Newton, Massachusetts

Newton, Massachusetts
City
City Hall

Flag
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Nickname(s): "The Garden City"
Motto(s): "Liberty and Union"

Location in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Newton, Massachusetts
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°20′13″N 71°12′35″W / 42.33694°N 71.20972°W / 42.33694; -71.20972Coordinates: 42°20′13″N 71°12′35″W / 42.33694°N 71.20972°W / 42.33694; -71.20972
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Middlesex
Settled 1630
Incorporated 1688
Government
 • Type Mayor–council government
 • Mayor Ruthanne Fuller[1]
Area
 • Total 18.2 sq mi (47.1 km2)
 • Land 18.1 sq mi (46.7 km2)
 • Water 0.2 sq mi (0.4 km2)
Elevation 100 ft (30 m)
Population (2010)
 • Total 85,146
 • Estimate (2016)[2] 89,045
 • Density 4,700/sq mi (1,800/km2)
Time zone UTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes 02458–02462, 02464–02468, 02495
Area code(s) 617/857
FIPS code 25-45560
GNIS feature ID 0617675
Website www.newtonma.gov
Emily Lavan, Heartbreak Hill, 2005 Boston Marathon

Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is approximately 7 miles (11 km) west of downtown Boston and is bordered by Boston's Brighton and West Roxbury neighborhoods to the east and south, respectively, and by the suburb of Brookline to the east, the suburbs of Watertown and Waltham to the north, and Weston, Wellesley and Needham to the west. Rather than having a single city center, Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Newton was 85,146, making it the eleventh largest city in the state.

History

Newton was settled in 1630 as part of "the newe towne", which was renamed Cambridge in 1638. Roxbury minister John Eliot convinced the Native American people of Nonantum, a sub-tribe of the Massachusett led by a sachem named Waban, to relocate to Natick in 1651, fearing that they would be exploited by colonists.[3] Newton was incorporated as a separate town, known as Cambridge Village, in 1688, then renamed Newtown in 1691, and finally Newton in 1766.[4] It became a city in 1873. Newton is known as The Garden City.

In Reflections in Bullough's Pond, Newton historian Diana Muir describes the early industries that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a series of mills built to take advantage of the water power available at Newton Upper Falls and Newton Lower Falls. Snuff, chocolate, glue, paper and other products were produced in these small mills but, according to Muir, the water power available in Newton was not sufficient to turn Newton into a manufacturing city, although it was, beginning in 1902, the home of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company, the maker of the Stanley Steamer.

Newton, according to Muir, became one of America's earliest commuter suburbs. The Boston and Worcester, one of America's earliest railroads, reached West Newton in 1834. Wealthy Bostonian businessmen took advantage of the new commuting opportunity offered by the railroad, building gracious homes on erstwhile farmland of West Newton hill and on Commonwealth street. Muir points out that these early commuters needed sufficient wealth to employ a groom and keep horses, to drive them from their hilltop homes to the station.

Further suburbanization came in waves. One wave began with the streetcar lines that made many parts of Newton accessible for commuters in the late nineteenth century. The next wave came in the 1920s when automobiles became affordable to a growing upper middle class. Even then, however, Oak Hill continued to be farmed, mostly market gardening, until the prosperity of the 1950s made all of Newton more densely settled. Newton is not a typical "commuter suburb" since many people who live in Newton do not work in downtown Boston. Most Newtonites work in Newton and other surrounding cities and towns.

The city has two symphony orchestras, the New Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts and the Newton Symphony Orchestra.

Each April on Patriots Day, the Boston Marathon is run through the city, entering from Wellesley on Route 16 (Washington Street) where runners encounter the first of the four infamous Newton Hills. It then turns right onto Route 30 (Commonwealth Avenue) for the long haul into Boston. There are two more hills before reaching Centre Street, and then the fourth and most infamous of all, Heartbreak Hill, rises shortly after Centre Street. Residents and visitors line the race route along Washington Street and Commonwealth Avenue to cheer the runners.

Geography

Union Street, Newton Centre

Newton is a suburban city approximately seven miles from downtown Boston, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, at 42°20′16″N 71°12′36″W / 42.33778°N 71.21000°W / 42.33778; -71.21000 (42.337713, −71.209936).[5] The city is bordered by Waltham and Watertown on the north, Needham and the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston on the south, Wellesley and Weston on the west, and Brookline and the Brighton neighborhood of Boston on the east.

From Watertown to Waltham to Needham and Dedham, Newton is bounded by the Charles River. The Yankee Division Highway, designated Interstate 95 but known to the locals as Route 128, follows the Charles from Waltham to Dedham, creating a de facto land barrier. The portion of Needham which lies east of 128 and west of the Charles, known as the Needham Industrial Park has become part of a Newton commercial zone and contributes to its heavy traffic, though the tax revenue goes to Needham.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.2 square miles (47.1 km2), of which 18.0 square miles (46.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2) (0.82%) is water.

Villages

Rather than having a single city center, Newton is a patchwork of thirteen villages, many boasting small downtown areas of their own. The 13 villages are: Auburndale, Chestnut Hill, Newton Centre, Newton Corner, Newton Highlands, Newton Lower Falls, Newton Upper Falls (both on the Charles River, and both former small industrial sites), Newtonville, Nonantum (also called "The Lake"), Oak Hill, Thompsonville, Waban and West Newton. Oak Hill Park is a place within the village of Oak Hill that itself is shown as a separate and distinct village on some city maps (including a map dated 2010 on the official City of Newton website),[6] and Four Corners is also shown as a village on some city maps. Although most of the villages have a post office, they have no legal definition and no firmly defined borders. This village-based system often causes some confusion with addresses and for first time visitors.[7]

Climate

The record low temperature was −21 °F (−29 °C) in February 1934; the record high temperature was 101 °F (38 °C) in August 1975.[8]

Climate data for Newton, Massachusetts
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20)		 68
(20)		 89
(32)		 94
(34)		 93
(34)		 99
(37)		 100
(38)		 101
(38)		 99
(37)		 88
(31)		 81
(27)		 74
(23)		 101
(38)
Average high °F (°C) 34
(1)		 37
(3)		 44
(7)		 56
(13)		 66
(19)		 76
(24)		 82
(28)		 79
(26)		 72
(22)		 60
(16)		 50
(10)		 39
(4)		 58
(14)
Average low °F (°C) 17
(−8)		 19
(−7)		 27
(−3)		 38
(3)		 48
(9)		 57
(14)		 63
(17)		 62
(17)		 55
(13)		 43
(6)		 34
(1)		 24
(−4)		 41
(5)
Record low °F (°C) −14
(−26)		 −21
(−29)		 −5
(−21)		 6
(−14)		 27
(−3)		 36
(2)		 44
(7)		 39
(4)		 28
(−2)		 20
(−7)		 5
(−15)		 −19
(−28)		 −21
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.35
(110.5)		 4.24
(107.7)		 5.58
(141.7)		 4.55
(115.6)		 4.11
(104.4)		 4.31
(109.5)		 4.02
(102.1)		 4.03
(102.4)		 4.06
(103.1)		 4.69
(119.1)		 4.76
(120.9)		 4.89
(124.2)		 53.59
(1,361.2)
Source: [8]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17901,360—    
18001,491+9.6%
18101,709+14.6%
18201,850+8.3%
18302,376+28.4%
18403,351+41.0%
18505,258+56.9%
18608,382+59.4%
187012,825+53.0%
188016,995+32.5%
189024,379+43.4%
190033,587+37.8%
191039,806+18.5%
192046,054+15.7%
193065,276+41.7%
194069,873+7.0%
195081,994+17.3%
196092,384+12.7%
197091,263−1.2%
198083,622−8.4%
199082,585−1.2%
200083,829+1.5%
201085,146+1.6%
201689,045+4.6%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[20]

As of the census[21] of 2010, there were 85,146 people, 32,648 households, and 20,499 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,643.6 people per square mile (1,793.2/km²). There were 32,112 housing units at an average density of 1,778.8 per square mile (686.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.6% White, 11.5% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population (0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.6% Mexican, 0.4% Colombian, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.3% Argentine). (2010 Census Report: Census report Quickfacts.com)

Newton, along with neighboring Brookline, is known for its considerable Jewish and Asian populations. The Jewish population as of 2002 was estimated as roughly 28,002.[22]

There were 31,201 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. As of the 2008 US Census, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $107,696, and the median income for a family was $136,843. Males had a median income of $95,387 versus $60,520 for females. The per capita income for the city was $56,163. About 3.6% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.[23]

As of 2015, 21.9% of the residents of Newton were born outside of the United States.[24]

Government

Newton Public Library

City

Newton has an elected strong mayor-council form of government. The council is called the City Council. The mayor is Ruthanne Fuller. Fuller is the first female to be elected Mayor of Newton.

The elected officials are:

  • Mayor: Ruthanne Fuller, the city's chief executive officer and appoints the Chief Administrative Officer.
  • The City Council, Newton's legislative branch of municipal government, is made up of 24 members – sixteen Councilors-at-large and eight Ward Councilors. Councilors are elected every two years.

Note: Councilors for 2018 and 2019 are listed below. The first listed person in each ward is the Ward Councilor, while the other two are elected at large.

    • Ward One: Maria Scibelli Greenberg, Alison Leary and Allan Ciccone Jr.;
    • Ward Two: Emily Norton, Jake Auchincloss and Susan Albright;
    • Ward Three: Barbara Brousal-Glaser, Andrea Kelley and James Cote;
    • Ward Four: Chris Markiewicz, Leonard J. Gentile and Joshua Krintzman;
    • Ward Five: John Rice, Deborah Crossley and Andreae Downs;
    • Ward Six: Brenda Noel, Greg Schwartz and Victoria L. Danberg;
    • Ward Seven: R. Lisle Baker, Rebecca Walker-Grossman and Marc Laredo; and
    • Ward Eight: Cheryl Lappin, Richard A. Lipof and David Kalis.

Newton also has a school committee which decides on the policies and budget for Newton Public Schools. It has nine voting members, consisting of the Mayor of Newton and eight at-large Ward representatives, who are elected by citizens.[25] In addition to these voting members, there are two non-voting student representatives; one from each high school.

School Committee members for 2018 and 2019 are listed below.

    • Ward One: Bridget Ray-Canada;
    • Ward Two: Margaret Albright;
    • Ward Three: Anping Shen;
    • Ward Four: Diana Fisher-Gomberg;
    • Ward Five: Steve Siegel;
    • Ward Six: Ruth Goldman;
    • Ward Seven: Kathleen Burdette-Shields;
    • Ward Eight: Matthew Miller.

The City of Newton Police Department is one of the most progressive departments in the state and has 139 sworn officers. The Newton Fire Department is fully paid and operates three ladder companies and six engine companies from six stations.

County

Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid-1990s left the county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the Massachusetts legislature stepped in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The government of Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. The sheriff and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council or commission. However, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.

These are the remaining elected officers for Middlesex County:

State

House of Representatives:

  • John J. Lawn, Democrat of Watertown: Tenth Middlesex District, includes Precincts 1 and 4 of Ward 1, Newton.[31]
  • Kay S. Khan, Democrat of Newton: Eleventh Middlesex District, includes precincts 2 and 3 of Ward 1, All precincts in Wards 2, 3 and 4 and precinct 2 of Ward 7, Newton.[32]
  • Ruth B. Balser, Democrat of Newton: Twelfth Middlesex District, includes all precincts in Wards 5 and 6, precincts 1, 3 and 4 of Ward 7; and all precincts in Ward 8, Newton.[33]

Senate:

  • Cynthia Stone Creem, Democrat of Newton: 1st Middlesex District and Norfolk, since 1998.[34]

National

Congress

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008[35]
Party Number of Voters Percentage
Democratic 25,873 46.74%
Republican 4,642 8.39%
Unaffiliated 24,574 44.40%
Minor Parties 264 0.48%
Total 55,353 100%

Education

Public schools

Public education is provided by Newton Public Schools.[36] With its large, and politically divided, Jewish population, how the Newton Public Schools handles information about the Arab–Israeli conflict is a significant political issue.[37]

Elementary

  • Angier Elementary School
  • Bowen Elementary School
  • Burr Elementary School
  • Cabot Elementary School
  • Countryside Elementary School
  • Franklin Elementary School
  • Horace Mann Elementary School
  • Lincoln Eliot Elementary School
  • Mason Rice Elementary School
  • Memorial Spaulding Elementary School
  • Peirce Elementary School
  • Underwood Elementary School
  • Ward Elementary School
  • Williams Elementary School
  • Zervas Elementary School

Middle schools

  • Bigelow Middle School
  • Brown Middle School
  • Oak Hill Middle School
  • F.A. Day Middle School

High schools

Private schools

Higher education

Colleges and universities located in Newton include:

Former colleges

Newton Junior College

Newton Junior College, operated by the Newton Public Schools, opened in 1946 to serve the needs of returning veterans who otherwise would not have been able to continue their education due to the overcrowding of colleges and universities at that time. It used the facilities of Newton High School (now Newton North High School) until its own adjacent campus was built. It closed in 1976 due to declining enrollment and increased costs.[45] The availability of such places as UMass Boston contributed to its demise. According to the city, its former campus is now "Claflin Park," a 25-unit multi-family development.

Others

Other former colleges include Aquinas College (1961–1999), Mount Alvernia College (1959–1973), Mount Ida College (1899–2018), and Newton College of the Sacred Heart (1946–1975).[45]

Hospitals

Newton-Wellesley Hospital is located at 2014 Washington Street in Newton. U.S. News & World Report ranks the hospital 13th best in the Boston metro area.

Houses of worship

Media

Newspapers

The city's community newspapers are The Newton Tab, now published by the Community Newspaper Company, and The Newton Voice. The Newton community is also served by its high school publications, including Newton North High School's Newtonite and Newton South High School's Lion's Roar and Denebola.

Television

Residents of Newton have access to a state-of-the-art television studio and community media center, NewTV, located at 23 Needham Street in Newton Highlands. Newton is also home to NECN, a regional news network owned by NBC.

Economy

Newton's largest employers include Boston College and Newton-Wellesley Hospital. Companies based in Newton include TechTarget and Upromise. Until July 2015, Newton was also home to the global headquarters of TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel site, reaching nearly 280 million unique monthly visitors.[58] TripAdvisor moved into a newly built headquarters in neighboring Needham.[59]

Income

Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[60][61][62]

Rank ZIP code (ZCTA) Per capita
income		 Median
household
income		 Median
family
income		 Population Number of
households
1 02468 $86,528 $201,731 $213,958 5,267 1,868
2 02465 $75,857 $139,763 $163,898 11,673 4,251
3 02462 $74,279 $83,438 $211,779 1,412 682
4 02459 $71,128 $133,801 $173,613 18,339 6,694
Newton $63,872 $119,148 $154,787 86,241 31,295
5 02460 $61,686 $102,276 $139,917 9,046 3,625
6 02461 $61,088 $122,283 $146,343 6,808 2,526
7 02458 $59,071 $95,216 $132,207 11,602 4,791
8 02467 $55,288 $115,493 $151,495 23,092 6,575
9 02464 $51,744 $81,771 $83,816 2,947 1,337
10 02466 $47,551 $105,893 $131,705 9,105 3,098
Middlesex County $42,861 $82,090 $104,032 1,522,533 581,120
Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147
United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216

Transportation

Newton's proximity to Boston, along with its good public schools and safe and quiet neighborhoods, make it a very desirable community for those who commute to Boston or work in Newton's businesses and industries.

Newton is well-served by three modes of mass transit run by the MBTA: light rail, commuter rail, and bus service. The Green Line "D" Branch, (also known as the Riverside branch) is a light rail line running through the center of the city that makes very frequent trips to downtown Boston, ranging from 10 to 30 minutes away. The Green Line "B" Branch ends across from Boston College on Commonwealth Avenue, virtually at the border of Boston's Brighton neighborhood and the City of Newton (an area which encompasses an unincorporated suburban village referred to as Chestnut Hill). The MBTA Worcester commuter rail, serving the northern villages of Newton that are proximate to Waltham, offers less frequent service to Boston. It runs from every half-an-hour during peak times to every couple of hours otherwise. The northern villages are also served by frequent express buses that go to downtown Boston via the Massachusetts Turnpike as well as Waltham.

Newton Centre, which is centered around the Newton Centre MBTA station, has been lauded as an example of transit-oriented development.[63]

The Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90), which basically follows the old Boston and Albany Railroad main line right-of-way, runs east and west through Newton, while Route 128 (Interstate 95) slices through the extreme western part of the city in the Lower Falls area. Route 30 (Commonwealth Avenue), Route 16 (Watertown Street west to West Newton, where it follows Washington Street west) and route 9 (Worcester Turnpike or Boylston Street) also run east and west through the city. Another major Boston (and Brookline) street, Beacon Street, runs west from the Boston city line to Washington Street west of the hospital, where it terminates at Washington Street.

There are no major north-south roads through Newton: every north-south street in Newton terminates within Newton at one end or the other. The only possible exception is Needham Street, which is north-south at the border between Newton and Needham, but it turns east and becomes Dedham Street, and when it reaches the Boston border, it goes south-east.

There are some north-south streets that are important to intra-Newton traveling. Centre Street runs south from the Watertown town line to Newton Highlands, where it becomes Winchester Street and terminates at Nahanton Street. Walnut Street runs south from Newtonville, where it starts at Crafts Street, down to Newton Highlands, where it ends at Dedham Street.[64]

Points of interest

The Jackson Homestead
  • Crystal Lake is a 33-acre (130,000 m2) natural lake located in Newton Centre. Its shores, mostly lined with private homes, also host two small parks, a designated swimming area, and a bath house. The public is not allowed to swim outside of the small swimming area. The name Crystal Lake was given to the pond by a nineteenth-century commercial ice harvester that sold ice cut from the pond in winter. It had previously been called Baptist Pond.
  • The Jackson Homestead, now the Newton History Museum at the Jackson Homestead, is best known for its history as a stop on the Underground Railroad. It was built in 1809 as a farmhouse designed in the Federal style, and is now a museum with paintings, costumes, photographs, manuscripts, maps and historical artifacts.
  • Heartbreak Hill, notably challenging stretch of the Boston Marathon, on Commonwealth Avenue between Centre Street and Boston College.
  • Newton is home to many exclusive golf courses such as Woodland Country Club, Charles River Country Club, and Brae Burn Country Club, which held the United States Open in 1919.
  • City Stable and Garage, historic building
  • The John A. Fenno House is a historic house at 171 Lowell Avenue, built c. 1854, and a rare local example of Gothic Revival styling.
  • The House at 173-175 Ward Street is one of the city's few Federal style houses, built c. 1800,
  • Echo Bridge is a notable 19th-century masonry arch bridge with views of the river and Hemlock Gorge in Hemlock Gorge Reservation just off Route 9 in Newton Upper Falls.
  • Norumbega Park was located in Auburndale on the Charles River. Opening in 1897 as a trolley park, it was a popular amusement park through the 1950s before closing in 1963. Its Totem Pole Ballroom became a well-known dancing and entertainment venue for big bands touring during the 1940s. The park is now a popular dog-walking site with hills, meadows, woods, and access to the river.
Chestnut Hill Reservoir
    • Auburndale Cove is a multipurpose picnic and recreational area on the Charles River just down the walking path from Norumbega Park.[65][66]
  • Chestnut Hill Reservoir is a very popular park with residents of Newton, Brookline, and the Brighton section of Boston. Although completely within the Boston city limits, it is directly contiguous to the Newton city limits. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of Central Park in New York City and the Emerald Necklace in Boston, the park offers beautiful views of the Boston skyline, and is framed by stately homes and the campus of Boston College. Although not generally used to supply water to Boston, the reservoir was temporarily brought back online on May 1, 2010, during a failure of a connecting pipe at the end of the MetroWest Water Supply Tunnel.
  • Bullough's Pond is an old mill pond transformed into a landscape feature when Newton became a suburban community in the late nineteenth century. It has been the subject of two books, Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and Ecosystem in New England, by Diana Muir, and Once Around Bullough's Pond: A Native American Epic, by Douglas Worth. It was long maintained by the city as an ice skating venue, but skating is no longer allowed. A scene from the 2008 remake of The Women was filmed there.
  • The city of Newton has designated several roads in the city as "scenic". Along with this designation come regulations aimed at curbing tree removal and trimming along the roads, as well as stemming the removal of historic stone walls.[67] The city designated the following as scenic roads: Hobart Rd., Waban Ave., Sumner St., Chestnut St., Concord St., Dudley Rd., Fuller St., Hammond St., Valentine St., Lake Ave., Highland St., and Brookside Ave.[68]
  • The First Baptist Church in Newton Centre, built in 1888, was designed by John Lyman Faxon in the Richardsonian Romanesque style pioneered by architect Henry Hobson Richardson.[69]
  • The WHDH-TV tower is one of the tallest free-standing lattice towers in USA.

Cemeteries

There are several cemeteries in Newton, three of which are owned by the City of Newton, while the rest are privately owned,[70] as follows:

Notable grave sites

Notable people

  • The Fig Newton cookie is named after the city. In 1991, Newton and Nabisco hosted a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Fig Newton. A 100-inch (250 cm) Fig Newton was served, and singer and guitarist Juice Newton performed.[74]

Sister cities

Newton is currently twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Levin, Andy. "Ruthanne Fuller sworn in as Newton's mayor". Newton TAB. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ McAdow, Ron (1992). The Charles River. Marlborough, Mass: Bliss Publishing Company, Inc.,. pp. 171–174. ISBN 0-9625144-1-1.
  4. ↑ Ritter, Priscilla R.; Thelma Fleishman (1982). Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory. New England Historic Genealogical Society.
  5. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  6. ↑ Newton's Geographic Information System: City of Newton, Massachusetts
  7. ↑ "The Villages of Newton, Mass". newtoncitizens.com. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Monthly Averages for Newton, MA (02458)". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  9. ↑ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  10. ↑ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  11. ↑ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  12. ↑ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  13. ↑ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  14. ↑ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  15. ↑ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  16. ↑ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  17. ↑ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  18. ↑ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  19. ↑ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). 1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  21. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  22. ↑ "Jewish Population in the United States, 2002" (PDF). Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life4. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-13.
  23. ↑ "2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". Retrieved 2017-07-01.
  24. ↑ "QuickFacts Newton City, Massachusetts". census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  25. ↑ "index". Newton.k12.ma.us. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
  26. ↑ "Middlesex Superior Court Clerk's Office".
  27. ↑ Marian Ryan was appointed by Gov. Deval Patrick in April 2013 to fill the unexpired term of DA Gerry Leone, who resigned. See https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/23/marian-ryan-named-middlesex-governor-deval-patrick-will-hold-office-until-election/TY5BZY7POvFOyPFahy2M1M/story.html
  28. ↑ "Welcome to 20/20 Perfect Vision Land Records I2". www.masslandrecords.com.
  29. ↑ "Middlesex Probate and Family Court Division of the Massachusetts Court System – Main Page". Mass.gov. May 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
  30. ↑ "Welcome to the Middlesex Sheriff's Office". Middlesexsheriff.org. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
  31. ↑ John J. Lawn. 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  32. ↑ Kay S. Khan. 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  33. ↑ Ruth B. Balser. 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  34. ↑ Cynthia Stone Creem. 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 15, 2008" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  36. ↑ "Newton Public Schools". newton.k12.ma.us. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  37. ↑ Aiden Pink (September 6, 2018). "A Very Jewish Town Feuds Over Israel Like Only Jews Can". The Forward. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  38. ↑ "Homepage - The Fessenden School". fessenden.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Jackson School - Homepage". jacksonschool.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Newton Country Day School -> Home". newtoncountryday.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Solomon Schechter Day School: A Premier Jewish Independent School in Boston - Solomon Schechter Day School". ssdsboston.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Newton Montessori School". Newton Montessori School. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Mount Alvernia High School". Mount Alvernia High School. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Mount Alvernia Academy". Mount Alvernia Academy. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  45. 1 2 "Massachusetts Closed Colleges". Closed College Consortium. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  46. ↑ "Beth Menachem Chabad of Newton". www.jewishnewton.com.
  47. ↑ "Christ the King Newton". Christ the King Newton. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Newton Centre, MA Orthodox Synagogue / Shul near Boston, Massachusetts--Welcome to Beth El-Atereth Israel Congregation". bethelnewton.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Congregation Dorshei Tzedek". dorsheitzedek.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Congregation Shaarei Tefillah - Newton, MA". shaarei.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Corpus Christi -St. Bernard Parish". ccsbparish.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  52. ↑ "Eliot Church of Newton, UCC". Eliot Church of Newton, UCC. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Parish of St. Paul". parishofstpaul.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  54. ↑ "Grace Church Newton". gracenewton.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Newton Presbyterian Church". newtonpres.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Welcome". goodshepherdnewton.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Temple Beth Avodah". Temple Beth Avodah. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Labor Market Information". lmi2.detma.org. February 7, 2013.
  59. ↑ "TripAdvisor hopes lavish new headquarters in Needham will boost hiring". betaboston.com. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  60. ↑ "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  61. ↑ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  62. ↑ "HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  63. ↑ "Newton Centre, Massachusetts : UnSprawl Case Study : Terrain.org". terrain.org. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  64. ↑ AAA Map of Boston, Massachusetts, including Arlington, ... Newton, etc, 2007, Heathrow, Florida: AAA
  65. ↑ "Auburndale Cove Picnic Areas & Building". City of Newton. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  66. ↑ "Charles River Canoe & Kayak in Newton". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  67. ↑ Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  68. ↑ Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  69. ↑ Archived December 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ↑ Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ↑ "The Barclays: Plainfield architect Donald Ross' journey had humble beginnings in Boston". Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  72. ↑ Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  73. ↑ "The Union Generals". Historic La Mott, PA. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  74. ↑ Barbara L. Fredricksen (March 21, 2003). "For Juice, it's been a sweet ride". St. Petersburg Times.
  75. ↑ "ArchiveGrid : San Donato, Italy, Newton's Sister City, 1996-2009". beta.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  76. ↑ "Newton-San Juan del Sur Sister City Project". Newton-San Juan del Sur Sister City Project. Retrieved 2017-05-27.

Further reading

  • Directory of the town of Newton: containing a general directory of the citizens, and a business directory. 1871 Google books
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