Lynn, Massachusetts

Lynn, Massachusetts
City

Seal

Location in Essex County and the state of Massachusetts.
Lynn, Massachusetts
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°28′N 70°57′W / 42.467°N 70.950°W / 42.467; -70.950Coordinates: 42°28′N 70°57′W / 42.467°N 70.950°W / 42.467; -70.950
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Essex
Settled 1629
Incorporated (Town) 1631
Incorporated (City) May 14, 1850
Government
 • Type Mayor-council city
 • Mayor Thomas McGee
Area
 • Total 13.5 sq mi (34.9 km2)
 • Land 10.8 sq mi (28.0 km2)
 • Water 2.7 sq mi (6.9 km2)
Elevation 30 ft (9 m)
Population (2010)
 • Total 90,329
 • Estimate (2016)[1] 92,697
 • Density 6,700/sq mi (2,600/km2)
 • Demonym Lynner
Time zone UTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes 01901–01905
Area code(s) 339/781
FIPS code 25-37490
GNIS feature ID 0613376
Website www.lynnma.gov

Lynn is the 9th largest municipality in Massachusetts[2] and the largest city in Essex County. The 5th oldest colonial settlement in the Commonwealth, Lynn was first settled by Europeans in 1629.[3] Situated on the Atlantic Ocean, 3.7 miles (6.0 km) north of the Boston city line at Suffolk Downs, Lynn is part of Greater Boston's urban inner core.[4] An early industrial center, Lynn was long colloquially referred to as the "City of Sin", owing to its historical reputation for crime and vice. Today, however, the city is known for its contemporary public art,[5][6][7][8] international population, historic architecture, downtown cultural district, loft-style apartments, and public parks and open spaces,[9] which include the oceanfront Lynn Shore Reservation; the 2,200-acre, Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Lynn Woods Reservation; and the High Rock Tower Reservation. Lynn also is home to Lynn Heritage State Park,[10] the southernmost portion of the Essex Coastal Scenic Byway,[11] and the seaside, National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.[12]

History

17th century

Prior to European colonization, the area today known as Lynn was inhabited by the Naumkeag people.[13] The English settled Lynn not long after the 1607 establishment of Jamestown, Virginia—the first successful English colony in North America—and the 1620 arrival of the Mayflower at Plymouth.[14] European settlement of the area was begun in 1629 by Edmund Ingalls, followed by John Tarbox of Lancashire in 1631.[15] The area today encompassing Lynn was originally incorporated in 1631 as Saugus, the Nipmuck name for the area.[16]

A noteworthy early Lynn colonist, Thomas Halsey, left Lynn to settle the East End of Long Island, where he and several others founded the Town of Southampton, New York. The resulting Halsey House—the oldest extant frame house in New York State (1648)—is now open to the public, under the aegis of the Southampton Colonial Society.[17]

Further European settlement of Lynn led to several independent towns being formed, with Reading created in 1644; Lynnfield in 1782; Saugus in 1815; Swampscott in 1852; and Nahant in 1853. The City of Lynn was incorporated in 1850,[18] taking its name from King's Lynn, Norfolk, England, in honor of Samuel Whiting.[19]

Colonial Lynn was an early center of tannery and shoe-making, which began in 1635. The boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War were made in Lynn, and the shoe-making industry drove the city's growth into the early nineteenth century.[19] This legacy is reflected in the city's seal, which features a colonial boot.[20]

19th century

Aerial Illustration of Lynn, c. 1881

In 1816, a mail stage coach was operating through Lynn. By 1836, 23 stage coaches left the Lynn Hotel for Boston each day. The Eastern Railroad Line between Salem and East Boston opened on August 28, 1838. This was later merged with the Boston and Maine Railroad and called the Eastern Division. In 1847 telegraph wires passed through Lynn, but no telegraph service station was built until 1858.[21]

Nahant Street in Diamond Historic District

During the middle of the nineteenth century, estates and beach cottages were constructed along Lynn's shoreline, and the city's Atlantic coastline became a fashionable summer resort.[22] Many of the structures built during this period are today situated within the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.

Further inland, industrial activity contemporaneously expanded in Lynn. Shoe manufacturers, led by Charles A. Coffin and Silas Abbott Barton, invested in the early electric industry, specifically in 1883 with Elihu Thomson and his Thomson-Houston Electric Company. That company merged with Edison Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, forming General Electric in 1892, with the two original GE plants being in Lynn and Schenectady. Coffin served as the first president of General Electric.[23]

Initially the General Electric plant specialized in arc lights, electric motors, and meters. Later it specialized in aircraft electrical systems and components, and aircraft engines were built in Lynn during WWII. That engine plant evolved into the current jet engine plant during WWII because of research contacts at MIT in Cambridge.[24] Gerhard Neumann was a key player in jet engine group at GE in Lynn. The continuous interaction of material science research at MIT and the resulting improvements in jet engine efficiency and power have kept the jet engine plant in Lynn ever since.

One of the largest strikes of the early labor movement began in the shoe factories of Lynn on February 22, 1860, when Lynn shoemakers marched through the streets to their workplaces and handed in their tools, protesting reduced wages.[25] Known as the New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860, it was one of the earliest strikes of its kind in the United States.

In 1841, abolitionist Frederick Douglass, moved to Lynn as a fugitive slave. Douglass wrote his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, while living in Lynn. The publication would become Douglass' best-known work. Douglass, his wife, and their five children lived in Lynn until 1848.[26]

On February 1, 1866, Mary Baker Eddy experienced the "fall in Lynn", often referred to by Christian Scientists as significant to the birth of their religion.[27]

20th century

Central Square, c. 1920

Lynn experienced a wave of immigration during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During the 30 years between 1885 and 1915, Lynn's immigrant population increased from 9,800 to 29,500, representing nearly one-third of the city's total population.[28] Polish and Russian Jews were the largest single group, numbering more than 6,000.[28] The first Jewish settlers in Lynn, a group of twenty Hasidic European families, mostly from Russia, formed the Congregation Anshai Sfard, a Hasidic, conservative Jewish synagogue in 1888.[29] Catholic churches catering to the needs of specific language and ethnic groups also testify to the waves of immigrants. St. Jean Baptiste parish, eventually including a grammar school and high school, was founded in 1886, primarily for French-Canadians. Holy Family Church conducted services in Italian beginning in 1922, and St. Michael's church also provided church services and a grammar school for the Polish-speaking community, beginning in 1906.[30] St. Patrick's church and school was a focus of the Irish-American community in Lynn.[31] St. George's Greek Orthodox Church was founded in Lynn in 1905.[32] Later in the 20th century, the city became an important center of greater Boston's Latino community.[33] Additionally, several thousand Cambodians settled in Lynn between 1975 and 1979 and in the early 1980s.[34]

Breakwater in 1908

At the beginning of the 20th century, Lynn was the world-leader in the production of shoes. 234 factories produced more than a million pairs of shoes each day, thanks in part to mechanization of the process by an African-American immigrant named Jan Matzeliger. From 1924 until 1974, the Lynn Independent Industrial Shoemaking School operated in the city.[35][36] However, production declined throughout the 20th century, and the last shoe factory closed in 1981.[37]

In the early 1900s, the Metropolitan District Commission acquired several coastal properties in Lynn and Nahant, in order to create the adjoining Lynn Shore and Nahant Beach Reservations, and to construct Lynn Shore Drive.[38] When it opened to the public in 1910, Lynn Shore Drive catalyzed new development along Lynn's coastline, yielding many of the early 20th century structures that constitute a majority of the contributing resources found in the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.[18]

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Lynn suffered several large fires. On November 28, 1981, a devastating inferno engulfed several former shoe factories, located at Broad and Washington Streets. Seventeen downtown buildings were destroyed, with property losses totaling in the tens of millions of dollars. (The affected area has since been largely redeveloped into a satellite campus of North Shore Community College, with many adjacent warehouses converted to loft apartments.)

Lynn Washington Street at Broad Street
View over Lynn Shore Drive to Nahant and Boston
View over Lynn Shore Drive to Nahant and Boston

A reputation for crime and vice gave rise to a taunting rhyme about Lynn[39][40] which became popular throughout Eastern Massachusetts: "Lynn, Lynn, the city of sin, you'll never come out the way you went in, what looks like gold is really tin, the girls say 'no' but they'll give in, Lynn, Lynn, the city of sin." Another variation was "Lynn, Lynn the city of sin: if you ain't bad, you can't get in!"

In order to counter its reputation as "the city of sin", Lynn launched a "City Of Firsts" advertising campaign in the early 1990s, which promoted Lynn as having:

  • First iron works (1643)
  • First fire engine (1654)
  • First electric streetcar to operate in Massachusetts (November 19, 1888[41][42])
  • First American jet engine
  • First woman in advertising & mass-marketing – Lydia Pinkham
  • First baseball game under artificial light
  • First dance academy in the U.S.
  • First tannery in the U.S.
  • First air mail transport in New England, from Saugus, MA to Lynn, MA.
  • First roast beef sandwich.
  • First tulip in the United States, at the Fay Estate near Spring Pond

Some of these claims were subsequently found to be inaccurate or unprovable.

In a further effort to rebrand the municipality, city solicitor Michael Barry proposed renaming the city Ocean Park in 1997, but the initiative was unsuccessful.[43]

Despite losing much of its industrial base during the 20th century, Lynn remained home to a division of General Electric Aviation; the West Lynn Creamery (now part of Dean Foods's Garelick Farms unit); C. L. Hauthaway & Sons, a polymer producer; Old Neighborhood Foods, a meat packer; Lynn Manufacturing, a maker of combustion chambers for the oil and gas heating industry; Sterling Machine Co.; and Durkee-Mower, makers of "Marshmallow Fluff".

21st century

Central Square

In the early 2000s, the renovation and adaptive re-use of downtown historic structures, together with new construction, launched a revitalization of Lynn, which remains ongoing.[44] Arts, culture, and entertainment have been at the forefront of this revitalization, with new arts organizations, cultural venues, public art projects,[45] and restaurants emerging in the downtown area.[46] In 2012, the Massachusetts Cultural Council named downtown Lynn one of the first state-recognized arts and culture districts in Massachusetts.[47]

In 2015, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker established a task force, composed of representatives of multiple state and municipal public agencies, to further Lynn's revitalization.[48]

Lynn "Flatiron" Building Undergoing Conversion to Loft Apartments, November 2016

Formerly vacant industrial buildings continue to be converted into loft spaces,[49] and historic homes, particularly Lynn's Diamond Historic District, are being restored.[50] In 2016, several large land parcels in Lynn were acquired by major developers, who have announced plans to construct new, large-scale luxury housing along and near the city's waterfront.[51][52] Between April 2015 and April 2016, the number of monthly home sales in Lynn increased 104%.[53] In May 2018, a developer announced plans to build downtown Lynn's first mid-rise luxury apartment house.[54]

Lynn's revitalization has been bolstered by the city's emergence as a center of creative placemaking activity.[55] In 2017, swaths of the city's downtown were transformed by a series of large-scale murals, which were painted on buildings by local, national, and international artists, as part of the city's inaugural Beyond Walls festival.[45] Light-based interventions, including projections onto High Rock Tower,[56] the installation of vintage neon signs on downtown buildings, and large-scale LED-illuminations of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority rail underpasses bisecting Lynn's Downtown,[57] also have been deployed.[8] In 2017, Mount Vernon Street, in the core of the downtown Central Square area, began to host block parties, food trucks, and other special events.[58][59]

In recent years, Lynn has attracted a substantial and growing LGBT population.[60]

In April 2018, The Boston Globe named Lynn one of the "Top spots to live in Greater Boston in 2018."[61]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 square miles (35 km2), of which 10.8 square miles (28 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) (19.87%) is water. Lynn is located beside Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Lynn's shoreline is divided in half by the town of Nahant, which divides Lynn Harbor to the south from Nahant Bay to the north. The city lies north of the Saugus River, and is also home to several brooks, as well as several ponds, the largest being Breed's Pond and Walden Pond (which has no relation to a similarly named pond in Concord). More than one-quarter of the town's land is covered by the Lynn Woods Reservation, which takes up much of the land in the northwestern part of the city. The city is also home to two beaches, Lynn Beach and King's Beach, both of which lie along Nahant Bay, as well as a boat ramp in Lynn Harbor.

Lynn is located in the southern part of Essex County and is 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Boston and 22 miles (35 km) west-southwest of Cape Ann. The city is bordered by Nahant to the south, Swampscott to the east, Salem to the northeast, Peabody to the north, Lynnfield to the northwest, Saugus to the west and Revere (in Suffolk County) to the southeast. Lynn's water rights extend into Nahant Bay and share Lynn Harbor with Nahant. There is no land connection to Revere; the only connection is the General Edwards Bridge across the Saugus River. Besides its downtown district, Lynn is also divided into East Lynn and West Lynn, which are further divided into even smaller areas.

Lynn is loosely segmented into the following neighborhoods:

Central:

  • Downtown / Business District
  • Central Square

West Lynn:

  • Pine Hill
  • McDonough Sq./ Barry Park
  • Tower Hill / Austin Sq. – Saugus River
  • The Commons
  • The Brickyard
  • Walnut St./Lynnhurst
  • Veteran's Village

East Lynn:

  • Diamond District / Lynn Shore
  • Wyoma Sq.
  • The Highlands
  • The Fay Estates
  • Ward 1 / Lynnfield St.
  • Goldfish Pond
  • The Meadow / Keaney Park

Climate

Lynn gets cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. The other two seasons are mild, in general.

Climate data for Lynn, Massachusetts
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)		 70
(21)		 91
(33)		 94
(34)		 97
(36)		 98
(37)		 104
(40)		 97
(36)		 96
(36)		 84
(29)		 78
(26)		 77
(25)		 104
(40)
Average high °F (°C) 37
(3)		 40
(4)		 47
(8)		 57
(14)		 67
(19)		 76
(24)		 82
(28)		 80
(27)		 73
(23)		 62
(17)		 52
(11)		 42
(6)		 60
(15)
Average low °F (°C) 20
(−7)		 24
(−4)		 32
(0)		 42
(6)		 53
(12)		 63
(17)		 68
(20)		 66
(19)		 58
(14)		 47
(8)		 38
(3)		 28
(−2)		 45
(7)
Record low °F (°C) −9
(−23)		 −5
(−21)		 3
(−16)		 18
(−8)		 32
(0)		 41
(5)		 45
(7)		 44
(7)		 34
(1)		 25
(−4)		 6
(−14)		 −18
(−28)		 −18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.7
(94)		 2.9
(74)		 4.1
(104)		 4.1
(104)		 4.5
(114)		 3.5
(89)		 4.2
(107)		 4.1
(104)		 4.5
(114)		 3.5
(89)		 4.0
(102)		 3.9
(99)		 47
(1,194)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17902,291—    
18002,837+23.8%
18104,087+44.1%
18204,515+10.5%
18306,138+35.9%
18409,367+52.6%
185014,257+52.2%
186019,083+33.9%
187028,233+47.9%
188038,274+35.6%
189055,727+45.6%
190068,513+22.9%
191089,336+30.4%
192099,148+11.0%
1930102,320+3.2%
194098,123−4.1%
195099,738+1.6%
196094,478−5.3%
197090,294−4.4%
198078,471−13.1%
199081,245+3.5%
200089,050+9.6%
201090,329+1.4%
201692,697+2.6%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[73]

As of the census of 2010, there were 90,329 people, 33,310 households, and 20,988 families residing in the city.[74]

The racial makeup of the city was:

Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.1% of the population (10.5% Dominican, 6.3% Guatemalan, 5.4% Puerto Rican, 2.8% Salvadoran, 1.7% Mexican, 0.6% Honduran, 0.4% Colombian, 0.4% Spanish, 0.2% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban).[74]

Cambodians form the largest Asian origin group in Lynn, with 3.9% of Lynn's total population of Cambodian ancestry. Other large Asian groups are those of Vietnamese (1.0%), Indian (0.4%), Chinese (0.3%), and Laotian (0.2%) ancestry.

In the city, the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18 and 75.1% over 18. Males accounted for 49% and females 51%.[74]

Between 2009 and 2013, the median household income in Lynn was $44,849. The per capita income was $22,982. About 21.0% of the population was considered below the poverty line.[75]

Asian population

In 1990 Lynn had 2,993 persons of Asian origin. In 2000 Lynn had 5,730 Asians, an increase of over 91%, making it one of ten Massachusetts cities with the largest Asian populations. In 2000 the city had 3,050 persons of Cambodian origin, making them the largest Asian subgroup in Lynn. That year the city had 1,112 persons of Vietnamese origin and 353 persons of Indian origin. From 1990 to 2000 the Vietnamese and Indian populations increased by 192% and 264%, respectively.[76]

By 2004 the Cambodian community in Lynn was establishing the Khmer Association of the North Shore.[76]

Income

Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[77][78][79]

Rank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita
income		 Median
household
income		 Median
family
income		 Population Number of
households
Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147
Essex County $35,167 $67,311 $84,185 750,808 286,008
1 01904 $33,409 $80,903 $91,409 18,803 6,833
United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216
Lynn $22,982 $44,849 $53,557 90,788 33,122
2 01901 $20,625 $23,467 $24,125 2,023 1,096
3 01902 $20,391 $37,275 $45,276 44,827 16,528
4 01905 $19,934 $42,490 $42,163 25,090 8,642

Arts and culture

Notable locations

The North Shore Adult Day Health Center in Lynn, which opened in January 2009, caters to persons of Hispanic and Latino origin in Lynn and surrounding cities.[80]

Parks and recreation

Lynn has 49 parks encompassing 1,540 aggregate acres, representing a significant percentage of the city's total 6,874-acre land area. Consequently, 96% of Lynn residents live within a 10-minute walk of a park or open space.[81][82] The city's parks and open spaces include:

Education

Lynn English High School

Lynn has three public high schools (Lynn English, Lynn Classical, and Lynn Vocational Technical High School), four junior high schools, two alternative schools, and, as of Autumn 2015, 18 elementary schools.[86] They are served by the Lynn Public Schools district.

There is also an independent Catholic high school located in the city, St. Mary's High School. Also, there are three religious K–8 elementary schools, and one interdenominational Christian school, North Shore Christian School.[87]

KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program operates the KIPP Academy Lynn, a 5–8 charter middle school, in Lynn and has also opened KIPP Academy Lynn Collegiate to serve high school students in the city.

North Shore Community College has a campus in downtown Lynn (with its other campuses located in Danvers and Beverly).

Infrastructure

Transportation

Lynn has no Interstate or controlled-access highways, the nearest being U.S. Route 1 in Saugus and Lynnfield, and the combined Interstate 95 and Route 128 in Lynnfield. (The original design of Interstate 95 called for a route that would have paralleled Route 107 and crossed Lynn - including Lynn Woods - but the project was cancelled in 1972.[88][89]) However, Massachusetts State Route 1A, Route 107, Route 129 and Route 129A all pass through Lynn. Route 107 passes from southwest to northeast along a relatively straight right-of-way through the city. It shares a 0.5 miles (0.80 km) concurrency with Route 129A, which follows Route 129's old route through the city between its parent route and Route 1A. Route 129 passes from the north of the city before turning south and passing through the downtown area and becoming concurrent with Route 1A for 1 mile (1.6 km). Route 1A passes from Revere along the western portion of the Lynnway, a divided highway within the city, before passing further inland into Swampscott. The Lynnway itself runs along the coastline, leading to a rotary, which links the road to Nahant Road and Lynn Shore Drive, which follows the coast into Swampscott.

Lynn has a stop on the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, as well as the River Works stop, which is for GE Aviation employees only. A number of other stations were open until the mid 20th century. Numerous MBTA bus routes also connect Lynn with Boston and the neighboring communities. An extension of the Blue Line to downtown Lynn has been proposed, but not funded. The nearest airport is Boston's Logan International Airport, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south.

In 2014, seasonal commuter ferry service between Lynn and Boston's Financial District was established.[90] A wharf adjacent to the public boat launch ramp located on Blossom Street Extension was rehabilitated, and a 150-space parking lot constructed. Trips to and from Central Wharf in Boston take 35 minutes.[91] After two seasons of operation—and after the federal government allocated $4.5 million for the purchase of a new ferry boat for the line[92]—service was suspended in 2016, when the state declined to continue providing the necessary operating funds.[93] Ferry service resumed in 2017,[94] with a scheduled operating season of June 20 to September 22.[95]

In May 2018, Governor Charlie Baker announced that the Massachusetts Department of Transportation would again suspend funding for the Lynn-Boston ferry.[96]

Notable people

Notable concerts at Manning Bowl

  • The Rolling Stones kicked off their 1966 North American Tour at the stadium on June 24, 1966. The event was cut short due to rain and police had to use tear gas bombs to quell the angry crowd.
  • On June 11, 1976, Ray Charles held a charity concert to raise money for the Life Institute for Blind. The Four Tops and Dorothy Moore also performed.
  • Mötley Crüe drew 15,000 fans during an August 1985 concert, Accept and Y & T were on the bill, as were Helix (Helix did not perform). It was known as Summer Jam 85.
  • Aerosmith performed at the stadium during their Done with Mirrors Tour on September 14, 1985.
  • The Beach Boys performed at the Stadium September 23, 1984.
  • The Kinks performed at the Stadium September 8, 1985.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  3. ↑ "Massachusetts City and Town Incorporation and Settlement Dates". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
  4. ↑ . Metropolitan Area Planning Commission. Retrieved on 2016-06-06.
  5. ↑ "Murals enliven downtown Lynn". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  6. ↑ "Let's build Massachusetts by building the arts". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  7. ↑ "IT'S HAPPENING HERE: Public art lifts the Lynn community". Gateways. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  8. 1 2 "Group wants to cast Lynn in a whole new light". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  9. ↑ . Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2016-06-06.
  10. ↑ "Lynn Heritage State Park". Mass.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  11. ↑ . Essex National Heritage Area. Retrieved on 2016-06-07.
  12. ↑ "Asset Detail". npgallery.nps.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  13. ↑ Perley, Sidney (January 1, 1912). The Indian Land Titles of Essex County, Massachusetts. Essex Book and Print Club.
  14. ↑ History of Lynn (1829). Retrieved on 2016-03-16
  15. ↑ Tarbox Family Crest and History. Houseofnames.com (December 25, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
  16. ↑ Herbert, George. History of Lynn... 1629–1864, 1890.
  17. ↑ "Full text of "Thomas Halsey of Hertfordshire, England, and Southampton, Long Island, 1591-1679 : with his American descendants to the eighth and ninth generations"". archive.org. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  18. 1 2 "Brief History of Lynn". www.cityoflynn.net. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  19. 1 2 Brief History of Lynn at City of Lynn website
  20. ↑ City of Lynn official website
  21. ↑ USigs.org Archived March 23, 2004, at the Wayback Machine., History of Lynn Ch2-1814–1864 pub1890.
  22. ↑ "Brief History of Lynn". www.cityoflynn.net. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
  23. ↑ Amphilsoc.org Archived March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Elihu Thomson Papers at the American Philosophical Society
  24. ↑ Massmoments.org, MassMoments GE Jet Engine Tests in Lynn
  25. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
  26. 1 2 "Re-Examining Frederick Douglass's Time in Lynn". itemlive.org. February 2, 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  27. ↑ "The Life of Mary Baker Eddy". Marybakereddylibrary.org. December 3, 1910. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  28. 1 2 "The Jewish Heritage Center of the North Shore (Swampscott, Mass.)". jhcns.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Guide to the Congregation Anshai Sfard (Lynn, Massachusetts) Records, undated, 1899–2001 [Bulk 1952–2001], I-556". cjh.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Archdiocese of Boston Ethnic Parishes". bostoncatholic.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Archdiocese of Boston Sacramental Record Inventory – Parishes by City, H-Z". bostoncatholic.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  32. ↑ "St. George Greek Orthodox Church – Our Parish". stgeorgelynn.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  33. ↑ http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gaston_pubs
  34. ↑ "Sanghikaram Wat Khmer – The Pluralism Project". pluralism.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  35. ↑ "MACRIS Details". mhc-macris.net. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  36. ↑ ":: Merrell Footlab ::". merrellfootlab.com. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  37. ↑ "How Lynn Became The Shoe Capitol of the World". wgbh.org. May 30, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  38. ↑ DCR (April 5, 2013). "Lynn Shore & Nahant Beach Reservation". Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  39. ↑ Méras, Phyllis (2007). The Historic Shops & Restaurants of Boston. p. 56.
  40. ↑ Kerry, John (November 27, 2007). "Don't Leave New England Families Out in the Cold". United States Senate. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  41. ↑ The Thomson-Houston Road at Lynn, Mass., The Electrical World, December 8, 1888, page 303
  42. ↑ Electric Railway at Lynn, Mass., Electric Power, January 1889, page 21
  43. ↑ Daley, Beth (March 6, 1997). "Rhyme may be reason to change Lynn's name". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  44. ↑ "Lynn's sin label outdated, residents insist – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  45. 1 2 "Murals enliven downtown Lynn". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  46. ↑ "DOWNTOWN LYNN CULTURAL DISTRICT | you won't go out the way you came in". dtlcd.org. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  47. ↑ "Mass Cultural Council | Services | Cultural Districts". www.massculturalcouncil.org. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  48. ↑ "Governor launches task force to revive Lynn's fortunes – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  49. ↑ "Work to resume on Lynn lofts | Itemlive". www.itemlive.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  50. ↑ "Flip This House – Lynn House is Being Renovated for A&E Network Series | Lynn Journal". Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  51. ↑ "Development is bringing a sea change to Lynn". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  52. ↑ "Lynn is at the Center of Development,North of Boston | Lynn Journal". Retrieved 2016-06-09.
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  101. ↑ "The movie Black Mass is recreating the St. Patrick's Day Parade in downtown Lynn, MA on Monday, June 23".
  102. ↑ "'Black Mass' Filming at The Porthole Pub in Lynn".
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Bibliography

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