the Court of Claims--Quick Payment to Be Made". The New York Times. January 8, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  105. ↑ "$19,250,000 LOWEST JERSEY TUNNEL BID; Booth & Flinn, Ltd., Probably Will Get Contract to Build the Vehicular Tubes. THREE FIRMS COMPETED Expected That Ground Will Be Broken Next Month and Traffic Under Way in Three Years". The New York Times. February 16, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  106. ↑ "CONTRACT AWARDED FOR JERSEY TUNNEL; Booth & Flinn, Ltd., to Construct the Vehicular TubeUnder the Hudson.$19,331,723 BID ACCEPTED Work to Begin About May 1 andBe Completed Within ThirtySix Months.TO SPEED SIGNING OF PAPERSClosing of Deal Sought Before SteelPrices Advance--To Give Jobsto Hundreds". The New York Times. March 29, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  107. 1 2 3 "WORK BEGINS TODAY ON JERSEY TUNNEL; First Stroke of a Pick to Be Made at Canal and West Streets. MATERIAL ALREADY BOUGHT $19,331,725 Contract Signed, Start to Be Made Immediately on Foundation.EXPECT TO FINISH ON TIMEExcavating on Jersey Side to Be Begun as Soon as City Ordinances Are Passed". The New York Times. March 31, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  108. ↑ "WORK ON VEHICULAR TUNNEL COMMENCES; First Ground for New Hudson Tube Is Broken on Canal Street. MATERIAL CONTRACTS LET Will Burrow Two to Fifteen Feet a Day--Laborers Lose Ceremonial Tools". The New York Times. April 1, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  109. 1 2 "CONDEMNATION MAY END TUNNEL DELAY; State Commissions Likely to Invoke Law Against JerseyCity Officials.FAIL TO PASS ORDINANCESWork on West Bank Plazas Barred by Lack of Title to Necessary Property". The New York Times. April 23, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  110. ↑ "HUDSON TUNNEL DELAYED.; Jersey City Officials' Policy Wiil Result in Condemnation Proceedings". The New York Times. April 27, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  111. ↑ "TUNNEL WORK AROUSES JERSEY CITY CHAMBER; Commission Told Ground Breaking Was 'Prosecuted Hastilyand Secretly'". The New York Times. June 21, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  112. ↑ "JERSEY CITY LOSES FIGHT ON TUNNEL; Temporary Injunction Barring Any Interference Is Made Permanent. WILL DISCUSS CELEBRATION Peace Committees of New York and New Jersey Commissions May Confer Today". The New York Times. July 14, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  113. ↑ "JERSEY FAILS TO GET TUNNEL CELEBRATION; Obstructive Tuctics of Jersey City Held Responsible for Commissions' Decision". The New York Times. August 23, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  114. ↑ "PLAZA' THE SNAG IN TUNNEL PROJECT; Both Jersey City and New York Accused of Trying to Get Streets Widened Free. JERSEY BALKS AT COST Commission Will Put Question of Extra Approach Work Up to the Legislature". The New York Times. October 24, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  115. ↑ "FIRST SHIELD SET UP FOR VEHICULAR TUNNEL; Work of Driving Only Awaits a Covering of Huge Iron Plates". The New York Times. October 15, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  116. ↑ Contractors & Engineers Magazine, Volume 10, 1925, page 80
  117. ↑ "SHIELDS FOR NEW TUNNEL.; Plans for Six Steel Shells for Boring Under Hudson Announced". The New York Times. April 13, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  118. ↑ "NEW HUDSON TUBE BORING IS BEGUN; Actual Work on Tunnel Starts With Placing of Shield in Canal Street Shaft. POWER PLANT COMPLETED Air Compressors to Drive Shield Westward--Building Caissons in Jersey City". The New York Times. September 12, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  119. ↑ "SHIELD STARTS BORE FOR HUDSON TUNNEL; First Ring, Weighing Nearly 24 Tons, Put Into Place After Seven Hours' Work. FIND TIMBER 100 YEARS OLD Wooden Cribbing of Last Century Still In Place--Refuse Soil Must Be Replaced by Clay". The New York Times. October 27, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  120. ↑ "TUNNEL BORERS FIND THRILL UNDER RIVER; Encounter Strange Deposits of Rock and Sand as Shields Are Moved Forward. ISLAND'S CONTOUR CHANGED Engineers Discuss Indications of New Formations--First Ring of Tube is in Place". The New York Times. November 12, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  121. ↑ "Biggest Caisson to Lie Under Hudson". The New York Times. December 24, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  122. ↑ "TRIP OF BIG CAISSON STIFF JOB FOR TUGS; Bulk of 1,200 Tons Towed From Mariners Harbor to Foot of Canal Street. STOP FOR BREATHING SPELL Wind and Weight Force Three Tugs to Anchor Temporarily Off Bedlow's Island". The New York Times. January 31, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  123. ↑ "BIG HUDSON TUNNEL READY IN 36 MONTHS; Preliminary Work Indicates Completion Within the Estimated Time". The New York Times. 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  124. 1 2 Kindwall, Eric P (1997). "Compressed air tunneling and caisson work decompression procedures: development, problems, and solutions". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal. 24 (4): 337–45. PMID 9444066. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
  125. 1 2 "GREAT VEHICULAR TUNNEL UNDER HUDSON OPENS SOON" (PDF). Buffalo Courier Express. October 30, 1927. pp. 3T. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  126. 1 2 "VEHICULAR TUNNEL WORK PROGRESSING; Engineers of Hudson River Project Report Unusually Few Cases of". The New York Times. March 2, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  127. ↑ Bjork, Kenneth (2007). Saga in Steel and Concrete - Norwegian Engineers in America. Read Books. pp. 181–190. ISBN 978-1-40676-829-9.
  128. ↑ "BLOW-OUT FLOODS VEHICULAR TUBE; Water Rushes Into One Section of New Tunnel as Bed of Hudson Gives Way". The New York Times. April 4, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  129. 1 2 "FIRST TUNNEL LINK IS NOW COMPLETE; Huge Shield Boring Under Hudson Connects Northern Land and River Shafts". The New York Times. December 23, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  130. ↑ "ROCK WALL FOUND UNDER THE HUDSON; Borers of Vehicular Tunnel Encounter a Tough Obstacle 1,100 Feet From Shore". The New York Times. September 9, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  131. ↑ "VEHICULAR TUNNEL COST UP $14,000,000; New Jersey Commission Increases Final Estimate to $42,000,000". The New York Times. January 15, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  132. ↑ "RADIO WAVES HEARD IN THE JERSEY TUBE; Penetrate Water, Mud and Steel to Workers 80 Feet Below Surface". The New York Times. January 5, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  133. ↑ "RADIO MUSIC IS FAINT IN VEHICULAR TUNNEL; Officials of WODA Find Structure Has Nearly 'Blind' Spot Midway Between Two States". The New York Times. October 22, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  134. 1 2 3 "$3,200,000 MORE ASKED FOR TUNNEL; Cost of Vehicular Tube Now Expected to Be $17,000,000 Over Original Estimate". The New York Times. February 10, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  135. ↑ "TUBES UNDER RIVER WILL MEET OCT. 29; Remaining Wall of Earth Between Them Under Hudson Will Be Blasted Out". The New York Times. October 12, 1924. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  136. ↑ "C. M. Holland Dies After Breakdown". The New York Times. October 28, 1924. p. 23. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  137. ↑ "SUBMITS A NEW BID FOR ADS IN SUBWAY; Artemus Ward, Inc., Proposes Revision of Contract to Run Twenty Years". The New York Times. November 13, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  138. ↑ "FIGHT PLAZA CHANGE IN RIVER TUBE PLAN; Tunnel Commission Asks Board of Estimate Not to Alter Present Arrangements. NEEDS BLOCK IN WATTS ST. Move Against Widening Project to Be Opposed at Hearing Set for Tomorrow". The New York Times. February 24, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  139. ↑ "10,000 MUST LEAVE CONDEMNED HOUSES; City's Order to Persons in Path of Sixth Av. Extension Comes as Surprise to Many. LAST DAY OF GRACE AUG. 31 Razing of Buildings In Greenwich Village Prepares Traffic Artery for Holland Tunnel". The New York Times. July 29, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  140. 1 2 Walker, Waldo (August 21, 1927). "HOLLAND TUBE ROADWAYS INVOLVE A HUGE TASK; Engineering Effort Now Concentrated on a System of Approaches in Manhattan and New Jersey to Carry The Vehicles That Will Use the Great Tunnel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  141. ↑ "JERSEY ROAD LINK WILL OPEN JULY 4; Viaduct in Jersey City Which Will Serve Holland Tubes Will Be Put in Service. HIGHWAY WORK SPEEDED Seven Contracts, Totaling $9,171,154, Being Pushed in Newark Area -- 1928 Plans Also Under Way". The New York Times. June 19, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  142. ↑ "New Jersey Opens New Auto Route". The New York Times. September 28, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  143. ↑ "THE ERIE DELAYS TUBE, JERSEY BOARD AVERS; Highway Commission Says It Will Start Approaches to Vehicular Tunnel at Once". The New York Times. March 14, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  144. ↑ "RAILROAD AND STATE SEEK PRIORITY RULING; Court to Decide Eminent Domain Rights in Hudson Tunnel Approach Dispute". The New York Times. April 26, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  145. ↑ "ERIE WON'T BUDGE FROM TUNNEL SITE; Counsel Says Road Will Fight to Limit to Hold Land Sought for Approach". The New York Times. May 7, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  146. ↑ "$1,000,000 for Tunnel Approach". The New York Times. October 6, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  147. ↑ "BIDS TO VENTILATE TUNNEL.; $1,577,000 Is Lowest Offer to Erect Buildings in Jersey for System". The New York Times. December 16, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  148. ↑ "Jersey Tunnel Will Be Ready Next February, Engineer Says". The New York Times. March 10, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  149. ↑ "VENTILATION IN TUBE CALLED A MENACE; Board of Trade Wants Defects Remedied Before Vehicular Tunnel Is Opened. CANDLES USED IN TEST Feeble Air Current Shown -- Another Test by Exploding Gasoline Is Recommended". The New York Times. April 14, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  150. ↑ "SAYS VEHICULAR TUBE WILL HAVE AMPLE AIR; Dr. R.R. Sayers of the Bureau of Mines Tells of Tests Used for the Holland Tunnel". The New York Times. April 28, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  151. ↑ "AUTOMOBILE BURNED IN NEW TUBE AS TEST; Holland Tunnel Experiment Made to Allay Fears -- Blaze Put Out in 3 1/2 Minutes. SYSTEM WORKS SMOOTHLY Commission Replies to Critics on Tolls -- Sees Cut When Project Is Paid For. AUTOMOBILE BURNED IN NEW TUBE AS TEST". The New York Times. November 4, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  152. ↑ "SMITH AND MOORE MEET IN TUNNEL; Governors Shake Hands as They Reach Centre of Holland Tube on Inspection Tour. SMITH SEES BRIDGE DOOMED Says Success of Tunnel Will End Conclusively Proposals for a Hudson Span. SMITH AND MOORE MEET IN TUNNEL". The New York Times. August 22, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  153. ↑ "BRITISH MERCHANTS RIDE UNDER HUDSON; Delegation Is First Unofficial Group to Make Motor Trip Through Holland Tube. VISIT DEPARTMENT STORES They Study, Praise Sales Methods and Policies in Brooklyn and Newark". The New York Times. August 26, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  154. ↑ "INSPECTS VEHICULAR TUBE.; Buffalo Commission Also Studies Site for Hudson Bridge". The New York Times. September 29, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  155. ↑ "DETROITERS SEE HUDSON TUNNEL" (PDF). New York Sun. October 14, 1927. p. 59. Retrieved April 16, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  156. ↑ "DETROIT ENGINEERS VISIT HOLLAND TUBE; Come With Windsor (Ontario) Mayor to Get Data for $15,000,000 Link With Canada. TUNNEL TO BE MILE LONG Land Has Been Bought and Only Voters' Approval Is Needed -- Necessary Money Pledged". The New York Times. October 15, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  157. ↑ "300 TRAFFIC POLICE FOR HOLLAND TUBE; Patrol for Vehicular Tunnel Will Be Trained by Former Inspector Cahalane. TO WORK FAR UNDER RIVER Elaborate System of Signals in Case of Accident -- Tube Will Be Opened About Sept. 1". The New York Times. May 16, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  158. ↑ "HOLLAND TUNNEL BUS LINES; Nevins Company Gets Franchises to Operate in Jersey City". The New York Times. July 6, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  159. 1 2 3 4 "GREAT CROWD TREKS INTO HOLLAND TUBES AFTER GALA OPENING; Thousands Pour In as Coolidge on Yacht Turns Switch With Golden Key. AUTOS START AT MIDNIGHT Hundreds of Honking Cars Rush Through Tunnels From New York and Jersey Sides. OFFICIALS HAIL THE EVENT Governor Smith, Governor Moore, Edwards, Edge and Others Extol Engineering Triumph. Impressive Ceremonies in Two States Mark Opening of Holland Tunnel SCENES AT THE OPENING OF THE HOLLAND TUNNEL UNDER THE HUDSON". The New York Times. November 13, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  160. ↑ "RADIOS WILL CARRY TUNNEL EXERCISES; Dedication and New Jersey Fete Will Be Broadcast by WOR, WKBO, WKBQ and WCGU. BORAH TALK ON AIR TONIGHT New York Symphony Concert at 8 P.M. Will Be Sent Out by WJZ and 21 Stations". The New York Times. November 12, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  161. 1 2 3 4 "TOLL SCALE IS FIXED FOR HOLLAND TUNNEL; Cars Up to Seven-Passenger Capacity Will Pay a Flat Charge of 50 Cents". The New York Times. November 2, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  162. 1 2 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  163. ↑ "HOLLAND TUNNEL BUSES.; Service to Jersey City at 15 and 25 Cents to Start in Few Days". The New York Times. 1927-12-16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  164. ↑ "TRUCKMEN PROTEST HOLLAND TUBE RATES; Tolls Called 'Beyond Reason,' Restricting the Tunnel to Pleasure Cars and Buses. CHANGE IN SCALE SOUGHT Talk of an Appeal to the Governors -- Commissions to Hear Criticisms Today. TRUCKMEN PROTEST HOLLAND TUBERATES". The New York Times. November 3, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  165. 1 2 "HOLLAND TUNNELS TO COST $48,400,000; $5,741,000 Above 1924 Figures When Enlargements Were Planned. TO OPEN NEXT SUMMER General Dyer Expects Tubes to Pay for Themselves in Ten, Not Twenty, Years". The New York Times. December 27, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  166. ↑ Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  167. ↑ "WOULD BAR HORSES FROM HOLLAND TUBE; Commissioner Bloomingdale Says Vehicle Carrying by Ferries Must Continue. TO PREVENT CROWDING Committee Studying Charges to Be Fixed -- Wants Cost Met in Ten Years". The New York Times. March 27, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  168. ↑ Walker, Waldo (August 21, 1927). "Holland Tube Roadways Involve a Huge Task". The New York Times. p. XX10. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  169. ↑ "FEARS TRUCK JAM IN HOLLAND TUBE; Lingstad Says Railroads Will Ship Goods Through Tunnel to Save Lighterage. HE HEADS INSPECTION TOUR Tells Traffic Committee of Broadway Association the Tunnel Will Be Ready Next Month". The New York Times. September 17, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  170. ↑ "52,285 AUTOS JAM THE HOLLAND TUBE IN 'SIGHTSEEING' DAY; Endless Stream of Cars With 200,000 Passengers Is Handled Expeditiously. FIRST DAY'S TOLL $26,142 Buses and Taxis Are Converted Into Excursion Vehicles for Pleasure Trips. TRAFFIC SNARLED AT TIMES But It Is Kept Moving Without an Accident -- All Estimates of Tunnel's Capacity Exceeded. THE NEW HOLLAND TUNNEL USED BY THOUSANDS. 52,285 AUTOS JAM THE HOLLAND TUBE". The New York Times. 1927-11-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  171. ↑ "TRAFFIC IN TUNNEL 40 PER CENT. TRUCKS; Holland Tube in First Business Day, a Dull Monday, Handles 17,726 Cars. 35,000 AVERAGE EXPECTED Slow-Moving Autos the Chief Difficulty -- Commercial Lane to Be Speeded Up. ARRESTS A POLICE PROBLEM Warren to Ask Ruling as to Which State Will Get Fugitives Who Use It as Means of Escape". The New York Times. 1927-11-15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  172. ↑ "SIGHTSEERS AGAIN JAM HOLLAND TUBE; Up to Midnight 40,000 Vehicles Passed Through, Setting the Second Highest Mark. FIRST ARREST AND ACCIDENT Driver Is Seized for Speeding -- Woman Is Injured in a Collision". The New York Times. 1927-11-21. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  173. ↑ "HOLIDAY TEST FOR TUNNEL.; No Hitch in Traffic in Holland Tube -- 30,000 Estimate for Day". The New York Times. 1927-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  174. ↑ "Holland Tube's 500,000th Car Brings Yule Trees to the City". The New York Times. 1927-12-06. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  175. ↑ "MILLION CARS USE TUNNEL.; Driver Is Held for Assault When Tube Policeman Is Hurt". The New York Times. 1928-01-01. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  176. ↑ "8,517,689 VEHICLES USED TUBE IN YEAR; Statement That Holland Tunnel Surpassed Expectation Marks First Anniversary. $4,700,201 GROSS REVENUE New York Has Advanced $800,000 to Port Authority Out of Net-- Four Autos to One Truck Use Tube". The New York Times. 1928-11-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  177. ↑ "NEW TUNNEL HURTS FERRIES; Erie Railroad Reports 45 to 50% Loss in Business of Boats". The New York Times. 1927-11-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  178. ↑ "FERRY SCHEDULE CURTAILED; Line to Hoboken Is Affected by Vehicular Tunnel". The New York Times. 1927-12-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  179. ↑ "TUNNEL COMPETITION CUTS FERRY RATES; Erie Railroad Announces Reduction of About 50 Per Cent. forAutomobile Transportation". The New York Times. 1928-05-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  180. ↑ Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-82890-257-1, OCLC 911046235
  181. ↑ "TRAVEL INTO CITY SHOWS BIG DECLINE; Only Vehicular Traffic by the Holland Tunnel and Private Ferries Increased in 1931. RAILROADS' LOSS HEAVIEST Commuters and Visitors Using Train and Ferry Dropped From 645,333 to 593,500 Daily. BRIDGES ARE LESS USED Hudson Tube Has Fewer Riders and All Big Terminals Reflect Slump, Transit Board Report Shows". The New York Times. 1932-05-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  182. ↑ "MERGE PORT CONTROL FOR TUNNEL PROJECT; Legislative Leaders of Two States Reach Agreement at Conference Here. WILL TAKE OVER BRIDGES One Board of 12 Members to Replace Three Commissions-- Bills Already Drawn. Would Take Over All Projects. UNITE PORT CONTROL FOR TUNNEL PROJECT". The New York Times. 1930-04-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  183. ↑ "History – Holland Tunnel". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  184. ↑ "56,312 CARS CROSS BRIDGE ON FIRST DAY; FESTIVE AIR REIGNS; THOUSANDS TRY NEW BRIDGE ON FIRST DAY. George Washington Span Tops Tunnel's Opening Total as Autos Jam Both Plazas. 100,000 GO OVER ON FOOT Sightseers Use Buses, Cycles and Roller Skates -- One Makes Trip on a Horse. LINES FORM NIGHT BEFORE Washington Heights Gay With Flags and Lights -- Hawkers and Cameras Add to Gala Spirit. Day of Traffic Problems 56,312 CARS CROSS BRIDGE ON FIRST DAY Evening Brings Beauty. Gates Shut Three Times. THOUSANDS TRY NEW BRIDGE ON FIRST DAY". The New York Times. 1931-10-26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  185. ↑ "LINCOLN TUNNEL DEDICATED AT CEREMONY HERE". New York Sun. December 21, 1937. pp. , 23.
  186. ↑ "Another Vehicular Tunnel Under Hudson River Now Connects New York and New Jersey". Life. December 27, 1937. p. 18. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  187. ↑ "HOLLAND TUNNEL NOW 25 YEARS OLD; Trail-Blazing Motor Project Has Carried 330,000,000 Vehicles Under Hudson ITS 'LUNGS' A 'WONDER' But New Traffic Trends Have Begun to Shift Volume to Lincoln Tubes and Bridge". The New York Times. 1952-11-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  188. ↑ "Uptown Auto Tunnel Reopens Next Friday". The New York Times. 1945-11-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  189. ↑ "NEW VIADUCT TO BE USED; Jersey City Route Will Serve as Detour Next Week". The New York Times. 1950-12-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  190. ↑ "Holland Tube Exit Opens Today". The New York Times. 1951-02-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  191. ↑ "Newark Bay Bridge on Turnpike Opens". The New York Times. 1956-04-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  192. ↑ "HUDSON PIKE LINK OPENED IN JERSEY; Bayonne-Jersey City Section Is Dedicated by Meyner-- Need of U.S. Aid Cited". The New York Times. 1956-09-16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  193. ↑ Wright, George Cable (1958-09-19). "New Roads With New Numbers Will Parallel Old U.S. Routes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  194. ↑ "Contract Awarded for Tunnel Plaza". The New York Times. 1954-09-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  195. ↑ "Police in Holland Tunnel to Test Tiny Catwalk Car for Patrol Duty". The New York Times. 1954-08-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  196. ↑ "Car on Catwalk Tested for Holland Tunnel Patrol". The New York Times. 1954-12-21. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  197. ↑ "Police Car Rides Narrow Gauge Track Catwalk in Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. March 1955. p. 100.
  198. ↑ "Express Way Plan Goes to O'dwyer; Proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway". The New York Times. 1946-10-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  199. ↑ Ingraham, Joseph C. (1956-07-02). "Third Holland Tube Proposed by Moses; 3D HOLLAND TUBE URGED BY MOSES". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  200. ↑ Crowell, Paul (1960-09-16). "DOWNTOWN ROAD LINKING 2 RIVERS IS VOTED BY CITY; 84.8 Million Elevated Route May Be Started in 1961 -- U.S. Will Pay 90% N.Y.U. HOUSING BACKED School Gets Remaining Site at Washington Sq. Village -- Part to Be Co-op CROSSTOWN ROUTE APPROVED BY CITY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  201. ↑ "WAGNER PUTS OFF EXPRESSWAY PLAN; Will Ask Extension of Study on Relocation Until After November Election". The New York Times. 1962-08-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  202. ↑ Vines, Francis X. (March 25, 1971). "Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  203. 1 2 3 Moran, Nancy (August 13, 1970). "One‐Way Tolls Confusing Some Drivers". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  204. ↑ Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (March 21, 1986). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; One-Way Tolls In Effect on Verrazano". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  205. ↑ Stamler, Bernard (December 13, 1998). "JAMMING; The Traffic Downtown Seems Worse Than Ever. Is the Verrazano the Villain?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  206. ↑ Boorstin, Robert O. (April 2, 1987). "POLLUTION RISE TIED TO ONE-WAY TOLL". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  207. ↑ Lambert, Bruce (September 12, 1993). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: LOWER MANHATTAN; Around Holland Tunnel, a Deadly Jam". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  208. ↑ Hu, Winnie (April 9, 2018). "'Outrageous' $17 Toll to Cross the Verrazano Vexes Drivers". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  209. ↑ "YEARS OF DELAYS SEEN FOR MOTORISTS AT LINCOLN AND HOLLAND TUNNELS". The New York Times. October 24, 1983. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  210. ↑ Schneider, Keith (October 28, 1985). "TUNNEL RENOVATION FIRST OF ITS KIND". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  211. ↑ "Traffic Advisory – Holland Tunnel Rehabilitation Work to Begin Monday, October 18" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. October 14, 2004. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  212. ↑ "New York transit, commuter lines turning the corner". Politico. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  213. ↑ "Holland Tunnel reopens Wednesday after Sandy". WABC TV. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  214. ↑ "One Killed, 2 Hurt in Holland Tube Collision; First Fatal Crash Halts Traffic 20 Minutes". The New York Times. 1932-03-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  215. ↑ Spiegel, Irving (May 14, 1949). "Chaotic Scenes in Tunnel Described by the Injured; Views Inside the Holland Tunnel Following Chemical Explosion and Series of Fires Yesterday". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  216. ↑ Jackson, Robert W. (2011). Highway under the Hudson: A History of the Holland Tunnel. New York: NYU Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-8147-4299-8.
  217. ↑ Pope, Gennarose (February 5, 2012). "Two most dangerous miles in U.S." The Union City Reporter. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  218. ↑ Fried, Joseph P. (1995-10-02). "THE TERROR CONSPIRACY: THE OVERVIEW; SHEIK AND 9 FOLLOWERS GUILTY OF A CONSPIRACY OF TERRORISM". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  219. ↑ Gilbert, Pat R. (October 16, 2001). "Traffic's a Breeze As Holland Tunnel Reopens". The Record. Hackensack, NJ. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  220. ↑ Jones, Richard Lezin (March 27, 2002). "Some Inbound Holland Tunnel Lanes Reopen". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  221. ↑ Ramirez, Anthony (March 29, 2002). "Metro Briefing - New Jersey: Jersey City: Holland Tunnel Access Expands". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  222. ↑ Crow, Kelly (August 1, 2002). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: LOWER MANHATTAN; Big Trucks Take More Detours, and Residents Near Holland Tunnel Just Smile". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  223. ↑ "2003 Manhattan River Crossings" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. February 2005. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
  224. ↑ Foreign Plot to Bomb Holland Tunnel Thwarted – Updated, Threat Watch
  225. ↑ Halbfinger, David M. (October 27, 1997). "E-Z Pass to Start at Hudson River Tunnels". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  226. ↑ "Port Authority Bridge and Tunnel Tolls Increase at Midnight". The New York Times. May 5, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  227. ↑ Anderson, Susan Heller; Carroll, Maurice (December 21, 1983). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  228. ↑ "Tolls to Rise April 12 On Hudson Crossings". The New York Times. April 3, 1987. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  229. ↑ Levine, Richard (March 23, 1991). "Port Authority Raises Tolls for 6 Bridges and Tunnels to $4". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  230. ↑ Smothers, Ronald (January 26, 2001). "Port Authority Increases Tolls And Train Fare". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  231. ↑ Epstein, Joe (January 4, 2008). "Port Authority raises bridge and tunnel toll to $8". NJ.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  232. ↑ "Commuters Face Higher Hudson River Crossing Tolls For Start Of Work Week". CBS New York. September 18, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  233. ↑ "Toll Increases Take Effect On Port Authority Crossings". CBS New York. December 2, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  234. ↑ "Tolls Going Up At Port Authority Crossings". CBS New York. December 5, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  235. ↑ "Latest round of Port Authority toll hikes take effect this weekend". ABC7 New York. December 4, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2018.

Further reading

  • Jackson, Robert W. (2011). Highway Under the Hudson: A History of the Holland Tunnel. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4299-8.
  • The Holland Tunnel, New York Daily News, Wednesday, February 25, 2009

Route map:

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