IND Sixth Avenue Line

IND Sixth Avenue Line
"B" train "D" train "F" train "M" train
The B, D, F, and M, which use the Sixth Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan, are colored orange.
Overview
Type Rapid transit
System New York City Subway
Termini South of 59th Street–Columbus Circle; 57th Street
North of Jay Street–MetroTech; south of Grand Street
Stations 14
Daily ridership 669,852[1]
Operation
Opened 1936-1968
Owner City of New York
Operator(s) New York City Transit Authority
Character Underground
Technical
Number of tracks 2-4
Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Electrification 600V DC using a third rail

The IND Sixth Avenue Line is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in the United States. It runs mainly under Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, and continues south to Brooklyn. The B, D, F, and M trains, which use the Sixth Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan, are colored orange. The B and D trains use the express tracks, while the F and M trains use the local tracks.

The Sixth Avenue Line, constructed in stages during the 1930s, was the last trunk line built by the Independent Subway System (IND). It was more difficult to build than other subway trunk lines in New York City because construction had to proceed around, over, and under existing tunnels and elevated structures. The Sixth Avenue Line replaced the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Sixth Avenue elevated, which closed in 1939. The first section of the line opened in 1936 from West Fourth Street to East Broadway with service provided by Eighth Avenue Line trains. This section was initially referred to as the Houston-Essex Street Route. The Sixth Avenue subway was completed in 1940, providing service north of West Fourth Street, connecting to the Queens Boulevard Line and the Eighth Avenue Line. Initially, the line only consisted of two tracks, and only carried local service. In 1967 and 1968, the Chrystie Street Connection was completed, connecting the line with former BMT lines in Brooklyn via the Manhattan Bridge and with the BMT Jamaica Line over the Williamsburg Bridge, Two new stations at 57th Street and Grand Street, and a pair of express tracks between 34th and West 4th Streets were built to provide the necessary capacity for the new service to Brooklyn.

There are branches on both ends of the line. On the south end, the express tracks used by the B and ​D trains diverge to Grand Street and the Manhattan Bridge. The local tracks continue through the Rutgers Street Tunnel and to York Street in Brooklyn (used by the F train) or via the Chrystie Street Connection and the Williamsburg Bridge to the BMT Jamaica Line in Brooklyn (used by the M train). On the north end, north of 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, the express tracks diverge to Seventh Avenue–53rd Street and the IND Eighth Avenue Line, while a spur used by the F train continues under Sixth Avenue to 57th Street and the 63rd Street Lines; the local tracks, used by the M train, merge with the IND Queens Boulevard Line and continue to Queens.

Extent and service

The following services currently use part or all of the Sixth Avenue Line,[2] whose services' bullets are colored orange:

  Time period Section of line
Weekdays Weekends and
late nights
"B" train express no service full line from Seventh Avenue to Grand Street
"D" train express full line from Seventh Avenue to Grand Street
"F" train local full line from 57th Street to York Street
"M" train local no service between 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center and Broadway–Lafayette Street

IND Sixth Avenue Line
Eighth Avenue Line
63rd Street Line
 57th Street
Seventh Avenue
53rd Street Line
 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center
42nd Street Shuttle
 42nd Street–Bryant Park
(Flushing Line)
34th Street–Herald Square
(Broadway Line)
33rd Street (PATH)
23rd Street
(PATH)
14th Street
(PATH) (Canarsie Line)
PATH to New Jersey
via Uptown Hudson Tubes
Eighth Avenue Line
West 4th Street–Washington Square
Eighth Avenue Line on upper level
Sixth Avenue Line on lower level
Eighth Avenue Line
Broadway Line
Broadway–
Lafayette Street
(Lexington Avenue Line)
Chrystie Street Connection
 2nd Avenue
 Delancey Street
(Nassau Street Line)
 Grand Street
 East Broadway
East River via Manhattan Bridge
and Rutgers Street Tunnel
 York Street
Culver Line
Brighton Line
Fourth Avenue Line

The majority of the Sixth Avenue Line has four tracks, two local and two express. At each end, these pairs of tracks split, giving the line two north and two south ends. One of the north ends is at 57th Street, where two tracks lead south under Sixth Avenue from the IND 63rd Street Line (used by the F local train at all times). The other is just south of 59th Street–Columbus Circle, where a two-track line splits from the IND Eighth Avenue Line at a flying junction (with connections to the local and express tracks), immediately turns east under 53rd Street, and crosses the IND Queens Boulevard Line, which parallels it just to the north. At Seventh Avenue, the southbound track is above the northbound track (the same is true on the Queens Boulevard Line, though north is the opposite direction from the Sixth Avenue Line). These tracks are used by the B and D express trains.[3]

The express tracks from Columbus Circle then turn south to go under Sixth Avenue, merging with the branch from 57th Street and the local tracks' split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line (used by the M local train). The branch from 57th Street merges into both the local and express track pairs; there are no direct track connections between the local and express tracks. South of this point, the Sixth Avenue Line consists of four tracks from west to east: the southbound express track, the southbound local track, the northbound express track, and the northbound local track. After passing through 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, the two southbound tracks cross each other; the tracks from Columbus Circle become the two center express tracks, and the tracks from the Queens Boulevard Line are the two outside local tracks.[3]

South of 42nd Street–Bryant Park is a large interlocking with six crossovers and switches. The original express tracks ended just to the south at 34th Street–Herald Square and some services switched to the local tracks at the interlocking.[3] This was done because the PATH's Uptown Hudson Tubes already existed under Sixth Avenue south of 33rd Street, and so the Sixth Avenue Line local tracks were built on each side of PATH. The section between West Fourth Street–Washington Square and 34th Street–Herald Square, the only express section of this line, was originally built as a two track subway with the provision to expand to four tracks later.[4] The express tracks were added in the 1960s during the Chrystie Street Connection projects.[5] As a result, they are placed under the local tracks and PATH using the deep-bore tunneling method.[3][5]

At West Fourth Street–Washington Square, the express tracks return to the same level as the local tracks. A flying junction just to the south connects the local tracks of the Sixth and Eighth Avenue Lines. The Sixth Avenue Line then turns east under Houston Street. After Broadway–Lafayette Street, the express tracks turn south and use the Chrystie Street Connection to Grand Street before crossing the north side of the Manhattan Bridge into Brooklyn. The express tracks used to continue on to the express tracks at Second Avenue before the tracks were rerouted to the Chrystie Street Connection. The local tracks split at this point. One pair continues east to Second Avenue (used by the F train) while the other pair merges with the BMT Nassau Street Line at Essex Street (used by the M train).[3]

York Street ventilation tower for Rutgers Street tunnel

Just before approaching Second Avenue, the local tracks split into four tracks again. The two center tracks, which are not used in revenue service, dead-end just east of the Second Avenue station. They would have merged with the never-built IND Worth Street Line and then entered Brooklyn.[6][7] The local tracks in Manhattan turn south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street before crossing under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. The tracks then become IND Culver Line in Brooklyn, stopping at the outer tracks of Jay Street–MetroTech.[3]

History

Planning

In 1924, the Independent Subway System (IND) submitted its list of proposed subway routes to the New York City Board of Transportation, which approved the program. The IND's program actually consisted of two lines underneath Sixth Avenue in Manhattan. The first line would be a 0.74-mile-long (1.19 km) section in Lower Manhattan between Lispenard Street to the south and Eighth Street to the north, comprising part of the present-day Eighth Avenue Line. The second line would be a 2.47-mile-long (3.98 km) section running between Carmine Street to the south and 53rd Street to the north, comprising part of the present-day Sixth Avenue Line. South of Carmine Street, the Sixth Avenue Line would curve east under Houston Street, then south under Essex Street and Rutgers Street before continuing south into Brooklyn.[8]

The IND Sixth Avenue Line was designed to replace the elevated IRT Sixth Avenue Line.[9] However, since the Sixth Avenue corridor was such an important subway link, the elevated remained open while construction on the Sixth Avenue subway proceeded.[10] The elevated ultimately closed in December 1938.[11]

However, work on the core section of the IND Sixth Avenue Line, located between Fourth and 53rd Streets, was not to begin for several years. The section of Sixth Avenue from Ninth to 33rd Streets was already occupied by the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M)'s Uptown Hudson Tubes. At first, the city intended to take over the portion of the Uptown Tubes under Sixth Avenue for IND use, then build a pair of new tubes for the H&M directly underneath it. The IND had committed to building the Sixth Avenue line, and the H&M's 33rd Street terminal was located both above and below preexisting railroad tunnels, hence the IND's plan to convert part of the H&M tubes.[12] However, the H&M objected, and so negotiations between the city and IND and the H&M continued for several years.[13]

The IND and H&M finally came to an agreement in 1930. The city had decided to build the IND Sixth Avenue Line's local tracks around the pre-existing H&M tubes, and add express tracks for the IND underneath the H&M tubes at a later date.[14] However, the city still planned to eventually take over the H&M tracks, convert them to express tracks for the IND line, then build a lower level for the H&M.[15]

The IND started advertising bids for the section of the Sixth Avenue Line between 43rd and 53rd Streets in April 1931.[16] However, that May, construction was postponed because of fears that it would disrupt the Catskill Aqueduct, one of the New York City water supply system's crucial water mains to Brooklyn and Queens.[17] The New York City Board of Transportation wanted to start work on the section between 33rd and 39th Streets first so that the engineering issues with the H&M tubes and water main could be resolved.[18] In January 1932, the city announced an agreement with the New York City Water Supply Board. The IND wanted to start construction on the Sixth Avenue line by June so that some of the projected train traffic on the Eighth Avenue line, which was slated to open that year, could be rerouted through Sixth Avenue instead.[19] In 1933, the New York City Board of Estimate requested a $25.5 million federal loan for the construction of the Sixth Avenue line.[20]

Opening of southern section

The first portion of the line to be constructed was then known as the Houston–Essex Street Line, which ran under Houston Street, Essex Street, and Rutgers Street. The contract for the line was awarded to Corson Construction in January 1929, at which time the city began evicting residents within the line's route.[21] Construction of this section officially started in May 1929.[22] The contract for the Rutgers Street Tunnel, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, was awarded in May 1930.[23] In May 1933, the city started widening Essex and Rutgers Streets to accommodate the future subway line underneath.[24]

The Houston and Essex Street Line began operations at noon on January 1, 1936 with two local tracks from a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street–Washington Square east under Houston Street and south under Essex Street to a temporary terminal at East Broadway. E trains, which ran from Jackson Heights, Queens to Hudson Terminal, were shifted to the new line to East Broadway.[25] Two express tracks were built on the portion under Houston Street until Essex Street-Avenue A; the tracks were intended to travel under the East River and connect with the never-built IND Worth Street Line in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[6]

Just after midnight on April 9, 1936, trains began running under the East River via the Rutgers Street Tunnel, which connected the Houston-Essex Street Line with the north end of the Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line at a junction with the Eighth Avenue Line north of Jay Street–Borough Hall. E trains were sent through the connection to Church Avenue. Simultaneously, the Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue and the A and C trains, which had used Smith Street, were rerouted to Fulton Street.[26][27]

Construction and opening of Midtown section

In April 1935, engineers started planning in earnest for the Midtown section of the Sixth Avenue Line.[28] The first contract for the construction of this section was awarded to Rosoff-Brader Construction in October 1935.[29] On March 23, 1936, Mayor LaGuardia broke ground for a new Sixth Avenue subway at Bryant Park in order to replace the Sixth Avenue Elevated and to complete the Independent Subway System.[4]

The construction of the Sixth Avenue line was very difficult because of the various utilities and tunnels above, below, and beside the line. At the time, it was considered the costliest subway line in the city.[30] Builders had to use very small charges of dynamite so that they would not disrupt the H&M tunnels alongside the route, the street and elevated line above it, and the water main below it.[31] The Sixth Avenue Elevated had to be underpinned during construction, adding another $4 to $5 million to construction costs. The Catskill Aqueduct was located around 200 feet (61 m) below the avenue's surface, and workers on the new subway had to be careful to not cause any cracks in the aqueduct.[4][30] As part of the construction of the IND line, the H&M's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations had to be rebuilt to provide space for the IND's 14th Street and 23rd Street stations, which would be located at a similar elevation. The 19th Street station was not affected because the IND tracks were located below the H&M tracks at that point.[4] However, the 33rd Street station had to be relocated to the south of its existing location, above the new IND line. The IND platforms were to be located at the same elevation as the present H&M station, and there was no room to build a new subway station either above or below the level of the existing H&M station.[30]

The H&M's 33rd Street terminal closed on December 26, 1937 and service on the H&M was cut back to 28th Street to allow for construction on the subway to take place.[32] The 33rd Street terminal was moved south to 32nd Street and reopened on September 24, 1939. The city had to pay $800,000 to build the new 33rd Street station and reimbursed H&M another $300,000 to the H&M for the loss of revenue.[33] The 28th Street station was closed at this time because the southern entrances to the 33rd Street terminal were located only two blocks away, rendering the 28th Street stop unnecessary. It was demolished to make room for the IND tracks below.[34]

In addition to threading around the H&M tunnel, the line had to pass over the BMT Canarsie Line along 14th Street, over the tunnels leading to Penn Station, under the four-track BMT Broadway Line at Herald Square, over the IRT Flushing Line at 41st Street, and under the 42nd Street Shuttle. Even though the line had to pass around multiple transit lines, the grades were kept to a minimum.[4] Bellmouth tunnels north of 47th-50th Streets were built to allow for a future extension under Central Park and along Morningside Avenue to 145th Street. This extension was part of the Board of Transportation's long-range program, and was estimated to cost $34,914,000 as of August 1940. Construction was expected to start some time after 1946.[35]

53rd Street powerhouse
IND services immediately after the main part of the line opened
Sixth Avenue Subway Will Be Opened to the Public at 12-01 A.M. Sunday, Dec 15, 1940

On December 15, 1940, local subway service began on Sixth Avenue from the West Fourth Street subway station to the 47th–50th Streets station with track connections to the IND 53rd Street Line. The Sixth Avenue Line's construction cost $59,500,000.[4] The opening of the Sixth Avenue Line relieved congestion on the Eighth Avenue Line, which was used for all services except for the Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown. With the line's opening some of this load was shifted from the Eighth Avenue Line. The additional capacity allowed for the restoration of local service to Washington Heights with the reintroduction of the AA (Washington Heights Local) for non-rush-hour service between 168th Street and Hudson Terminal via the Eighth Avenue Line, and the creation of the BB during rush hours between 168th Street and 34th Street-Herald Square via Sixth Avenue. In addition, Sixth Avenue service was provided along the Concourse Line with the introduction of the D, which ran between Norwood–205th Street and Hudson Terminal. To provide additional express service in Queens the F was introduced, running between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue. Finally, the E was cut back from Church Avenue to Broadway–Lafayette Street.[36][37][38]

Sixth Avenue express tracks and the Chrystie Street Connection

Ground was broken for two new express tracks between the West Fourth Street and 34th Street–Herald Square stations on April 19, 1961.[5] The express tracks were built eighty feet beneath the surface. The construction was done in two portions. The first section was between West 9th and 19th Streets, and the second section was between West 19th and 31st Streets.[39] The express tracks were part of a major subway improvement program that began with the reconstruction of the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn. The second phase of construction, was the Chrystie Street Connection, which would connect the BMT lines coming over the Manhattan Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge with the IND Houston Street Line.[40][41] There was also to be a new two-track spur line between West 52nd and 58th Streets with a terminal at 57th Street.[42] The two projects would increase the total number of trains that could go to Manhattan.[40][41]

However, the section between 9th and 19th Streets soon experienced various delays: although it had started in April 1961,[5] work was halted by a water main break in 1962,[43] and by July 1963, the work was only twenty percent complete.[44] Construction on the section between West 19th and 31st Streets was further along: it had started in the middle of 1961, and was 60 percent complete in July 1963.[44] The first section was 88 percent complete on June 30, 1965, and the second section was 99 percent complete on that date. Between West 55th and 58th Street, a third of the structural work was done by this date.[39] No stations were constructed along the new express tracks, but provisions were incorporated into the design of the tunnel to permit the addition of future lower level stations at 14th Street and 23rd Street without disturbances to train operation.[44]

On November 26, 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from 34th Street–Herald Square to West Fourth Street–Washington Square. With the opening of the connection to the Manhattan Bridge, BB service was renamed B and it was extended via the new express tracks and the connection to the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn. D service was routed via the connection and onto the BMT Brighton Line instead of via the Culver Line. It only ran express during rush hours. F service was extended from Broadway–Lafayette Street during rush hours, and from 34th Street during other times to Coney Island via the Culver Line.[45][46][47] On July 1, 1968, the 57th Street station opened[48] and the portion of the Chrystie Street Connection connecting the line with the Williamsburg Bridge was also opened.[49] Service on the KK was inaugurated, running from 57th Street to 168th Street on the BMT Jamaica Line. B service was extended during non-rush hours from West Fourth Street to 57th Street. D trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.[49]

Later improvements

The stubs at 57th Street were originally built for a proposed extension under Central Park to Harlem.[4] The stubs were eventually connected to the IND 63rd Street Line when the latter opened in October 1989. The 63rd Street line only extended to the 21st Street–Queensbridge station in Queens, and did not connect to any other lines in that borough. The Q train served the 63rd Street extension on weekdays and the B train stopped there on the weekends; both services used the Sixth Avenue Line.[50] The Q train, a part time express within Brooklyn via the BMT Brighton Line, ran along the Sixth Avenue Line between 1988 and 2001, when the Manhattan Bridge south tracks were closed for reconstruction.[51][52]

Planning for the 63rd Street Line's $645 million connection from the 21st Street–Queensbridge station to the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Queens began in December 1990, and construction began on September 22, 1994.[53][54][55][56][57] The Connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001. A new Sixth Avenue local service, the V, was introduced operating local via Sixth Avenue and terminating in the center tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line's Second Avenue station. The V ran local on the Queens Boulevard Line, and it only operated during weekdays. At this time, the F, which ran express along the Queens Boulevard Line, was rerouted to operate via the 57th Street station and the 63rd Street line north of the 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station, rather than via the 53rd Street tunnel. Both the 63rd Street and the 53rd Street lines merge into the Queens Boulevard Line in Queens.[58][59] On June 28, 2010, the V was replaced by the M, which began using the Chrystie Street Connection to the Williamsburg Bridge. Regular M trains make all former V stops except for Second Avenue.[60][61][62]

In 2004, full Manhattan Bridge service was restored. This resulted in full B and D express service being restored from 34th Street–Herald Square to the Manhattan Bridge, where the services continued to Brooklyn. However, the terminals of the B and D were reversed from prior to the Manhattan Bridge service suspensions. B service operates weekdays only via the Brighton Line express tracks to Brighton Beach, replacing the <Q> express on the Brighton Line. D service operates 24/7 along the West End Line due to Bensonhurst residents' demands.[63]

The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Sixth Avenue Line's 23rd Street and 57th Street stations, along with 31 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.[64][65] The renovations at both stations would last from July to December 2018.[66]

Station listing

Station service legend
Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only
Stops weekdays only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
 ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
 ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate)		 Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
Manhattan
Branch from the IND 63rd Street Line (F )
Midtown Manhattan 57th Street 2 F  July 1, 1968[48] Station is closed for renovations as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative until December 2018.
 
Express Tracks split from the IND Eighth Avenue Line (B  ​D )
Seventh Avenue express B  ​D  August 19, 1933[67] IND Queens Boulevard Line (E )
 
Local Tracks split from the IND Queens Boulevard Line (M )
Branch line merges (F )
Main line (B  ​D  ​F  ​M )
47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center all B  ​D  ​F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4]
Elevator access to mezzanine only 42nd Street–Bryant Park all B  ​D  ​F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4] IRT Flushing Line (7  <7> ​) at Fifth Avenue
34th Street–Herald Square all B  ​D  ​F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4] BMT Broadway Line (N  ​Q  ​R  ​W )
Penn Station: Amtrak, Long Island Rail Road, and New Jersey Transit
M34/M34A Select Bus Service
Connection to PATH at 33rd Street
Chelsea 23rd Street local F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4] M23 Select Bus Service
Connection to PATH at 23rd Street
Station is closed for renovations as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative until December 2018.
Greenwich Village 14th Street local F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4] IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1  ​2  ​3 )
BMT Canarsie Line (L )
Connection to PATH at 14th Street
West Fourth Street–Washington Square all B  ​D  ​F  ​M  December 15, 1940[4] IND Eighth Avenue Line (A  ​C  ​E )
local crossovers to/from IND Eighth Avenue Line (no regular service)
NoHo Broadway–Lafayette Street all B  ​D  ​F  ​M  January 1, 1936[25] IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4  ​6  <6> ) at Bleecker Street
Express tracks turn under Chrystie Street (B  ​D )
Local tracks split to Chrystie Street (M ) and continue under Houston Street (F )
 
Branch under Chrystie Street (B  ​D )
Chinatown Grand Street express B  ​D  November 27, 1967[46]
To north tracks of Manhattan Bridge
 
Branch under Houston Street (F )
East Village Second Avenue local
layup tracks		 F  January 1, 1936[25] M15 Select Bus Service
Lower East Side Delancey Street local F  January 1, 1936[25] BMT Nassau Street Line (J  M  Z ​) at Essex Street
East Broadway local F  January 1, 1936[25]
Brooklyn
Rutgers Street Tunnel under the East River
DUMBO York Street local F  April 9, 1936[26]
Continues as the IND Culver Line (F )

References

  1. ↑ "Facts and Figures: Average Weekday Subway Ridership 2012–2017". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  2. ↑ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 25, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "New Subway Line on 6th Ave. Opens at Midnight Fete". The New York Times. December 15, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Levey, Stanley (1961-04-19). "Construction of New IND Tunnel For 6th Ave. Line Begins Today; Express Tracks Deep Under Street to Run From 4th to 34th St. -- 1964 Finish Set for $22,000,000 Job". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  6. 1 2 Brennan, Joseph (2002). "Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations". columbia.edu. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  7. ↑ 100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens, The New York Times September 16, 1929, p. 1. Retrieved June 11, 2014
  8. ↑ "New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000 – Board of Transportation Adopts 22.90 Miles of Additional Lines – Total Now $345,629,000 – But the Entire System Planned by Mayor Involves $700,000,000 – Description of Routes – Heaviest Expenditures Will Be Made on Tunnels – No Allowance for Equipment – New Subway Routes to Cost $186,046,000". The New York Times. 1925-03-21. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  9. ↑ "DELANEY FOR RAZING ELEVATED LINE NOW; Work in 6th Av. Could Begin in Six Months if Condemnation Started at Once, He Says. SEES CUT IN SUBWAY COST Eliminating Need for Underpinning Would Save $4,000,000 and Speed Construction, He Holds". The New York Times. January 11, 1930. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  10. ↑ "ENDS MOVE TO SCRAP 6TH AVENUE ELEVATED; Transit Commission Explains No Interest Has Been Shown in Demolition Since January". The New York Times. September 17, 1931. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  11. ↑ "GAY CROWDS ON LAST RIDE AS SIXTH AVE. ELEVATED ENDS 60-YEAR EXISTENCE; 350 POLICE ON DUTY But the Noisy Revelers Strip Cars in Hunt for Souvenirs SUIT MAY DELAY RAZING Little Threat Seen to Plan, However-Jobless Workers to Press Their Protest Makes Only One Stop Entrances Are Boarded Up FINAL TRAINS RUN ON ELEVATED LINE Police Guard Structure". The New York Times. 1938-12-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  12. ↑ "6TH AV. SUBWAY PLAN HINGES ON TUBES' USE; City Must Reach Agreement With Hudson & Manhattan to Carry Out Project". The New York Times. November 20, 1924. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  13. ↑ "FINAL CONTRACTS TO FINISH SUBWAY AWARDED BY CITY; Include $20,000,000 for Cars, Equipment and Substations for Manhattan Line. OPERATION SET FOR 1931 Board of Transportation Moves to Rid Sixth Avenue of Trolley Tracks. SEEKS TO BUY FRANCHISE Line Willing to Exchange It for Bus Permit--Negotiations Pushed to Extend Tube". The New York Times. August 1, 1929. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  14. ↑ "DELANEY FOR RAZING ELEVATED LINE NOW; Work in 6th Av. Could Begin in Six Months if Condemnation Started at Once, He Says. SEES CUT IN SUBWAY COST Eliminating Need for Underpinning Would Save $4,000,000 and Speed Construction, He Holds". The New York Times. January 11, 1930. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  15. ↑ "6th Av. Tube Work to be Begun Oct. 1". The New York Times. August 8, 1935. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  16. ↑ "THE SIXTH AVENUE SUBWAY". The New York Times. April 21, 1931. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  17. ↑ "6TH AVENUE SUBWAY IS PUT OFF 18 MONTHS; Delaney Delays Start Because of Peril to Water Main to Brooklyn and Queens. AWAITS NEW SUPPLY TUBE Announcement Follows Conference With Dietz Over Danger of Damage From Blasting. ACTION IS A SURPRISE Bids for Work on New City Link Already Advertised--Many Obstacles to Project Arose. Work Ahead of Schedule. Many Obstacles Arose". The New York Times. May 6, 1931. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  18. ↑ "SPEED PLANS FOR LINK OF 6TH AV. SUBWAY; Transportation Board Engineers Want Work Started First From 33d to 39th Street". The New York Times. May 8, 1931. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  19. ↑ "PLANS WORK IN JUNE ON 6TH AV. SUBWAY; City to Push Section North of 29th St. to Permit Routing of Eighth Av. Line. CONTRACTS TO BE LET SOON Agreement With Water Supply Board Opens Way for Construction Held Up by Condult Hazards". The New York Times. December 1, 1931. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  20. ↑ "$25,500,000 LOAN FOR TRANSIT ASKED; Transportation Board Applies for Federal Funds to Finish Subway System. 22-MONTH TASK AHEAD Projects to Add 18 Miles to the City's Network Planned to Start Immediately". The New York Times. October 3, 1933. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  21. ↑ "EAST SIDE SUBWAY WILL EVICT 10,000; Work on New Line, Likely to Begin in May, Will Force Many Tenants to Move. 200 BUILDINGS WILL FALL Transportation Board Notifies Property Owners--Condemnation toCoat Over $11,000,000. Expect Work to Start in May. Residents Recall Other Days". The New York Times. February 24, 1929. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  22. ↑ "EAST SIDE SUBWAY STARTED BY MAYOR; He Breaks Ground for Crosstown System at Second Av.and East Houston St.MILLER HAILS PROJECT Sees Area Rejuvenated by Line and City's Plan to Raze OldTenements". The New York Times. May 2, 1929. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  23. ↑ "$13,000,000 CONTRACTS FOR SUBWAYS LET; One for $11,674,060 Is for Construction of East River Tunnel to Brooklyn". The New York Times. May 22, 1930. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  24. ↑ "BEGINS STREET WIDENING.; City Will Increase Essex and Houston From 50 to 80 Feet". The New York Times. May 8, 1933. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 "LaGuardia Opens New Subway Link". The New York Times. January 2, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  26. 1 2 "Two Subway Links Start Wednesday". The New York Times. April 6, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  27. ↑ "New Subway Link Opened by Mayor". The New York Times. April 9, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  28. ↑ "PLANS TO BE DRAWN FOR 6TH AV. SUBWAY; 80 Engineers and Draftsmen to Begin Work at Once on Detailed Specifications". The New York Times. March 1, 1935. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  29. ↑ "SUBWAY AWARD GOES TO ROSOFF COMPANY; Sixth Av. Contract Is Let Under Specified Use of Excavated Rock Despite Lower Bid". The New York Times. October 31, 1935. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  30. 1 2 3 Harrington, John W. (May 5, 1935). "CITY PLANS ITS COSTLIEST SUBWAY; In a Short Two Miles Under Sixth Avenue the Engineers Will Encounter Many Intricate Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  31. ↑ "TRANSIT BODY PUSHES 6TH AV. SUBWAY PLAN; Commission Approves Changes in Hudson Tubes to Permit Start of Building". The New York Times. August 14, 1935. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Hudson Tube Terminus At 33d St. Closes Today". The New York Times. 1937-12-26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  33. ↑ "Hudson Tube Opens Terminal Today – Remodeled 33d St. Station Cost City $800,000 as Part of 6th Ave. Subway Expense – Closed for Two Years – Two Train Platforms and 3 Sets of Tracks Among New Transit Equipment". The New York Times. September 24, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Tube Terminal to Reopen – Station at 33d St. and 6th Ave. to Renew Service Sept. 24". The New York Times. September 12, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Transit Projects Seek $771,256,499 – Board Asks This as Capital Outlay for 6 Years, Including $154,330,244 for 1941 – Outlines Vast Program – Ambitious Plans to Make Most of Unification Face Knife of Planning Commission – $10,607,000 Engineering Cost – Wants Transfer Links". The New York Times. August 12, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  36. ↑ "The New Subway Routes". The New York Times. December 15, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  37. ↑ "6th Ave. Tube Adds Two New Services – Provides Express Facilities to Queens and Local Trains to Washington Heights – Subway Opens on Dec. 15 – Changes in Routings on Other Lines to Bring Faster Time and Less Congestion". The New York Times. December 5, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  38. ↑ "New Subway to Add 2 Need Services – Opening of 6th Ave. Line to Provide Uptown Local Route and More Queens Expresses". The New York Times. December 2, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  39. 1 2 Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.
  40. 1 2 "Construction of New IND Tunnel For 6th Ave. Line Begins Today; Express Tracks Deep Under Street to Run From 4th to 34th St. -- 1964 Finish Set for $22,000,000 Job". The New York Times. April 19, 1961. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  41. 1 2 "Groundbreaking for 6th Ave Express Tracks Brochure". www.thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit Authority. April 19, 1961. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  42. ↑ "IND Contract Awarded". The New York Times. December 27, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  43. ↑ Katz, Ralph (1962-12-08). "Break in Main Cuts 6th Avenue Subway; MAIN BREAK CUTS 6TH AVE. SUBWAY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  44. 1 2 3 Annual Report 1962–1963. New York City Transit Authority. 1963.
  45. ↑ Perlmutter, Emanuel (November 16, 1967). "Subway Changes to Speed Service: Major Alterations in Maps, Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26" (PDF). nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  46. 1 2 Perlmutter, Emanuel (November 27, 1967). "BMT-IND Changes Bewilder Many – Transit Authority Swamped With Calls From Riders as New System Starts". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  47. ↑ Raskin, Joseph B. (November 1, 2013), The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System, Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-8232-5369-2
  48. 1 2 "Luncheon in Subway Opens Station". The New York Times. June 27, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  49. 1 2 Hofmann, Paul (July 1, 1968). "Skip-Stop Subway Begins Run Today – KK Line Links 3 Boroughs – Other Routes Changed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  50. ↑ Lorch, Donatella (October 29, 1989). "The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  51. ↑ Lyall, Sarah (December 12, 1988). "All Aboard. . .Somewhere. . .for Subway Changes!". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Manhattan Bridge Service Changes". The New York Times. 2001-07-21. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  53. ↑ "New York City Transit 63rd Street-Queens Boulevard Connection-New York City – Advancing Mobility – Research – CMAQ – Air Quality – Environment – FHWA". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  54. ↑ "About NYC Transit – History". October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  55. ↑ Silano, Louis G.; Shanbhag, Radmas (July 2000). "The Final Connection". Civil Engineering. 86 (7): 56–61.
  56. ↑ Final Environmental Impact Statement for the 63rd Street Line Connection to the Queens Boulevard Line. Queens, New York City: Metropolitan Transportation Authority, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. June 1992. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  57. ↑ La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, New Jersey): Environmental Impact Statement. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. June 1994. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  58. ↑ "The Opening of the New 63rd Street Connector". www.thejoekorner.com. MTA New York City Transit. December 16, 2001. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  59. ↑ Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001). "V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  60. ↑ "2010 NYC Transit Service Reductions". MTA New York City Transit. January 27, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  61. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael M. (March 19, 2010). "Under a New Subway Plan, the V Stands for Vanished". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Modifications to 2010 NYC Transit Service Reductions" (PDF). mta.info. New York City Transit. March 19, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  63. ↑ Luo, Michael. "A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders". Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  64. ↑ "MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long "Revamp"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  65. ↑ "MTAStations" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  66. ↑ "Repairs and Improvements Coming to Three Manhattan 6FM Subway Stations". www.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  67. ↑
    • "Two Subway Units Open at Midnight – Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations" (PDF). The New York Times. August 18, 1933. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
    • "New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. August 18, 1933. p. 20. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
    • "New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn-Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation" (PDF). New York Evening Post. Fultonhistory.com. August 17, 1933. p. 18. Retrieved July 27, 2016.

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