Crataegus mexicana

Crataegus mexicana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Crataegus
Series: Mexicanae
Species: C. mexicana
Binomial name
Crataegus mexicana
Synonyms

C. stipulacea Lodd. nom. nud.
C. stipulosa (Kunth) Steud.

Crataegus mexicana is a species of hawthorn known by the common names tejocote, manzanita, tejocotera and Mexican hawthorn. It is native to the mountains of Mexico and parts of Guatemala, and has been introduced in the Andes.[2] The fruit of this species is one of the most useful among hawthorns.

Crataegus pubescens Steud. is a nomenclaturally illegitimate name (for Crataegus gracilior J.B.Phipps[3]) that is commonly misapplied to this species.[4]

Etymology

Tejocote, the Mexican name for this fruit, comes from the Nahuatl word texocotl which means "stone fruit".[5] The alternative (and ambiguous) name manzanita means "little apple" in Spanish. See Crataegus for etymology of the genus name.

Description

The plant is a large shrub or small tree growing to 5–10 m tall, with a dense crown. The leaves are semi-evergreen, oval to diamond-shaped, 4–8 cm long, with a serrated margin. The flowers are off-white, 2 cm diameter. The fruit is a globose to oblong orange-red pome 2 cm long and 1.5 cm diameter, ripening in late winter only shortly before the flowers of the following year.

Mexican hawthorn tree loaded with fruit

Uses

The fruit is eaten in Mexico cooked, raw, or canned. It resembles a crabapple, but it has three or sometimes more brown hard stones in the center. It is a main ingredient used in ponche, the traditional Mexican hot fruit punch that is served at Christmas time and on New Year's Eve. On Day of the Dead tejocote fruit as well as candy prepared from them are used as offerings to the dead, and rosaries made of the fruit are part of altar decorations. A mixture of tejocote paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, because it resembles a tiny train rail.

Due to its high pectin content, the fruit is industrially processed to extract pectin for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, textile and metal industries.

Other uses include food for livestock (for which the leaves and fruits are used) and traditional medicinal uses; a Mexican hawthorn root infusion is used as a diuretic and as a remedy for diarrhea, and fruit-based preparations are a remedy for coughing and several heart conditions.

The Mexican hawthorn tree's wood is hard and compact, it is good for making tool handles as well as for firewood.[6]

Smuggling

It is illegal to import fresh tecojote fruit from Mexico into the US because it can carry exotic agricultural pests. Because of its importance to the traditional beverage ponche, it has been smuggled into the US, and in 2002-2006 was seized more than any other fruit by the United States Department of Agriculture's Smuggling, Interdiction and Trade Compliance program.[5] Tecojote can be obtained legally either in canned or jarred form, or from domestic orchards.

Botanical nomenclature

The name C. pubescens Steud., published in 1840, is a better-known name for this species, but is illegitimate under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. It is a later homonym of C. pubescens C.Presl which was published in 1826 as the name of a species from Sicily.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Phipps, J.B.; Robertson, K.R.; Smith, P.G.; Rohrer, J.R. (1990). A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 68(10): 2209–2269.
  2. ↑ Phipps, J.B., O’Kennon, R.J., Lance, R.W. (2003). Hawthorns and medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K.
  3. ↑ Phipps JB (1997) Monograph of Northern Mexican Crataegus (Rosaceae, subfam. Maloideae). Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A.
  4. ↑ "Crataegus mexicana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  5. 1 2 ""Tejocote is no longer forbidden fruit"".
  6. ↑ Conabio (Mexico) species profile
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