1860 United States Census

1860 US Census from the state of New York

The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,191,875 persons enumerated during the 1850 Census. The total population included 3,953,761 slaves.

By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post road transportation routes.

Census questions

The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants). Schedule 1 collected the following information:[1]

Column Title Notes
1Dwelling-houses—numbered in the order of visitation.
2Families numbered in the order of visitation
3The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first date of June 1860, was in this family.
4Description: Age.
5Description: Sex.M or F
6Description: Color, (White, black, or mulatto).W, B or M
7Profession, Occupation, or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age.
8Value of Estate Owned: Value of Real Estate.
9Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate.
10Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country.
11Married within the year.Marked with '/'
12Attended School within the year.Marked with '/'
13Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write.Marked with '/'
14Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict.

Data availability

Full documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

Common occupations

National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.[2]

More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making.[3] This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.

IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.

The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property. Analogous to today where wealth can fluctuate with value changes in stocks, factories, and other forms of property, the South suffered a huge loss of total wealth and assets when the American Civil War ended and slaves were no longer counted as physical property.

State rankings

RankStatePopulation
01New York3,880,735
02Pennsylvania2,906,215
03Ohio2,339,511
04Illinois1,711,951
05Indiana1,350,428
06Massachusetts1,231,066
07Virginia1,219,630
08Missouri1,182,012
09Kentucky1,155,684
10Tennessee1,109,801
11Georgia1,057,286
12North Carolina992,622
13Alabama964,201
14Mississippi791,305
15Wisconsin775,881
16Michigan749,113
17Louisiana708,002
18South Carolina703,708
19Maryland687,049
20Iowa674,913
21New Jersey672,035
22Maine628,279
23Texas604,215
24Connecticut460,147
25Arkansas435,450
26California379,994
XWest Virginia [4]376,688
27New Hampshire326,073
28Vermont315,098
29Rhode Island174,620
30Minnesota172,023
31Florida140,424
32Delaware112,216
XKansas107,206
XNew Mexico87,034
XDistrict of Columbia [5]75,080
33Oregon52,465
XUtah40,273
XColorado34,277
XNebraska28,841
XWashington11,594
XNevada6,857
XSouth Dakota [6]4,837

City rankings

RankCityStatePopulation[7]Region (2016)[8]
01New YorkNew York813,669Northeast
02PhiladelphiaPennsylvania565,529Northeast
03BrooklynNew York266,661Northeast
04BaltimoreMaryland212,418South
05BostonMassachusetts177,840Northeast
06New OrleansLouisiana168,675South
07CincinnatiOhio161,044Midwest
08St. LouisMissouri160,773Midwest
09ChicagoIllinois112,172Midwest
10BuffaloNew York81,129Northeast
11NewarkNew Jersey71,941Northeast
12LouisvilleKentucky68,033South
13AlbanyNew York62,367Northeast
14WashingtonDistrict of Columbia61,122South
15San FranciscoCalifornia56,802West
16ProvidenceRhode Island50,666Northeast
17PittsburghPennsylvania49,221Northeast
18RochesterNew York48,204Northeast
19DetroitMichigan45,619Midwest
20MilwaukeeWisconsin45,246Midwest
21ClevelandOhio43,417Midwest
22CharlestonSouth Carolina40,522South
23New HavenConnecticut39,267Northeast
24TroyNew York39,235Northeast
25RichmondVirginia37,910South
26LowellMassachusetts36,827Northeast
27MobileAlabama29,258South
28Jersey CityNew Jersey29,226Northeast
29AlleghenyPennsylvania28,702Northeast
30SyracuseNew York28,119Northeast
31HartfordConnecticut26,917Northeast
32PortlandMaine26,341Northeast
33CambridgeMassachusetts26,060Northeast
34RoxburyMassachusetts25,137Northeast
35CharlestownMassachusetts25,065Northeast
36WorcesterMassachusetts24,960Northeast
37ReadingPennsylvania23,162Northeast
38MemphisTennessee22,623South
39UticaNew York22,529Northeast
40New BedfordMassachusetts22,300Northeast
41SavannahGeorgia22,292South
42SalemMassachusetts22,252Northeast
43WilmingtonDelaware21,258South
44ManchesterNew Hampshire20,107Northeast
45DaytonOhio20,081Midwest
46PatersonNew Jersey19,586Northeast
47LynnMassachusetts19,083Northeast
48IndianapolisIndiana18,611Midwest
49ColumbusOhio18,554Midwest
50PetersburgVirginia18,266South
51LawrenceMassachusetts17,639Northeast
52LancasterPennsylvania17,603Northeast
53TrentonNew Jersey17,228Northeast
54NashvilleTennessee16,988South
55OswegoNew York16,816Northeast
56CovingtonKentucky16,471South
57BangorMaine16,407Northeast
58TauntonMassachusetts15,376Northeast
59SpringfieldMassachusetts15,199Northeast
60PoughkeepsieNew York14,726Northeast
61NorfolkVirginia14,620South
62CamdenNew Jersey14,358Northeast
63WheelingVirginia14,083South
64NorwichConnecticut14,048Northeast
65PeoriaIllinois14,045Midwest
66Fall RiverMassachusetts14,026Northeast
67SacramentoCalifornia13,785West
68ToledoOhio13,768Midwest
69QuincyIllinois13,718Midwest
70HarrisburgPennsylvania13,405Northeast
71NewburyportMassachusetts13,401Northeast
72ChelseaMassachusetts13,395Northeast
73DubuqueIowa13,000Midwest
74AlexandriaVirginia12,652South
75New AlbanyIndiana12,647Midwest
76NewburghNew York12,578Northeast
77AugustaGeorgia12,493South
78BridgeportConnecticut12,106Northeast
79North ProvidenceRhode Island11,818Northeast
80ElizabethNew Jersey11,567Northeast
81EvansvilleIndiana11,484Midwest
82DavenportIowa11,267Midwest
83New BrunswickNew Jersey11,256Northeast
84AuburnNew York10,986Northeast
85GloucesterMassachusetts10,904Northeast
86ConcordNew Hampshire10,896Northeast
87LockportNew York10,871Northeast
88NewportRhode Island10,508Northeast
89Saint PaulMinnesota10,401Midwest
90New LondonConnecticut10,115Northeast
91NashuaNew Hampshire10,065Northeast
92NewportKentucky10,046South
93WaterburyConnecticut10,004Northeast
94HaverhillMassachusetts9,995Northeast
95DorchesterMassachusetts9,769Northeast
96HobokenNew Jersey9,662Northeast
97ColumbusGeorgia9,621South
98SchenectadyNew York9,579Northeast
99AtlantaGeorgia9,554South
100WilmingtonNorth Carolina9,552South

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "1860 Census Questionnaire" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
  2. ↑ "IPUMS 1860 Census Data". IPUMS Data Collection. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  3. ↑ Wilhelm, Kurt. "Essex, MA Census 1860". 1860 Federal Census. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  4. ↑ Between 1790 and 1860, the state of West Virginia was part of Virginia; the data for each states reflect the present-day boundaries.
  5. ↑ The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790.
  6. ↑ Figures recorded for Dakota Territory by the censuses of 1860, 1870, and 1880 are listed here as belonging to South Dakota..
  7. ↑ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
  8. ↑ "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
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