List of Christmas dishes

An oven-roasted brine-soaked turkey
Fruit cake

This page is a list of Christmas dishes as eaten around the world. These food items are traditionally eaten at or associated with the Christmas season.

Albania

  • Byrek me kungull dhe arre – This is a traditional Albanian pumpkin and walnut pie cooked usually on Christmas Eve, especially in Catholic families. The ingredients are wheat flour, pumpkin, walnuts, vegetable oil (if fasting is considered) or butter, a pinch of salt and black pepper. Sometimes oregano is added. The pastry layers are traditionally homemade, filled with baked pumpkin mixture, which contains butter, salt and pepper. On top of the mixture, chopped walnuts are sprinkled. Layers are then folded up, put on a flat baking dish in a circular shape and baked. It makes a very delicious and light side dish for Christmas or any other occasion.

Argentina

Vitello tonnato is a very popular Christmas dish in Argentina, where it is known as vitel toné. The Piedmontese dish is valued during the summer for its cold serving temperature, and is the legacy of the large Italian immigration to the country.[1]

Panettone (known locally as pan dulce) and turrón are the most popular Christmas sweets in Argentina regardless of socioeconomic status, with 76% of Argentines choosing the former and 59% the latter in 2015.[2] Mantecol, a typical peanut dessert, is also popular, being favored by 49% of Argentines in the same survey.[3] Sparkling wines, ciders and frizzantes concentrate most of their sales during Christmas season; sparkling wine is mostly consumed by small families with high and medium socioeconomic status living in Greater Buenos Aires and the country's largest cities, while cider and frizzantes are popular among lower classes and large families.[3]

Australia

Candy Cane can be hung as edible decorations.

Belgium

Brazil

Panettone

Canada

Gingerbread house

Chile

Pan de pascua

Colombia

Colombian Buñuelos
Colombian natilla

Colombian Christmas dishes are mostly sweets and desserts. Some of the most popular dishes include:

  • Buñuelos
  • Natilla
  • Manjar blanco
  • Hojaldres
  • Brevas dessert with cheese
  • Christmas cookies
  • Sweet bread filled with fruits like raisins and raspberries.
  • Lechona (Rice baked inside a pig, with peas, the meat of the pig and other delicacies)
  • Tamales
  • Ponqué envinado (Red wine cake)
  • Turkey
  • Pernil de Cerdo (Pork leg, usually roasted)
  • Potato salad
  • Panettone

Cuba

Czech Republic and Slovakia

Christmas cookies (vánoční cukroví)

The traditional meal (served as dinner on Christmas Eve) consists of either fish soup, mushroom soup, cabbage soup, lentil soup, pea soup and fried fish (traditionally carp) served with potato salad. Cabbage soup almost always contains mushrooms and may contain smoked meat or sausage. The recipe for potato salad differs slightly among every Czech or Slovak family. The main ingredients are: potato cooked with jacket, canned peas, onions, cooked carrots, parsley and celery, pickled gherkins, cooked eggs and mayonnaise. Some families may add grated apples or salami. The best potato salad is prepared a day before Christmas Eve so that all the ingredients can "mellow" for a day. The Christmas dinner should be the first food consumed that day. Those who do not break the Christmas shrove are believed to be able to see a golden pig.

Before the Christmas holidays, many kinds of sweet biscuits are prepared. The Christmas cookies are then served during the whole Christmas period and exchanged among friends and neighbours. Very popular is also a preparation of small ginger breads garnished by sugar icing.

Denmark

Danish Christmas meal
  • Æbleskiver - traditional Danish spherical pancakes (a type of doughnut with no hole), sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with raspberry or strawberry jam
  • Roasted chestnuts with salt and butter
  • boiled whole potatoes
  • Brun sovs (brown sauce) - a traditional dark gravy, used to cover meat dishes like roasted pork and duck (flæskesteg, andesteg) and the boiled potato
  • Brunede kartofler - caramelised potatoes
  • Julebryg - Christmas beer[24]
  • gløgg - mulled red wine combined with spices, sugar, raisins and chopped almonds typically served warm.
  • risalamande - rice pudding. A dish made from rice, whipped cream and almonds, served cold with cherry sauce (kirsebærsauce)[25][26]
  • Flæskesteg - roast pork with cracklings
  • Andesteg - roast duck with apple and prune stuffing
  • Rødkål - red cabbage pickled, sweet-sour red cabbage served hot as a side dish
  • Christmas cookies - Vaniljekranse, klejner, jødekager, pebernødder, honningkager, brunkager and finskbrød.
  • Konfekt, marzipan, caramelised fruits, nougat and chocolate-covered nuts.
  • Ground nuts

Dominican Republic

Drinks:

  • Anís del Mono - a Spanish anise-flavored liquor that's very popular around Christmas time
  • Eggnog - with rum rather than brandy
  • Jengibre - ginger tea is popular all over the Caribbean on Christmas (except Cuba and Puerto Rico). It is traditionally served hot with cinnamon
  • Red wine

Desserts:

Finland

A Karelian pasty
Mulled wine

Christmas smorgasbord from Finland, "Joulupöytä", (translated "Yule table"), a traditional display of Christmas food[27] served at Christmas in Finland, similar to the Swedish smörgåsbord, including:

Other meat dishes could be:

Desserts:

  • Rice pudding or rice porridge topped with cinnamon, sugar and cold milk or with mixed fruit soup (riisipuuro)
  • Joulutorttu, traditionally a star-shaped piece of puff-pastry with prune marmalade in the middle
  • Gingerbread,[27] sometimes in the form of a gingerbread house or gingerbread man (piparkakut)
  • Mixed fruit soup or prune soup, kissel (sekahedelmäkiisseli, luumukiisseli)

Drinks:

  • Glogg or mulled wine (glögi)
  • Christmas beer (Jouluolut); local manufacturers produce Christmas varieties[28]
  • "Home beer" (non-alcoholic beer-like drink, similar to the Russian beverage kvass) (kotikalja)

France

Foie gras en cocotte
Kouglof

Germany

A Christmas Stollen
  • Christstollen[33] Stollen is a fruitcake with bits of candied fruits, raisins, walnuts and almonds and spices such as cardamom and cinnamon; sprinkled with confectioners sugar. Often there's also a core of marzipan.[34]
  • Pfefferkuchenhaus - a gingerbread house decorated with candies, sweets and sugar icing (in reference to the gingerbread house of the fairy tale Hänsel and Gretel)
  • Printen[35]
  • Oblaten Lebkuchen
  • Springerle
  • Weihnachtsplätzchen (Christmas cookies)
  • Carp
  • Roast goose
  • Venison - e.g. meat of roe deer usually served with red cabbage, brussels sprout and lingonberry sauce
  • Herring salad - salad of pickled or soused herring, beetroot, potatoes, apple
  • Kartoffelsalat (potato salad) with Wurst (sausages) is traditionally eaten in northern Germany for supper on Christmas Eve
  • Schäufele (a corned, smoked ham) usually served with potato salad in southern Germany for dinner on Christmas Eve.
  • Weisswurst - sausages with veal and bacon, usually flavored with parsley, lemon, mace, onions, ginger and cardamom
  • Feuerzangenbowle
  • Glühwein (hot spiced wine)

Guatemala

  • Tamales
  • Ponche (Christmas fruit punch served hot with lots of fruits)
  • pavo (Turkey)
  • Buñuelos (Fluffy sweet dessert made with corn with maple syrup)
  • chicken (Prepared with different stuffings and accompanied with various side dishes such as salads or rice)

Hong Kong

Hungary

Töltött káposzta

Iceland

Möndlugrautur
  • Hamborgarhryggur, a smoked, cured pork roast.
  • Ptarmigan, gamebird in the grouse family.
  • Hangikjöt
  • Oven-roasted turkey
  • Möndlugrautur - a Christmas rice pudding with an almond hidden inside (the same as the Swedish Julgröt)
  • Caramelised potatoes, Icelandic. Brúnaðar kartöflur (same as in Danish cuisine).
  • Pickled red cabbage
  • Smákökur - small cookies of various sorts
  • Laufabrauð - round, very thin flat cakes with a diameter of about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches), decorated with leaf-like, geometric patterns and fried briefly in hot fat or oil.

India

Christianity is not a major religion of India, but Christians in India celebrate Christmas by enjoying several dishes, such as Allahabadi cake, Candy canes,Plum cakes etc. Some of the popular dishes eaten during Christmas in India are:

Church services are also held in churches throughout India, in which Christmas dinners are held which include dishes such as Allahabadi cake, candy canes, christmas cookies

Italy

Jamaica

  • Christmas (fruit) cake or black cake - a heavy fruit cake made with dried fruit, wine and rum.
  • sorrel - often served to guests with Christmas cake; Sorrel is made from the same sepals as Latin American drink "Jamaica," but is more concentrated and usually flavored with ginger. Adding rum is traditional at Christmas time.
  • Curry goat
  • Rice and peas - a Sunday staple, at Christmas dinner is usually made with green (fresh) gungo (pigeon) peas instead of dried kidney beans or other dried legumes.
  • Christmas ham
  • Chicken
  • Pine and ginger

Japan

  • Christmas cake - Different from the UK Christmas cake or American fruitcake, the Japanese style Christmas cake is often a white cream cake, sponge cake frosted with whipped cream, topped with strawberries and with a chocolate plate that says Merry Christmas,[43] though yule logs are also available.
  • KFC fried chicken - With turkey as a dish being virtually unknown in Japan[44] the popularity of this item at Christmas is such that orders are placed as much as two months in advance.[45]

Lithuania

  • Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper - twelve dishes representing the twelve Apostles or twelve months of the year - plays the main role in Lithuanian Christmas tradition. The traditional dishes are served on December 24.
    • Poppy milk (aguonų pienas)
    • Slizikai ( or kūčiukai) - slightly sweet small pastries made from leavened dough and poppy seed
    • Auselės (Deep fried dumplings)
    • Herring with carrots (silkė su morkomis')
    • Herring with mushrooms (silkė su grybais')
    • Spanguolių kisielius - cranberry and milk sauce dessert

Malaysia

Malta

  • Panettone – from the Italian tradition
  • fruit cake
  • Christmas log – a log (similar to a tree's) that is made from chocolate and candied fruits

Mexico

Christmas roast
  • Meat
    • Roasted turkey - Stuffed, roasted turkey served with gravy.
    • Glazed ham - Ham glazed with honey or sugar dressed with cherries and pineapples.
    • Jamón (Spanish Dry-Cured Ham)
    • Lechon
    • Seafood
      • Bacalao - Cod Basque Style. Traditionally eaten in the central and southern states of Mexico.
      • Shrimp - Cocktail or prepared in Torrejas (dried shrimp pancakes)
      • Octopus - Cocktail
      • Crab
  • Stews
    • Menudo - A Christmas morning tradition in northwestern states, Menudo is a tripe and hominy soup. Menudo is often prepared the night before (Christmas Eve) as its cooking time can take up to 5 hours.
    • Pozole - Pozole is a hominy soup with added pork
  • Salads & other side dishes
    • Tamales - Tamales can sometimes replace the traditional turkey or Bacalao with romeritos, particularly in northern and southern parts of Mexico.
    • Ensalada Navideña - Christmas salad with apples, raisins, pecans, and marshmallows.
    • Ensalada de Noche Buena - Christmas Eve salad
    • Ensalada Rusa - Potato salad, particularly popular in northern states.
    • Romeritos - also a Christmas tradition of the central region, romeritos are small green leaves similar to Rosemary mixed generally with mole and potatoes.
  • Sweets
  • Fresh Fruit
  • Drinks
    • Champurrado- Thick hot chocolate
    • Chocolate- Hot chocolate
    • Cidra- Apple Cider
    • Atole - Corn based drink
    • Rompope - Similar to Eggnog
    • Ponche Navideño - a hot, sweet drink made with apples, sugar cane, prunes and tejocotes. For grown-ups, ponche is never complete without its "piquete" - either tequila or rum

New Zealand

A homemade Christmas pavlova decorated with pomegranate seeds and Chantilly cream.

Norway

Scandinavian-style gingerbread
  • Akevitt - Akvavit, a spirit flavored with spices like caraway and aniseed
  • Gløgg - mulled wine
  • Julepølse - Pork sausage made with powdered ginger, cloves, mustard seeds and nutmeg. Served steamed or roasted.
  • Lutefisk - fish preserved with lye that has been washed and boiled
  • Pinnekjøt/Pinnekjøtt - salted, dried, and sometimes smoked lamb's ribs which are rehydrated and then steamed, traditionally over birch branches
  • Svineribbe - pork ribs roasted whole with the skin on, rather than spare ribs
  • Julegrøt - Christmas rice porridge with an almond hidden inside
  • Julebrus - is a Norwegian soft drink, usually with a festive label on the bottle. It is brewed by most Norwegian breweries, as a Christmas drink for minors.
  • Sossiser - small Christmas sausages
  • Medisterkaker - large meatballs made from a mix of pork meat and pork fat
  • Raudkål/Rødkål - sweet and sour red cabbage, as a side dish
  • Kålrabistappe/Kålrotstappe - Purée of rutabaga, as a side dish
  • Peparkake/Pepperkake - gingerbread-like spice cookies flavoured with black pepper
  • Lussekatter - St. Lucia Buns with saffron
  • Multekrem – A dessert consisting of cloudberries and whipped cream

Panama

Paraguay

Philippines

Large bibingka from the Philippines
  • Bibingka - traditional dessert made with rice flour, sugar, clarified butter and coconut milk. baked in layers and topped with butter and sugar.[46]
  • Caldereta
  • Ham[47]
  • Mechado
  • Menudo
  • Morcon
  • Pancit - Filipino style noodle dish made with sliced meat and vegetables
  • Puto bumbong - a purple-coloured Filipino dessert made of sweet rice cooked in hollow bamboo tubes placed on a special steamer-cooker. When cooked, they are spread with margarine and sprinkled with sugar and grated coconut.[46]
  • Queso de bola (edam cheese)[47]
  • Salads (either fruit, coconut or garden)
  • Lechon

Poland

12 dishes are served as a reminder of the 12 Apostles on Christmas Eve, 24 December. Polish people don't eat meat on this day, instead they choose from variety of fish and vegetable dishes. The meal begins when the first star is seen.

Barszcz with Uszka
Makowiec
  • barszcz (beetroot soup) with uszka (small dumplings) - a classic Polish Christmas starter.
  • Pierogi with sauerkraut and forest mushrooms; filled with cottage cheese and potatoes
  • Zupa rybna - fish soup
  • Żurek - soup made of soured rye flour and meat
  • Zupa grzybowa - mushroom soup made of various forest mushrooms
  • Bigos - savory stew of cabbage and meat
  • Kompot - traditional drink a light, refreshing drink most often made of dried or fresh fruit boiled in water with sugar and left to cool and infuse.
  • Gołąbki - cabbage rolls
  • Pieczarki marynowane - marinated mushrooms
  • Kartofle gotowane - simple boiled potatoes sparkled with parsley or dill
  • Kulebiak - with fish or cabbage and wild mushrooms filling
  • Ryba smażona or ryba po grecku - fried fish laid under lyers of fried shreded carrots, onions, root celery and leek
  • Sałatka jarzynowa - salad made with boiled potatoes and carrots with fresh peas, sweetcorn, dill cucumber, and boiled egg, mixed with mayonnaise.
  • Łamaniec - type of flat and rather hard pancake that is soaked in warm milk with poppy seeds. Eaten in eastern regions such as around * Białystok

Portugal

Bolo-Rei
  • Bacalhau – codfish
  • Cabrito assado - roasted goat
  • Borrego assado - roasted lamb
  • Polvo cozido - boiled octopus
  • Carne de Vinha d' Alhos - Mainly served in Madeira - Pork dish
  • Bolo de mel - Mainly served in Madeira - Cake made with molasses
  • Bolo Rei (king cake) - a beautifully decorated fluffy fruitcake
  • Aletria - A dish traditionally from the north of the country
  • Bolo-Rei escangalhado (broken king cake) - it is like the first one, but has also cinnamon and chilacayote jam (doce de gila)
  • Bolo-Rainha (queen cake) - similar to Bolo-Rei, but with only nuts, raisins and almonds
  • Bolo-Rei de chocolate - it is like the Bolo-Rei, but has less (or no) fruit, nuts, chilacayote jam and lots of chocolate chips
  • Broa castelar - a small, soft and thin cake made of sweet potato and orange
  • Fatias douradas - golden slices, known as french toast - slices of pan bread, soaked in egg with sugar, fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar and cinnamon
  • Rabanadas - they are like fatias douradas, but made with common bread
  • Formigos - a delicious dessert made with sugar, eggs, pieces of bread, almonds, port wine and powdered with cinnamon
  • Filhós / Filhozes / Filhoses - depending on the region, they may be thin or fluffy pieces of a fried dough made of eggs, honey, orange, lemon, flour and anise, sprinkled - or not with icing sugar
  • Coscorões - thin squares of a fried orange flavoured dough
  • Azevias de grão, batata-doce ou gila - deep fried thin dough pastries filled with a delicious cream made of chickpea, sweet potato or chilacayote, powdered with sugar and cinnamon
  • Tarte de amêndoa - almond pie
  • Tronco de Natal - Christmas log - a delicious Swiss roll, resembling a tree's trunk, filled with chocolate cream, decorated with chocolate and mini - 2 cm Christmas trees
  • Lampreia de ovos - a sweet made of eggs, well decorated
  • Sonhos - an orange flavoured fried yeast dough, powdered with icing sugar
  • Velhoses - they are like the sonhos, but made with pumpkin
  • Bolo de Natal - Christmas cake
  • Pudim de Natal - Christmas pudding, similar to flan
  • Vinho quente - eggnog made with boiled wine, egg yolk, sugar and cinnamon
  • Turkey - On the island of Terceira, turkey has recently taken over as the traditional Christmas dish over Bacalhau, due to the influence of American culture on the island, home to the United States Air Force's 65th Air Base Wing.

Puerto Rico

Drinks:

  • Coquito - Puerto Rican spiced coconut eggnog.
  • Piña colada
  • Rum punch - dark or light rum, pineapple rum, orange liqueur, grenadine, ginger ale, grapefruit juice served with lemon and lime slices.
  • La Danza - Champagne with passion fruit juice, orange liqueur, lime juice, lemon juice, and strawberry juice.

Dessert:

  • Arroz con dulce - coconut rice pudding with spices and raisins.
  • Bread pudding - soaked in coconut milk and served with a guava rum sauce.
  • Dulce de cassabanana - musk cucumber cooked in syrup topped with walnuts and sour cream on the side.
  • Dulce de papaya con queso Boricua - spiced papaya candy in heavy syrup served with Puerto Rican white cheese.
  • Flancocho - Crème caramel with a layer of cream cheese and Puerto Rican style spongecake underneath.
  • Majarete - rice and coconut custard, made of coconut milk, milk, rice flour, sugar, and vanilla or sour orange leaves with cinnamon served on top.
  • Rum cake
  • Tembleque - a pudding made with cornstarch and coconut milk.
  • Turrón - Sesame brittle or almond brittle
  • Mantecaditos - Puerto Rican short bread cookies. Made with shortening, coconut butter, flour, almond flour, vanilla, nutmeg and almond extract. They are usually filled with guave jam or pineapple jam in the middle.
  • Churros

Romania

Cozonac
  • Piftie - pork and beef based aspic, with pork meat, vegetables and garlic
  • Cârnaţi - pork-based sausages
  • Tobā - various cuttings of pork, liver boiled, diced and "packed" in pork stomach like a salami
  • Sarmale - rolls of cabbage pickled in brine and filled with meat and rice (see sarma)
  • Cozonac, sort of Romanian equivalent of panettone
  • Strong spirits:
  • Palinka
  • Rachiu
  • Ţuică

San Marino

Bustrengo

Serbia

  • Fish soup for Christmas Eve
  • Koljivo - boiled wheat which is used liturgically in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches
  • Česnica - Christmas soda bread with a silver coin to bring health and good luck baked in the bread.

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Julbord Christmas dinner in Sweden

Trinidad and Tobago

In Trinidad and Tobago traditional meals consists of generous helpings of baked ham, pastelles, black fruit cake, sweet breads, along with traditional drinks such as sorrel, ginger beer, and ponche de crème. The ham is the main item on the Christmas menu with sorrel to accompany it.[53]
Christmas ham
Sorrel
Pastelles also known as Hallacas
Ponche de crème a version of eggnog
Black Cake
Sweetbread

Ukraine

Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians in Ukraine traditionally have 2 Christmas dinners. The first one is a Lent Dinner, it is held on the January 6 and should consist of meatless dishes. The second one is a Christmas Festive dinner held on January 7, when the meat dishes and alcohol are already allowed on the table. The dinner normally has 12 dishes which represent Jesus's 12 disciples. Both Christmas dinners traditionally include a number of authentic Ukrainian dishes, which have over thousand-year history and date back to pagan times.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Christmas pudding

In the United Kingdom, what is now regarded as the traditional meal consists of roast turkey with cranberry sauce, served with roast potatoes and parsnips and other vegetables, followed by Christmas pudding, a heavy steamed pudding made with dried fruit, suet, and very little flour. Other roast meats may be served, and in the nineteenth century the traditional roast was goose. The same carries over to Ireland with some variations.

United States

Roast turkey
Christmas ham

See also: Thanksgiving (the dishes tend to be similar)

Venezuela

Hallaca
  • Hallaca - rectangle-shaped meal made of maize, filled with beef, pork, chicken, olives, raisins and caper, and wrapped in plantain leaves and boiled to cook.
  • Pan de jamón - ham-filled bread with olives and raisins and often sliced cheese.
  • Dulce de lechosa - dessert made of cooked sliced unripe papaya in reduced sugar syrup
  • Ensalada de gallina - salad made of potato, carrot, apple and shredded chicken (hen usually home or locally raised as opposed to store bought chicken)
  • Pernil[69] - Commonly referred to as roast pork

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fumarola, Leonardo (December 17, 2015). "Vitel toné: la receta de un clásico para las Fiestas" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Armar la mesa de Navidad costará hasta un 37% más caro que hace un año". El Cronista (in Spanish). December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  3. 1 2 "¿Qué dulces no pueden faltar en estas fiestas?" (in Spanish). Kantar Worldpanel. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Receta del Vitel Thoné de Argentina" (in Spanish). SaborGourmet.com. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  5. ↑ "Vitel toné" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. June 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Juicio a la mesa de Navidad: los platos típicos tienen el doble de calorías y cuestan 70% más" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Navidad y los excesos en las comidas" (in Spanish). Cocineros Argentinos. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  8. ↑ "El abecé del mejor pan dulce" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. December 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "Dos extraños al frente del asado de Navidad" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Canasta navideña cuesta $281 pesos según informe del ISEPCI" (in Spanish). Momarandu.com. December 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Calcule cuánto cuesta su canasta navideña" (in Spanish). Lanacion.com. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  12. ↑ "Comida navideña con sabor solidario" (in Spanish). Larioja.com. December 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "La carne lo más caro del menú navideño". El Tribuno (in Spanish). December 10, 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Mesa navideña: cada año el mismo dilema" (in Spanish). Diario Popular. December 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 "El sándwich de miga encarece la mesa navideña" (in Spanish). La Gaceta. December 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
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  18. ↑ "Christmas Damper from Australia". Santas.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
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  21. ↑ Florence Fadier-Rotsaert. "Thème: Histoire de rond et de cougnou" (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  22. ↑ Wombat, Missy. "Cola De Mono (Tail of the Monkey)". Recipezaar.com. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  23. ↑ Blazes, Marian. "Chilean Holiday Fruitcake - Pan de Pascua". southamericanfood.about.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  24. ↑ "Danish food and drink". University of Southern Denmark. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  25. ↑ "Rice pudding". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  26. ↑ "Christmas in Europe, Where's Santa?". SourceWire. 2005-12-13. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Christmas cookbook". thisisFINLAND. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  28. ↑ "Jouluoluet testissä - Ruoka.fi". Ruoka.fi (in Finnish). 2012-11-29. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
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  31. ↑ Eats, Serious. "Jacques Torres on the Bûche de Noël". www.seriouseats.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  32. 1 2 "Christmas traditions in Provence". Provenceweb.fr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
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  34. ↑ "German Christmas Recipes 2". German.about.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Stradley, Linda (2004). "History of Stollen, Dresden Stollen". Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  36. ↑ "Cakewalk in Allahabad - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  37. ↑ "Getting the Christmas cake mix right - Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013-12-14. Archived from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  38. ↑ "Christmas in Italy". The Worldwide Gourmet. Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
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