List of North American settlements by year of foundation

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This is a list of settlements in North America by founding year and present-day country.

Year Settlement Subdivision Country Notes
7500 BC Tlapacoya Ixtapaluca Mexico Silvia González et al. have published research claiming that "one Tlapacoya skull is the first directly dated human in Mexico with an age of 9730 ± 65 years BP" (before present).[1]
1500 BC Tepoztlán Morelos Mexico
1500 BC San José Mogote Oaxaca Mexico
1500 BC Chalcatzingo Morelos Mexico
1500 BC Calixtlahuaca Mexico Mexico
1500 BC Kaminaljuyu Guatemala Guatemala
1400 BC Teopantecuanitlan Guerrero Mexico
1400 BC Nakbe Petén Guatemala
1200 BC San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Veracruz Mexico
1200 BC La Venta Veracruz Mexico
1150 BC Etlatongo Oaxaca Mexico
1000 BC Xochitecatl Tlaxcala Mexico
1000 BC Cuicuilco Tlalpan Mexico
1000 BC Tres Zapotes Veracruz Mexico
950 BC Takalik Abaj Retalhuleu Guatemala
950 BC El Mirador Petén Guatemala
950 BC Uaxactun Petén Guatemala
800 BC Zazacatla Morelos Mexico
700 BC Ticul Yucatán Mexico
600 BC Tikal Petén Guatemala
500 BC Monte Albán Oaxaca Mexico
500 BC Cholula Puebla Mexico Possibly the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the Americas.
400 BC Tula Hidalgo Mexico
300 BC Teotihuacan México Mexico In the Valley of Mexico
200 Mitla Oaxaca Mexico
600 Cantona Puebla Mexico
650 Cahokia Illinois United States
1000 Acoma Pueblo and Taos Pueblo New Mexico United States Oldest continuously occupied communities in the USA. The Acoma Pueblo today is known as Sky City.
1003? L'Anse aux Meadows Newfoundland & Labrador Canada First European settlement in the Americas. The Norse explorer Leif Ericson established a settlement at 51°N on this site in 1003.
1050 Motul Yucatán Mexico
1054 Antiguo Cuscatlan La Libertad El Salvador Cuscatlán was founded in 1054 by Topiltzin Atzil, last king of Tula of Anahuac. It was a city inhabited by ten thousand, with an additional twelve thousand people who lived in xacal, straw huts distributed at the edge of a maar (crater) which housed the sacred lake of Cuscatlan. In the contemporary Native language, Cuscatlán means Jewel City. On Saturday June 17, 1524, led by Pedro de Alvarado, the Spanish conquistadors found the doors of Cuscatlan, capital of the Lordship of Cuscatlan.
1100 Oraibi Arizona United States [2]
1325 Tenochtitlan Distrito Federal Mexico Today this city is known as Mexico City
1498 Santo Domingo Distrito Nacional Dominican Republic Capital of the Dominican Republic. Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in the Americas.
1508 Caparra Puerto Rico United States
1509 Sevilla la Nueva Seville, St. Ann's Bay Jamaica Established by Juan de Esquivel, the first Spanish Governor of Jamaica, St Ann's Bay became the third capital established by Spain in the Americas.
1510 Nombre de Dios Colón Panama Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Panama and continental America.
1511 Baracoa Guantánamo Cuba Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Cuba, former capital of Cuba.
1513 Bayamo Granma Cuba Former capital in cuba in 1513.
1514 Santiago Santiago Cuba
1515 Havana Havana Cuba Current Capital of Cuba
1519 La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz Veracruz Mexico Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Mexico.
1519 Panama City Panamá Panama First European city on the Pacific coast of the Americas[3]
1521 San Juan Puerto Rico United States Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in The United States.
1524QuetzaltenangoGuatemalaGuatemala
1525 San Salvador San Salvador Department El Salvador Diego de Holguín became the first mayor of San Salvador after the town was founded on April 1, 1525. Founded in what is now the archaeological site Ciudad Vieja, north of the present-day city, it was moved to the Valle de Las Hamacas or the Acelhuate Valley, named so due to the intense seismic activity that characterizes it. On January 2011 San Salvador was named the Iboeroamerican Capital of Culture because the first independent movements in Central America were played in San Salvador on November 5, 1811.
1524 Granada Granada Nicaragua Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Nicaragua.
1526AcámbaroGuanajuatoMexico
1526 San Miguel de Gualdape Georgia United States First European settlement in the continental United States. It was abandoned after only 3 months.
1531MazatlánSinaloaMexico
1531CuliacánSinaloaMexico
1532 Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico
1534 Villa de la Vega Saint Catherine Parish Jamaica After founding Seville in 1509, Spanish settlers moved to a new, healthier site, which they named Villa de la Vega. The English later renamed it Spanish Town when they conquered the island in 1655.
1536 San Pedro Sula Cortés Honduras
1539 Zuni Pueblo New Mexico United States [Ferguson, T.J. (1985). A Zuni Atlas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press]
1540 Compostela Nayarit Mexico Known as Capital de la Nueva Galicia Compostela (1548–1560)
1540 Childersburg Alabama United States Recently claimed by the city to be the oldest city in America.[4] Established by Native Americans.
1540 Campeche Campeche Mexico
1541 Morelia Michoacan Mexico
1541 Charlesbourg-Royal Quebec Canada First French settlement (short lived)
1542YuririaGuanajuatoMexico
1542MéridaYucatánMexicoFounded by Francisco de Montejo over the ruins of the Maya city of T'ho.
1542 Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
1542 San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico
1543 Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala) Guatemala Guatemala
1550AcapulcoGuerreroMexicoDiscovered by Cortés in 1531; settlement founded in 1550.[5]
1559 Pensacola Florida United States Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559.
1563 Cartago Cartago Costa Rica Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement Costa Rica.
1564 Fort Caroline Florida United States Permanent settlement of 200 soldiers and artisans began in 1564, led by Rene de Goulaine de Laudonniere, who had accompanied Ribault on the previous expedition. With help from the Timucua Indians, the colonists began building a village and fort on the river’s south bank, naming the area La Caroline after their king, Charles IX.
1564 Villa Hermosa de San Juan Bautista Tabasco México The city was founded on June 24, 1564 (day of San Juan Bautista, hence its original name) by the Spanish Don Diego de Quijada
1565 Saint Augustine Florida United States The oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the Continental United States.
1573San GermánPuerto RicoUnited States
1575SaltilloCoahuilaMexicoOldest post-conquest settlement in northern Mexico.[6]
1575AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
1576LeónGuanajuatoMexico
1497 St. John's[7] Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Oldest English-founded city in North America.[8]
1583 Harbour Grace[9] Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
1585Roanoke ColonyNorth CarolinaUnited StatesSettlers first left on island August 17, 1585.[10]
1596 Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
1597 Portobelo Colón Panama
1598 Parras Coahuila Mexico
1598 Española New Mexico United States The first European-founded capital of the "New World" located within the boundaries of the United States; established by Juan de Oñate
1599 Tadoussac Quebec Canada Oldest continuously inhabited French established settlement in the Americas, oldest European established settlement in Quebec.
1603SalamancaGuanajuatoMexico
1604 Canso Nova Scotia Canada Founded in 1604, setting began in 1518 by European Fur Traders and Fisherman. Canso and the surrounding Islands were involved in the French and English struggles to gain control of the area.
1604L'Ile-aux-MarinsSaint Pierre and MiquelonFrance
1604 Saint Croix Island Maine United States Established in the summer of 1604 by a French expedition led by Pierre Dugua that included Samuel de Champlain. After the winter of 1604–1605 the survivors relocated and founded Port Royal, Nova Scotia.[11]
1605 Port Royal Nova Scotia Canada Established in the summer of 1605 by French colonizing explorers Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain who, in 1608, would establish Quebec City.
1607 Jamestown Virginia United States Oldest settlement in the original thirteen colonies comprising the United States of America
1607 Popham Colony Maine United States Short lived settlement; project of the Plymouth Company
1607Santa FeNew MexicoUnited StatesOldest continuously inhabited state capital in the US.
1608QuébecQuebecCanada Original settlement on this site was established by Jacques Cartier in 1535 but abandoned in 1536. He returned in 1541 but abandoned the site again. Samuel de Champlain established a permanent settlement on July 3–4, 1608. Only completely garrison-walled city north of Mexico.
1610CupidsNewfoundland and LabradorCanadaOldest continuously occupied English settlement in Canada.
1610HamptonVirginiaUnited StatesOldest continuously occupied English settlement in the United States.
1610KecoughtanVirginiaUnited States
1611HenricusVirginiaUnited States
1612St. George'sSt. GeorgeBermudaOldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Bermuda.
1613Newport News, VirginiaVirginiaUnited States
1614Albany, New YorkNew YorkUnited StatesOldest European settlement in New York State, founded as Fort Nassau, 1614, Fort Orange 1623
1620PlymouthMassachusettsUnited StatesThe oldest town in New England and Massachusetts. Settled by pilgrims of The Mayflower
1622WeymouthMassachusettsUnited StatesAs Wessagussett, resettled and renamed in 1623
1623South BerwickMaineUnited StatesSettled by men whom landed at the confluence of the Salmon Falls and Great Works Rivers on the ship Pied Cow
1623DoverNew HampshireUnited Statesoldest settlement in New Hampshire
1623GloucesterMassachusettsUnited StatesAbandoned in 1629 but quickly resettled
1624BurlingtonNew JerseyUnited States
1625New AmsterdamNew YorkUnited StatesNow New York City. Was settled 1624 on Governors Island, moved to Manhattan 1625.
1625MerrymountMassachusettsUnited StatesNow Quincy, Massachusetts
1626SalemMassachusettsUnited States
1627ScituateMassachusettsUnited StatesScituate, Massachusetts
1627BasseterreSaint KittsSaint Kitts and Nevis
1628BridgetownSaint MichaelBarbados
1629MarbleheadMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded as first naval stronghold for the colonies.
1629LynnMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded as Saugus, different from town today known as Saugus.
1629CharlestownMassachusettsUnited StatesNow a neighborhood in Boston
1630PortsmouthNew HampshireUnited StatesFirst known as Strawberry Banke.
1630Jersey CityNew JerseyUnited StatesPavonia, first Dutch settlement in New Jersey
1630MedfordMassachusettsUnited StatesSettled on the "Ford" by Meadow
1630BostonMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by John Winthrop and his fleet, as Trimountaine
1630DorchesterMassachusettsUnited StatesNow a neighborhood in Boston
1630BostonMassachusettsUnited StatesNow a neighborhood in Boston
1631SacoMaineUnited StatesSettled as Winter Harbor.
1631LewesDelawareUnited StatesBecause Lewes was the earliest town founded in the state, and because Delaware was the first state to ratify the constitution, the town refers to itself as "The first town in the first state."
1631CambridgeMassachusettsUnited StatesDrake, Samuel Adams (1880). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
1632WilliamsburgVirginiaUnited States
1633IpswichMassachusettsUnited States
1632St. John'sAntiguaAntigua and Barbuda
1633HartfordConnecticutUnited States

Founded as Fort Hoop by the Dutch, renamed by English in 1637, by Thomas Hooker

1633WindsorConnecticutUnited StatesFirst English settlement in Connecticut.[12] Founded as Dorchester, renamed in 1637
1634BeauportQuebecCanada[13] Became a borough of Québec in January, 2002.
1634WethersfieldConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Watertown, renamed in 1637.
1634Green BayWisconsinUnited States
1634St. Mary's CityMarylandUnited States
1634Trois-RivièresQuebecCanada
1634WillemstadCuraçaoKingdom of the NetherlandsFormerly Part of the now dissolved Netherlands Antilles, now autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Not to be confused with one of its constituent countries, the Netherlands)
1635ConcordMassachusettsUnited States
1635NewburyMassachusettsUnited States
1636SpringfieldMassachusettsUnited StatesThe Massachusetts Bay Colony's first Connecticut River port – and, by far, its westernmost settlement, sitting 85 miles west of the colonial capital at Boston.[14] Founded as Agawam Plantation by William Pynchon.
1636ProvidenceRhode IslandUnited StatesOldest settlement in Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams.
1637TauntonMassachusettsUnited States

[15]

1637SandwichMassachusettsUnited StatesOldest town on Cape Cod

[16]

1638RowleyMassachusettsUnited States

[17]

1638PortsmouthRhode IslandUnited StatesFounded by Anne Hutchinson
1638ExeterNew HampshireUnited StatesOne of the four original towns of New Hampshire. Revolutionary War Capital of New Hampshire and site of the ratification of the first state constitution in the North American colonies in January 1776.
1638HamptonNew HampshireUnited StatesFounded by Stephen Bachiler. First known as Winnicunnet.
1638SilleryQuebecCanada[18] Now part of Québec
1638SwedesboroNew JerseyUnited StatesNucleus of the New Sweden colony that spread along the Delaware River into Pennsylvania and Delaware.
1638New HavenConnecticutUnited States

[19]

1638Sainte-FoyQuebecCanada[13] Merged with the City of Québec in 2002.
1638WilmingtonDelawareUnited StatesGrew from Fort Christina, part of the New Sweden colony. Originally called Willington.
1639 (prior to)St. MarksFloridaUnited States[20]
1639StratfordConnecticutUnited States[21]
1639NewportRhode IslandUnited States
1639SudburyMassachusettsUnited States
1640FarmingtonConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Tunxis.
1640BraintreeMassachusettsUnited StatesLand first settled in 1625 as Merrymount, resettled and incorporated in 1640 [22]
1640WoburnMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst settled in 1640, incorporated in 1642 [23]
1641HaverhillMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst settled in 1640, incorporated 1641
1642MaspethNew YorkUnited States
1642MontrealQuebecCanadaFounded in 1642 and incorporated later on.
1642LexingtonMassachusettsUnited States[24]
1642SorelQuebecCanada[13][18] Now known as Sorel-Tracy.
1642WarwickRhode IslandUnited States
1643Basse-TerreGuadeloupeFranceTerritorial capital.
1643Dolores HidalgoGuanajuatoMexico
1643GuilfordConnecticutUnited States[21]
1643RehobothMassachusettsUnited StatesSettled 1636. Incorporated 1643.
1644LongmeadowMassachusettsUnited StatesSettled in 1644. Incorporated October 17, 1783.
1644BranfordConnecticutUnited StatesKnown as Brentford at first.
1644SalvatierraGuanajuatoMexico
1645VlissingenNew YorkUnited StatesNow Flushing, New York.
1646AndoverMassachusettsUnited StatesThe original Andover, founded by Simon and Anne Bradstreet along with the Barker, Osgood, Stevens, Woodbridge and other families, broke into two separate towns April 7, 1855.
1646Château-RicherQuebecCanada[25]
1646New LondonConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Faire Harbour
1647KitteryMaineUnited StatesOldest incorporated town in Maine.[26]
1647La PrairieQuebecCanada[13] La Prairie was established as a mission by the Jesuits in 1647. The first parish was founded in 1667.
1647Spanish WellsEleutheraBahamas
1649AnnapolisMarylandUnited States
1650Saint-OursQuebecCanada[13]
1650KingstonNew YorkUnited StatesSettled by the Dutch as Esopus, renamed in 1664 by the English
1651Cap-de-la-MadeleineQuebecCanada

[18] Became a borough of Trois-Rivières in January, 2002.

1651MedfieldMassachusettsUnited Stateshttp://www.town.medfield.net/index.cfm?pid=12391
1651New CastleDelawareUnited StatesGrew from Fort Casimir
1651Sainte-Anne-de-BeaupréQuebecCanada[13][18]
1652 NatickMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by John Eliot: Natick comes from the language of the Massachusett Native American tribe and is commonly considered to mean place of hills
1653LancasterMassachusettsUnited States
1654NorthamptonMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by a group led by William Houlton and John King.
1654PelhamNew YorkUnited StatesFounded by Thomas Pell who purchased 9000 acres from Siwanoy Indians and received a land grant from the English Crown
1655Cap-Saint-IgnaceQuebecCanada[18]
1655ChelmsfordMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by settlers from Concord. The area currently encompassed by Chelmsford, Lowell, Westford, Carlisle and to a certain extent Dracut, were all originally part of Chelmsford. Westford seceded in 1729. Carlisle fully became a part of Concord in 1780, seceding from that town in 1805. Lowell would be formed under extraordinary circumstances when the Boston Associates purchased East Chelmsford to serve as a planned factory town, incorporated as Lowell in 1826. Dracut's relationship to Chelmsford is less clear cut, however the relationship of the two towns in the 17th century resembles a slightly imperial one as Dracut, while a separate entity, was largely dependent on Chelmsford, particularly the West Dracut area, near the old boundary of East Chelmsford.
1655GrotonMassachusettsUnited States
1655BillericaMassachusettsUnited States
1657LongueuilQuebecCanada[13]
1658HarlemNew YorkUnited States
1659AssonetMassachusettsUnited StatesSettled 1659. Incorporated 1683.
1659HadleyMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by a group led by John Russell and Nathaniel Dickinson.
1659Ciudad JuárezChihuahuaMexico
1659JamestownSaint HelenaUnited Kingdom
1660PlacentiaNewfoundlandCanadaFrench Capital until 1713, originally called Plaisance
1660RyeNew YorkUnited States
1661SchenectadyNew YorkUnited States
1662UxbridgeMassachusettsUnited States
1664L'Ange-GardienQuebecCanada[13]
1664 Woodbridge New Jersey United States Oldest original township in New Jersey
1665ChamblyQuebecCanada[13]
1665Port-de-PaixNord-OuestHaiti
1666CharlesbourgQuebecCanada[13][18] Became a borough within the City of Québec in 2002.
1666NewarkNew JerseyUnited States
1666PiscatawaytownNew JerseyUnited StatesOne of the first five New Jersey settlements. Now part of Edison, NJ
1666Saint-Jean-sur-RichelieuQuebecCanada[13][18] Grew from Fort Saint-Jean.
1667BouchervilleQuebecCanada

[18]

1667MendonMassachusettsUnited StatesNetmocke Plantation 1662
1668AmesburyMassachusettsUnited States
1668Saint-NicolasQuebecCanada[13] Merged with the City of Lévis, Quebec in 2002.
1668Sault Ste. MarieMichiganUnited States[27] Oldest city in Michigan.
1669NeuvilleQuebecCanada[18]
1669WestfieldMassachusettsUnited States[28]
1669MiddleboroughMassachusettsUnited States[29]
1670CharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
1670RepentignyQuebecCanada[13]
1670WallingfordConnecticutUnited States [30]
1670HatfieldMassachusettsUnited States
1672VarennesQuebecCanada[13]
1672VerchèresQuebecCanada[13]
1673KingstonOntarioCanadaGrew from Fort Frontenac.
1673L'Ancienne-LoretteQuebecCanada[13]
1673Worcester, MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited StatesIncorporated as city in 1848.
1674Pointe-aux-TremblesQuebecCanada[18] Now part of Montréal, Québec.
1674WaterburyConnecticutUnited States
1674DeerfieldMassachusettsUnited States
1675LachineQuebecCanada[13][18] Lachine was merged into the City of Montreal in 2002.
1675LavaltrieQuebecCanada[13]
1676ContrecoeurQuebecCanada[18]
1676LorettevilleQuebecCanada[13] Loretteville merged with the city of Québec in 2002.
1677Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQuebecCanada[13][18]
1678La PocatièreQuebecCanada[13]
1678MontmagnyQuebecCanada[13][18]
1679LévisQuebecCanada[18] The first settlement was formerly known as Lauzon, which merged with Lévis in 1989.
1679L'IsletQuebecCanada[13][18]
1679Saint-Augustin-de-DesmauresQuebecCanada[13]
1680YsletaTexasUnited States
1680South OrangeNew JerseyUnited StatesGrew from Newark (later Orange)
1680PeoriaIllinoisUnited StatesFirst European settlement in Illinois.[31] Originally Fort Crevecoeur, later Fort Clark (1813), renamed Peoria in 1823.[32]
1681Baie-Saint-PaulQuebecCanada[13][18]
1681BerthiervilleQuebecCanada

[18]

1681Cockburn TownTurks and Caicos IslandsUnited Kingdom
1681Bridgewater TownshipNew JerseyUnited States
1681Saint-François (Laval)QuebecCanada[18] Integrated to the City of Laval, Quebec in 1965.
1682 Moorestown New Jersey United States
1682 Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States
1682NorfolkVirginiaUnited States
1683DoverDelawareUnited States
1683LachenaieQuebecCanada[13] In 2001, the town of Lachenaie merged with the neighbouring city of Terrebonne.
1682Rivière-du-LoupQuebecCanada[13]
1684BécancourQuebecCanada

[18]

1685Prairie du ChienWisconsinUnited States
1686Arkansas PostArkansasUnited States
1687New BritainConnecticutUnited States
1687Rivière-des-PrairiesQuebecCanada[18] Rivière-des-Prairies is now part of the Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles borough of the City of Montreal.
1690OkaQuebecCanada[13]
1693GlastonburyConnecticutUnited StatesSettled 1636, Incorporated 1693 (as Glassenbury. Known as Glastenbury from about 1785 until 1870.)[33]
1693KingstonKingstonJamaica
1694NewarkDelawareUnited States
1695NassauNew ProvidenceBahamas
1696RimouskiQuebecCanada
1696Sault-au-RécolletQuebecCanada[13] Sault-au-Récollet is now part of the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of the City of Montreal
1698PensacolaFloridaUnited StatesFirst established by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano in 1559; abandoned in 1561. Permanently established in 1698 .
1699BiloxiMississippiUnited States
1700MascoucheQuebecCanada[18]
1701DetroitMichiganUnited States
1701NicoletQuebecCanada[13]
1702MobileAlabamaUnited States
1703AmherstMassachusettsUnited States
1703KaskaskiaIllinoisUnited States
1703Saint-SulpiceQuebecCanada[18]
1705BathNorth CarolinaUnited StatesOldest incorporated town in North Carolina.
1706AlbuquerqueNew MexicoUnited States
1709ChihuahuaChihuahuaMexico
1710ChathamNew JerseyUnited StatesOn land purchased in 1680.
1710New BernNorth CarolinaUnited StatesSettled initially by German-Swiss immigrants.
1711NeedhamMassachusettsUnited States
1711Pointe-ClaireQuebecCanada[18]
1711BeaufortSouth CarolinaUnited States
1714NatchitochesLouisianaUnited StatesOldest settlement in the Louisiana Purchase
1714FreeholdNew JerseyUnited StatesOriginally called Monmouth Courthouse, the site of the Battle of Monmouth
1715 (prior to)KekiongaIndianaUnited StatesCapital of the Miami tribe.
1715Les CèdresQuebecCanada[13]
1716KahnawakeQuebecCanada[13][18] Homeland of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680).
1716NacogdochesTexasUnited StatesSpanish mission established about 1716 in a much older Caddo village.[34]
1716NatchezMississippiUnited StatesDates to the founding of Fort Rosalie by the French.:[35]
1716GeorgetownMaineUnited StatesOriginally included the modern towns of West Bath, Bath, Phippsburg, Arrowsic, and part of Woolwich as well as current-day Georgetown. [36]
1717L'AssomptionQuebecCanada[13] The territory was settled from 1647.
1718New OrleansLouisianaUnited States
1718San AntonioTexasUnited States
1719Longue-PointeQuebecCanada[13] Now part of Montreal.
1719TrentonNew JerseyUnited States
1719Baton RougeLouisianaUnited States
1720Saint-LaurentQuebecCanada[13][18] The City of Saint-Laurent merged with Montreal in 2002.
1721CortazarGuanajuatoMexico
1721Saint-Jean-Port-JoliQuebecCanada[13]
1722Prairie Du RocherIllinoisUnited States
1722LouisevilleQuebecCanada[13]
1723BeaufortNorth CarolinaUnited States
1723TerrebonneQuebecCanada[13]
1725ConcordNew HampshireUnited States
1728FredericksburgVirginiaUnited States
1728NuukSermersooqGreenland
1729BaltimoreMarylandUnited States
1729PabosQuebecCanada[13] Now part of Chandler, Quebec.
1729 Lancaster Pennsylvania United States
1730New BrunswickNew JerseyUnited States
1732LanoraieQuebecCanada[13]
1732VincennesIndianaUnited States
1733RichmondVirginiaUnited States[37]
1733Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (Laval)QuebecCanada[18] Integrated to the City of Laval in 1965.
1733SavannahGeorgiaUnited States
1735Ste. GenevieveMissouriUnited StatesFrench-Colonial settlement. Oldest continually-inhabited settlement in Missouri.
1736ChâteauguayQuebecCanada[18]
1736GorhamMaineUnited States
1736AugustaGeorgiaUnited States[38][39]
1733WinnipegManitobaCanadaFormerly known as Fort Rouge.
1738Pointe-du-LacQuebecCanada[18] Merged with the City of Trois-Rivières in 2002.
1738Saint-Joseph-de-BeauceQuebecCanada[13][18]
1739Saint-Mathias-sur-RichelieuQuebecCanada[13][18]
1740L'Île-Perrot and Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-PerrotQuebecCanada[13]
1741BethlehemPennsylvaniaUnited States
1741Sainte-Geneviève and PierrrefondsQuebecCanada[13][18] Those cities merged with Montreal in 2002.
1742Les ÉcureuilsQuebecCanada[13][18] Now Donnacona, Quebec
1745Sainte-MarieQuebecCanada[18]
1745Sainte-Rose (Laval)QuebecCanada[18] Integrated to the City of Laval, Quebec in 1965.
1746Saint-HenriQuebecCanada[13]
1746MerrimackNew HampshireUnited States
1749AlexandriaVirginiaUnited States
1749Port-au-PrinceOuestHaiti
1749HalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
1749WindsorOntarioCanadaOldest continually-inhabited settlement in Canada west of Montreal
1750EriePennsylvaniaUnited StatesGrew from the French Fort Presque Isle.
1750Rock IslandIllinoisUnited StatesOriginally Saukenuk[40]
1751CarlislePennsylvaniaUnited States
1751GeorgetownMarylandUnited StatesOriginally in Maryland; became part of the District of Columbia when the District was organized in 1801. Georgetown and its government were incorporated into the District government in 1871.
1752AkwesasneNew York, Ontario, QuebecCanada, United States[13] First known as Saint-Régis.
1752Saint-ConstantQuebecCanada[13][18]
1753Saint-PhilippeQuebecCanada[18]
1754AugustaMaineUnited States
1755CharlotteNorth CarolinaUnited States
1757Saint-HyacintheQuebecCanada[13]
1758PittsburghPennsylvaniaUnited States
1761CharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
1762ShepherdstownWest VirginiaUnited StatesOriginally known as Mecklenburg.
1762AllentownPennsylvaniaUnited StatesIncorporated as Northamptontown.
1763St. LouisMissouriUnited States
1763BurlingtonVermontUnited States
1764AmherstNova ScotiaCanada [41]
1764CharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
1765St. CharlesMissouriUnited States[42]
1766MonctonNew BrunswickCanada
1766VergennesVermontUnited States
1768BeloeilQuebecCanada[18]
1768L'AcadieQuebecCanada[13] In 2001, the town of L'Acadie merged with the neighbouring city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.
1768New Smyrna BeachFloridaUnited StatesScottish entrepreneur Dr. Turnbull established a colony of 1,225 immigrants at New Smyrna which was the largest colonization attempt in the US.[43]
1768Saint-EustacheQuebecCanada[13][18]
1769Santa CruzCaliforniaUnited States
1769San DiegoCaliforniaUnited StatesGrew from Presidio of San Diego.
1770MontereyCaliforniaUnited StatesGrew from Presidio of Monterey. Original capital of California[44]
1770San BlasNayaritMexicoSpanish Naval Department headquarters established at San Blas.[45]
1771GreenvilleNorth CarolinaUnited StatesSettled and founded as Martinsborough. Renamed to Greenville in 1786.
1772 Ellicott City Maryland United States
1772MorgantownWest VirginiaUnited States
1773 Guatemala City Guatemala Guatemala
1774UnalaskaAlaskaUnited StatesOldest Russian settlement of Aleutian Islands, dating to the 1760s.[46] Permanent trading post established in 1774.[47]
1774OrizabaVeracruzMexicoIn 1774, Charles IV grants the title of Villa, but the city was already a Spanish settlement since times of Cortez
1775TucsonArizonaUnited StatesThe town of Tucson had existed for over 2000 years at this point but this is the date the Spanish built a presidio and formally recognized the town
1775LexingtonKentuckyUnited States
1775BoonesboroughKentuckyUnited StatesGrew from Fort Boonesborough, built by pioneer Daniel Boone.
1776San FranciscoCaliforniaUnited States
1777San JoseCaliforniaUnited StatesOriginally known as El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first town in the Spanish colony of Nueva California, which later became Alta California.
1778LouisvilleKentuckyUnited StatesGrew from Fort Nelson, established by explorer George Rogers Clark.
1778West PointNew YorkUnited StatesGrew from Fort Clinton
1779JonesboroughTennesseeUnited StatesLater organized as the lost State of Franklin with Jonesborough as capital 1784.[48]
1779NashvilleTennesseeUnited StatesGrew from Fort Nashborough
1781MontpelierVermontUnited States
1781Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States
1784CornwallOntarioCanadaFounded on June 6, 1784 by a group of United Empire Loyalists led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet.[49]
1784FrenchtownMichiganUnited StatesThird French settlement in Michigan
1785HarrisburgPennsylvaniaUnited States
1785AshevilleNorth CarolinaUnited States
1785DubuqueIowaUnited StatesOldest city in Iowa, among oldest European settlements west of the Mississippi River.[50]
1785FrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
1785SydneyNova ScotiaCanadaFormer capital of Cape Breton Island Colony until 1820.
1786ColumbiaSouth CarolinaUnited States
1786FlorissantMissouriUnited StatesOriginally known as St. Ferdinand.
1786FrankfortKentuckyUnited States
1786PortlandMaineUnited States
1786SteubenvilleOhioUnited States
1788MariettaOhioUnited StatesFirst permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory
1788CincinnatiOhioUnited States
1788CharlestonWest VirginiaUnited StatesGrew from Fort Lee[51]
1789BuffaloNew YorkUnited States
1789 Santa Cruz de Nuca British Columbia Canada First European settlement in British Columbia, only Spanish settlement in what is today Canada
1790HamiltonBermudaUnited Kingdom
1790WashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUnited States
1791GeorgetownDelawareUnited States
1791MonroeLouisianaUnited StatesOriginally known as Fort Miro[52]
1791KenaiAlaskaUnited StatesGrew from Fort St. Nicholas of the Russian-American Company.[53]
1791KnoxvilleTennesseeUnited States
1791BangorMaineUnited States
1792KodiakAlaskaUnited StatesFounded in 1792 by Alexander Baranov as the new site for at Three Saints Bay, founded in 1784.[54]
1792RaleighNorth CarolinaUnited States
1793YorkOntarioCanadaFirst established as Fort Rouillé; now Toronto.
1793AncasterOntarioCanada
1794Fort WayneIndianaUnited States
1795EdmontonAlbertaCanadaGrew from Fort Edmonton.
1796ClevelandOhioUnited States
1796DaytonOhioUnited States
1796YoungstownOhioUnited States
1797Athens, OhioOhioUnited States
1797FranklintonOhioUnited StatesEventually absorbed by Columbus, Ohio.
1797MentorOhioUnited States
1797ZanesvilleOhioUnited States
1798Bowling GreenKentuckyUnited States
1798ShepherdstownWest VirginiaUnited StatesFormerly known as Mecklenburg.
1798WarrenOhioUnited States
1798Bethel, OhioOhioUnited StatesFormerly known as Denham Town, founded by Obed Denham
1799HudsonOhioUnited States
1799PotosiMissouriUnited StatesTown was founded by Moses Austin and was the sight of many small battles during the American Civil War.
1788RavennaOhioUnited States
1799AuroraOhioUnited States
1799SitkaAlaskaUnited StatesOriginal capital of Alaska, founded by the Russian-American Company in 1799, destroyed in 1802, reestablished in 1804.[55]
1800BuffaloNew YorkUnited States"In 1800, it was a town of four log cabins.".[56]
1800HullQuebecCanadaFormerly known as Wright's Town
1801AthensGeorgiaUnited StatesNamed after Athens, Greece.
1803AshtabulaOhioUnited States
1803ChicagoIllinoisUnited StatesGrew from Fort Dearborn.
1796ChillicotheOhioUnited States
1804StowOhioUnited States
1805HuntsvilleAlabamaUnited States
1807Prince GeorgeBritish ColumbiaCanadaGrew from fur trading post of Fort George, established in 1807 by the North West Company.[57]
1810ManchesterNew HampshireUnited States
1810San BernardinoCaliforniaUnited States
1811AstoriaOregonUnited StatesGrew from Fort Astoria, founded by the Pacific Fur Company in 1811.[58]
1811MurfreesboroTennesseeUnited StatesOriginally named Cannonsburgh. State capital from 1818 until 1826.
1812ColumbusOhioUnited States
1812KamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanadaGrew from fur trading posts of Fort Cumcloups (Fort Kamloops) and Fort She-whaps (Shuswap), founded by the Pacific Fur Company and North West Company, both in 1812.[59]
1815HamiltonOntarioCanada
1815Pickerington OhioUnited States
1815JonesboroArkansasUnited States
1816ChattanoogaTennesseeUnited StatesOriginally named Ross's Landing.
1816CambridgeOntarioCanadaOriginal settlement in 1816 named Shades Mill, ON, renamed Galt, ON in 1827. City of Galt amalgamated with the towns of Preston and Hespeler, village of Blair and parts of Waterloo township to form City of Cambridge in 1973. Oldest settled area of Regional Municipality of Waterloo.
1816SaginawMichiganUnited States
1817Fort SmithArkansasUnited States
1817MilanOhioUnited States
1818PontiacMichiganUnited StatesThe first settlers arrived in what is now the City of Pontiac in 1818. Two years later there were enough people there to form a village named after the famous Indian Chief Chief Pontiac. Pontiac was Michigan's first inland settlement.The village was officially recognized by the state legislature in 1837 and it incorporated as a city in 1861.
1818MedinaOhioUnited States
1818ColumbiaMissouriUnited States
1818 Jim Thorpe Pennsylvania United States Formally known as Mauch Chunk also known as the burial place of Native American athlete Jim Thorpe.
1819Chapel HillNorth CarolinaUnited States
1819MontgomeryAlabamaUnited StatesState capital, grew from the 1540 French settlement Fort Toulouse.
1819SpringfieldIllinoisUnited States
1819MemphisTennesseeUnited StatesNear the site of the earlier French Fort Prudhomme.
1819TuscaloosaAlabamaUnited States
1820South BendIndianaUnited StatesFormerly named Big St. Joseph Station.
1820Oliver's GroveMinnesotaUnited StatesNear the confluence of the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Vermillion Rivers. In 1820, Oliver's Grove was established as a Trading Post community and a military detachment sent from Fort Snelling. However, until the Treaty of Mendota (1851), the community could not officially be noted for white settlement. In 1857, a year before Minnesota's admission to the union, the area was surveyed and incorporated as the city of Hastings and named the county seat of Dakota County.
1821AlexandriaBritish ColumbiaCanadaGrew from fur trading posts of Fort Alexandria, founded by the North West Company in 1821.[60]
1821BridgeportConnecticutUnited States
1821Little RockArkansasUnited States
1821IndianapolisIndianaUnited States
1822 Jacksonville Florida United States
1822JacksonMississippiUnited States
1823TampaFloridaUnited StatesGrew from earlier military post Fort Brooke.
1824Ann ArborMichiganUnited States
1824TallahasseeFloridaUnited States
1825AkronOhioUnited States
1825VancouverWashingtonUnited StatesGrew from Fort Vancouver.[61]
1825VicksburgMississippiUnited States
1825Grand RapidsMichiganUnited States
1825IrapuatoGuanajuatoMexicoBecomes villa in 1825 and ciudad in 1893.
1826LondonOntarioCanada
1826WabashaMinnesotaUnited StatesOldest city in Minnesota
1827Mineral PointWisconsinUnited States3rd oldest city in Wisconsin
1827GuelphOntarioCanada
1827St. AndrewsFloridaUnited StatesNow part of Panama City
1827LangleyBritish ColumbiaCanada
1828Key WestFloridaUnited States
1829BainbridgeGeorgiaUnited States
1833MilwaukeeWisconsinUnited States
1833KitchenerOntarioCanadaFormerly Berlin ON, renamed Kitchener ON in 1916.
1835AustinTexasUnited States
1835KenoshaWisconsinUnited StatesOriginally named Southport, renamed Kenosha in 1850.
1836ShreveportLouisianaUnited States
1836MadisonWisconsinUnited States
1837LansingMichiganUnited States
1837HoustonTexasUnited States
1837OxfordMississippiUnited States
1837ToledoOhioUnited States
1839SacramentoCaliforniaUnited States
1841DallasTexasUnited States
1841RacineWisconsinUnited States
1843AtlantaGeorgiaUnited Statesfirst known as "Terminus", and for a short time was renamed "Marthasville" to honor Governor Lumpkin's daughter.
1843Des MoinesIowaUnited States
1843VictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanadaFort Victoria established in 1843; Victoria incorporated in 1862.
1844Chagrin FallsOhioUnited States
1845PortlandOregonUnited States
1847BrantfordOntarioCanadaOriginally known as Brant's ford.
1847Salt Lake CityUtahUnited StatesOriginally known as Great Salt Lake City.
1847HarrisburgIllinoisUnited States
1849Las CrucesNew MexicoUnited States
1849ProvoUtahUnited StatesGrew from Fort Utah.
1850OttawaOntarioCanadaOriginally known as Bytown.
1850Kansas CityMissouriUnited StatesOriginally named Kansas.
1850PhoenixOregonUnited States
1851La CrosseWisconsinUnited States [62]
1851SeattleWashingtonUnited States[63]
1852OaklandCaliforniaUnited States
1854GainesvilleFloridaUnited States
1854OmahaNebraskaUnited States
1854Saint PaulMinnesotaUnited States
1854TopekaKansasUnited States
1854VersaillesMissouriUnited States
1855ChampaignIllinoisUnited StatesOriginally named West Urbana.
1856College ParkMarylandUnited States
1856LincolnNebraskaUnited StatesOriginally named Lancaster.
1856O'FallonMissouriUnited States
1857AppletonWisconsinUnited States
1858Carson CityNevadaUnited States
1858DenverColoradoUnited States
1858New WestminsterBritish ColumbiaCanada
1859OlympiaWashingtonUnited States
1862BoiseIdahoUnited States
1862Prince AlbertSaskatchewanCanadaOriginally called Isbister's Settlement.
1864SalinasCaliforniaUnited States[64]
1865Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUnited StatesGrew from Fort Dakota.
1867CheyenneWyomingUnited States
1867MinneapolisMinnesotaUnited States
1868PhoenixArizonaUnited States
1869LethbridgeAlbertaCanadaGrew from Fort Whoop-Up.
1870WichitaKansasUnited States
1871BirminghamAlabamaUnited States
1871Colorado SpringsColoradoUnited StatesOriginally named Fountain Colony.
1871FargoNorth DakotaUnited StatesOriginally named Centralia.
1872AnnistonAlabamaUnited States
1874PasadenaCaliforniaUnited States
1875OrlandoFloridaUnited States
1875CalgaryAlbertaCanadaGrew from Fort Calgary
1877BillingsMontanaUnited States
1881BrandonManitobaCanada
1882 Regina Saskatchewan Canada
1882 Moose Jaw Saskatchewan Canada
1882 Yorkton Saskatchewan Canada
1883 Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
1883 Swift Current Saskatchewan Canada
1885RustonLouisianaUnited States
1886VancouverBritish ColumbiaCanadaNamed after English explorer George Vancouver
1886NelsonBritish ColumbiaCanada
1886Takoma ParkMarylandUnited States
1887GulfportMississippiUnited States[65]
1889ClemsonSouth CarolinaUnited StatesOriginally known as Calhoun.
1889NormanOklahomaUnited States
1889Oklahoma CityOklahomaUnited States
1889TijuanaBaja CaliforniaMexicoTijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea.
1892 Estevan Saskatchewan Canada
1892 Grottoes Virginia United States
1893KamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanadaFrom the Shuswap language "Tk'emlups" meaning meeting of the waters.
1894Palo AltoCaliforniaUnited States
1894TempeArizonaUnited States
1896Dawson CityYukonCanadaCapital of Yukon Territory until 1952.
1896MiamiFloridaUnited States
1896State CollegePennsylvaniaUnited States
1905CranbrookBritish ColumbiaCanada
1903North BattlefordSaskatchewanCanada
1905Las VegasNevadaUnited States
1906Virginia BeachVirginiaUnited States
1911The PasManitobaCanadaGrew from Fort Paskoyac
1914AnchorageAlaskaUnited States
1915Prince GeorgeBritish ColumbiaCanadaGrew from Fort George
1916 Truth Or Consequences New Mexico United States Originally named Hot Springs, the city changed its name to "Truth or Consequences", the title of a popular NBC Radio program. In March 1950, Ralph Edwards, the host of the radio quiz show Truth or Consequences, announced that he would air the program on its 10th anniversary from the first town that renamed itself after the show; Hot Springs won the honor, officially changing its name on March 31, 1950 (the program broadcast from there the following evening, April 1).
1934YellowknifeNorthwest TerritoriesCanada
1942IqaluitNunavutCanada
1950AlertNunavutCanadaNorthernmost permanently inhabited place in the world
1956Corner BrookNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
2002GatineauQuebecCanadaFormed by the merging of five cities, including Hull, above.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gonzalez, S., Jimenez-Lopez, J.C, Hedges, R., Huddart, D., Ohman, J.C., Turner, A. and Pompa y Padilla, J.A. 2003. Earliest humans in the Americas: new evidence from México. Journal of Human Evolution44, 379-387.
  2. ↑ "Cline Library - Indigenous Voices of the Colorado Plateau - Hopi Places". library.nau.edu.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ City of Childersburg website, accessed July 18, 2011
  5. ↑ Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia, Acapulco (de Juárez), p. 7
  6. ↑ Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia, Saltillo, p. 1418
  7. ↑ "St John's – The Canadian Encyclopedia". Retrieved March 21, 2010.
  8. ↑ Paul O'Neill, The Oldest City: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003, ISBN 0-9730271-2-6.
  9. ↑ "History of Harbour Grace". Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  10. ↑ Lane, Ralph. "The Account by Ralph Lane. An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greenevill under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. until the 18. of June 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh". Old South Leaflets (General Series) ; No. 119. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  11. ↑ "History & Culture - Saint Croix Island International Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  12. ↑ 1633-Windsor, The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Gouvernement du Québec, Commission de toponymie (2006.) Noms et lieux du Québec, dictionnaire illustré. Québec (Québec) : 925 p.
  14. ↑ "Springfield, MA". www.nndb.com.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ "Town of Sandwich Massachusetts - The Oldest Town on Cape Cod". www.sandwichmass.org.
  17. ↑ "First Settlers of Rowley". www.magenweb.org.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 "Liste des paroisses suivant le nom usuel - PRDH-IGD". www.genealogie.umontreal.ca.
  19. ↑ "TownGreens.com : Online Exhibit". www.towngreens.com.
  20. ↑ "St. Marks (Florida)". www.littletownmart.com.
  21. 1 2
  22. ↑ "Home". Town of Braintree.
  23. ↑ "Home". City of Woburn.
  24. ↑ "Wayback Machine". February 2, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Historical overview". chateauricher.qc.ca.
  26. ↑ http://www.kittery.org/Pages/KitteryME_CompPLan/chapter1
  27. ↑
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ "About Middleborough Massachusetts". www.middleborough.com.
  30. ↑ "History and Description". www.town.wallingford.ct.us.
  31. ↑ "The First European Settlement in Illinois". www.peoriahistoricalsociety.org.
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  33. ↑ "History of Glastonbury - Glastonbury, CT". glastonbury-ct.gov.
  34. ↑ Nacogdoches, Texas History, City of Nacogdoches
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ [to be added]
  37. ↑ "Richmond VA > Visitors". www.richmondgov.com.
  38. ↑ "History - Augusta, GA - Official Website". www.augustaga.gov.
  39. ↑ "History of Augusta--Augusta: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov.
  40. ↑ Coopman, David T. Rock Island County. Charleston SC, Chicago IL, Portsmouth NH, San Francisco CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.
  41. ↑ Amherst, Nova Scotia
  42. ↑ St. Charles, Missouri
  43. ↑ New Smyrna Beach, FL – Official Website – History, New Smyrna Beach, Florida
  44. ↑ "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--The Colonization of Monterey". www.mchsmuseum.com.
  45. ↑ The Naval Department of San Blas, The California State Military Museum
  46. ↑ Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, p. 1219
  47. ↑ Dutch Harbor/Unalaska, Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA
  48. ↑ Jonesborough, Tennessee
  49. ↑ "Cornwall and the War of 1812". Choose Cornwall.
  50. ↑ "History - Dubuque, IA - Official Website". www.cityofdubuque.org.
  51. ↑ "Time Trail, West Virginia, December 1997 Programs". www.wvculture.org.
  52. ↑ "Monroe - Louisiana, United States".
  53. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kenai
  54. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kodiak
  55. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Old Sitka
  56. ↑
  57. ↑ "Prince George". BC Geographical Names.
  58. ↑ Fort Astoria, Oregon, Lewis and Clark's Columbia River
  59. ↑ "Kamloops". BC Geographical Names.
  60. ↑ "Alexandria". BC Geographical Names.
  61. ↑ An Overview of Vancouver's History, City of Vancouver
  62. ↑ "La Crosse". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  63. ↑ Brief History of Seattle, City of Seattle
  64. ↑ "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--A Short History of Salinas, California". www.mchsmuseum.com.
  65. ↑
Bibliography
  1. ↑ "The Founding of Monterey", The Monterey County Historical Society, 1996. Accessed June 15, 2007
  2. ↑ "A Short History of Salinas, California", The Monterey County Historical Society, 2006. Accessed June 15, 2007
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