Cherry

Prunus avium, sweet cherry, also called wild cherry
Prunus cerasus

A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit).

The cherry fruits of commerce usually are obtained from cultivars of a limited number of species such as the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). The name 'cherry' also refers to the cherry tree and its wood, and is sometimes applied to almonds and visually similar flowering trees in the genus Prunus, as in "ornamental cherry" or "cherry blossom". Wild cherry may refer to any of the cherry species growing outside cultivation, although Prunus avium is often referred to specifically by the name "wild cherry" in the British Isles.

Botany

Many cherries are members of the subgenus Cerasus, which is distinguished by having the flowers in small corymbs of several together (not singly, nor in racemes), and by having smooth fruit with only a weak groove along one side, or no groove. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in America, three in Europe, and the remainder in Asia. Other cherry fruits are borne on racemes and called bird cherries.

History

Etymology and antiquity

The English word cherry derives from Old Northern French or Norman cherise from the Latin cerasum,[1] referring to an ancient Greek region, Kerasous (Κερασοῦς) near Giresun, Turkey, from which cherries were first thought to be exported to Europe.[2] The indigenous range of the sweet cherry extends through most of Europe, western Asia, and parts of northern Africa, and the fruit has been consumed throughout its range since prehistoric times. A cultivated cherry is recorded as having been brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus from northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region, in 72 BC.[3]

Cherries were introduced into England at Teynham, near Sittingbourne in Kent, by order of Henry VIII, who had tasted them in Flanders.[4][5][6]

Cherries arrived in North America early in the settlement of Brooklyn, New York (then called "New Netherland") when the region was under Dutch sovereignty. Trades people leased or purchased land to plant orchards and produce gardens, "Certificate of Corielis van Tienlioven that he had found 12 apple, 40 peach, 73 cherry trees, 26 sage plants.., behind the house sold by Anthony Jansen from Salee [Morocco, Africa] to Barent Dirksen [Dutchmen],... ANNO 18th of June 1639."[7]

Cultivation

Salvatore Postiglione Cherry time

The cultivated forms are of the species sweet cherry (P. avium) to which most cherry cultivars belong, and the sour cherry (P. cerasus), which is used mainly for cooking. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia; they do not cross-pollinate. Some other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor, and their propensity to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, demand is high for the fruit. In commercial production, cherries are harvested by using a mechanized 'shaker'.[8] Hand picking is also widely used to harvest the fruit to avoid damage to both fruit and trees.

Common rootstocks include Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt, and Gisela Series, a dwarfing rootstock that produces trees significantly smaller than others, only 8 to 10 feet (2.5 to 3 meters) tall.[9] Sour cherries require no pollenizer, while few sweet varieties are self-fertile.[9]

Growing season

Like most temperate-latitude trees, cherry seeds require exposure to cold to germinate (an adaptation which prevents germination during the autumn, which would then result in the seedling being killed by winter temperatures). The pits are planted in the autumn (after first being chilled) and seedlings emerge in the spring.[10] A cherry tree will take three to four years in the field to produce its first crop of fruit, and seven years to attain full maturity.[10] Because of the cold-weather requirement, no members of the genus Prunus can grow in tropical climates.

Cherries have a short growing season and can grow in most temperate latitudes.[10] Cherries blossom in April (in the Northern Hemisphere) and the peak season for the cherry harvest is in the summer. In southern Europe in June, in North America in June, in England in mid-July, and in southern British Columbia (Canada) in June to mid-August. In many parts of North America, they are among the first tree fruits to flower and ripen in mid-Spring.

In the Southern Hemisphere, cherries are usually at their peak in late December and are widely associated with Christmas. 'Burlat' is an early variety which ripens during the beginning of December, 'Lapins' ripens near the end of December, and 'Sweetheart' finish slightly later.[11]

Pests and diseases

Generally, the cherry can be a difficult fruit tree to grow and keep alive.[9] In Europe, the first visible pest in the growing season soon after blossom (in April in western Europe) usually is the black cherry aphid ("cherry blackfly", Myzus cerasi), which causes leaves at the tips of branches to curl, with the blackfly colonies exuding a sticky secretion which promotes fungal growth on the leaves and fruit. At the fruiting stage in June/July (Europe), the cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata and Rhagoletis cerasi) lays its eggs in the immature fruit, whereafter its larvae feed on the cherry flesh and exit through a small hole (about 1 mm diameter), which in turn is the entry point for fungal infection of the cherry fruit after rainfall.[12] In addition, cherry trees are susceptible to bacterial canker, cytospora canker, brown rot of the fruit, root rot from overly wet soil, crown rot, and several viruses.[9]

Cultivars

Rainier cherries from the state of Washington, USA

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

NameHeightSpreadRef.
Accolade8m8m[13]
Amanogawa8m4m[14]
Autumnalis (P. × subhirtella)8m8m[15]
Autumnalis Rosea (P. × subhirtella)8m4m[16]
Avium Grandiflora see Plena
Colorata (P. padus)12m8m[17]
Grandiflora see Plena
Kanzan12m12m+[18]
Kiku-shidare-zakura4m4m[19]
Kursar8m8m[20]
P. cerasus]]) 4m4m[21]
Okamé (P. × incam)12m8m[22]
Pandora12m8m[23]
Pendula Rosea4m4m[24]
NameHeightSpreadRef.
Pendula Rubra4m4m[25]
Pink Perfection8m8m[26]
Plena (Grandiflora)12m8m+[27]
Praecox (P. incisa)8m8m
Prunus avium (wild cherry)12m+8m+
Prunus × cistena1.5m1.5m[28]
Prunus sargentii (Sargent's cherry)12m+8m+[29]
Prunus serrula (Tibetan cherry)12m8m+[30]
Shirofugen8m8m[31]
Shirotai8m8m[32]
Shōgetsu8m8m[33]
Spire12m8m[34]
Stella4m4m[35]
Ukon8m8m+[36]

See cherry blossom and Prunus for ornamental trees.

Production

Top (sweet) cherry producing nations in 2014 (tonnes)
Rank Country Production
1Turkey445,556
2United States329,852
3Iran172,000
4Spain118,220
5Italy110,766
6Chile83,903
7Romania82,808
8Uzbekistan80,000
9Russia77,000
10Greece73,380
World2,245,826
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization[37]
Top sour cherry producing nations in 2014 (tonnes)
Rank Country Production
1Russia198,000
2Ukraine182,880
3Turkey182,577
4Poland176,545
5United States137,983
6Iran111,993
7Serbia93,905
8Hungary91,840
9Uzbekistan45,000
10Azerbaijan25,669
World1,362,231
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization[37]

In 2014, world production of sweet cherries was 2.25 million tonnes, with Turkey producing 20% of this total. Other major producers of sweet cherries were the United States and Iran. World production of sour cherries in 2014 was 1.36 million tonnes, led by Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and Poland.

Middle East

Ripe sweet cherries in Tehran

Major commercial cherry orchards in West Asia are in Turkey (mainly Anatolia), Iran, Syria, Azerbaijan, Lebanon (Bekaa Valley), and Israel (Golan Heights, Gush Eztion and Northern Galilee).

Europe

Major commercial cherry orchards in Europe are in Turkey, Italy, Spain and other Mediterranean regions, and to a smaller extent in the Baltic States and southern Scandinavia.

In France since the 1920s, the first cherries of the season come in April/May from the region of Céret (Pyrénées-Orientales),[38] where the local producers send, as a tradition since 1932, the first crate of cherries to the president of the Republic.[39]

North America

In the United States, most sweet cherries are grown in Washington, California, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Michigan.[40] Important sweet cherry cultivars include Bing, Ulster, Rainier, Brooks, Tulare, King, and Sweetheart.[41] Both Oregon and Michigan provide light-colored 'Royal Ann' ('Napoleon'; alternately 'Queen Anne') cherries for the maraschino cherry process. Most sour (also called tart) cherries are grown in Michigan, followed by Utah, New York, and Washington.[40] Sour cherries include 'Nanking' and 'Evans'. Traverse City, Michigan is called the "Cherry Capital of the World",[42] hosting a National Cherry Festival and making the world's largest cherry pie. The specific region of northern Michigan known for tart cherry production is referred to as the "Traverse Bay" region.

Most cherry varieties have a chilling requirement of 800 or more hours, meaning that in order to break dormancy, blossom, and set fruit, the winter season needs to have at least 800 hours where the temperature is below 45 °F (7 °C). “Low chill” varieties requiring 300 hours or less are Minnie Royal and Royal Lee, requiring cross-pollinization, whereas the cultivar, Royal Crimson, is self-fertile.[43] These varieties extend the range of cultivation of cherries to the mild winter areas of southern US. This is a boon to California producers of sweet cherries, as California is the second largest producer of sweet cherries in the US.[44]

Native and non-native sweet cherries grow well in Canada's provinces of Ontario and British Columbia where an annual cherry festival has been celebrated for seven consecutive decades in the Okanagan Valley town of Osoyoos.[45] In addition to the Okanagan, other British Columbia cherry growing regions are the Similkameen Valley and Kootenay Valley, all three regions together producing 5.5 million kg annually or 60% of total Canadian output.[46] Sweet cherry varieties in British Columbia include 'Rainier', 'Van', 'Chelan', 'Lapins', 'Sweetheart', 'Skeena', 'Staccato', 'Christalina' and 'Bing'.

Australia

In Australia, cherries are grown in all the states except for the Northern Territory. The major producing regions are located in the temperate areas within New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Western Australia has limited production in the elevated parts in the southwest of the state. Key production areas include Young, Orange and Bathurst in New South Wales, Wandin, the Goulburn and Murray valley areas in Victoria, the Adelaide Hills region in South Australia, and the Huon and Derwent Valleys in Tasmania.

Key commercial varieties in order of seasonality include 'Empress', 'Merchant', 'Supreme', 'Ron's seedling', 'Chelan', 'Ulster', 'Van', 'Bing', 'Stella', 'Nordwunder', 'Lapins', 'Simone', 'Regina', 'Kordia' and 'Sweetheart'. New varieties are being introduced, including the late season 'Staccato' and early season 'Sequoia'. The Australian Cherry Breeding program is developing a series of new varieties which are under testing evaluation.[47]

The New South Wales town of Young is called the "Cherry Capital of Australia" and hosts the National Cherry Festival.

Nutritional value

Cherries, sour, red, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 209 kJ (50 kcal)
12.2 g
Sugars 8.5 g
Dietary fiber 1.6 g
0.3 g
1 g
Vitamins Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
8%
64 μg
7%
770 μg
85 μg
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.04 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.4 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.143 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.044 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
8 μg
Choline
1%
6.1 mg
Vitamin C
12%
10 mg
Vitamin K
2%
2.1 μg
Minerals Quantity %DV†
Calcium
2%
16 mg
Iron
2%
0.32 mg
Magnesium
3%
9 mg
Manganese
5%
0.112 mg
Phosphorus
2%
15 mg
Potassium
4%
173 mg
Sodium
0%
3 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Other constituents Quantity
Water 86 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Cherries, sweet, red, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 263 kJ (63 kcal)
16 g
Sugars 12.8 g
Dietary fiber 2.1 g
0.2 g
1.1 g
Vitamins Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
3 μg
0%
38 μg
85 μg
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.027 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.033 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.154 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.199 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.049 mg
Folate (B9)
1%
4 μg
Choline
1%
6.1 mg
Vitamin C
8%
7 mg
Vitamin K
2%
2.1 μg
Minerals Quantity %DV†
Calcium
1%
13 mg
Iron
3%
0.36 mg
Magnesium
3%
11 mg
Manganese
3%
0.07 mg
Phosphorus
3%
21 mg
Potassium
5%
222 mg
Sodium
0%
0 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituents Quantity
Water 82 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Raw sweet cherries are 82% water, 16% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and negligible in fat (table). As raw fruit, sweet cherries provide little nutrient content per 100 g serving, as only dietary fiber and vitamin C are present in moderate content, while other vitamins and dietary minerals each supply less than 10% of the Daily Value (DV) per serving, respectively (table).[48]

Compared to sweet cherries, raw sour cherries contain slightly higher content per 100 g of vitamin C (12% DV) and vitamin A (8% DV) (table).[49]

Other uses

Cherry wood is valued for its rich color and straight grain in manufacturing fine furniture, particularly desks, tables and chairs.[50][51]

Species

Italian Prunus avium, commonly called wild cherry, sweet cherry, or gean.

The list below contains many Prunus species that bear the common name cherry, but they are not necessarily members of the subgenus Cerasus, or bear edible fruit. For a complete list of species, see List of Prunus species. Some common names listed here have historically been used for more than one species, e.g. "rock cherry" is used as an alternative common name for both P. prostrata and P. mahaleb and "wild cherry" is used for several species.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Cherry". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  2. ↑ Rhind, W. (1841). A History of the Vegetable Kingdom. Oxford University. p. 334. Archived from the original on 2017-02-14.
  3. ↑  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pontus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ↑ Oliver Lawson Dick, ed. (1949). Aubrey's Brief Lives. p. xliii. The curious antiquary John Aubrey (1626–1697) noted in his memoranda: Cherries were first brought into Kent tempore H. viii, who being in Flanders, and likeing the Cherries, ordered his Gardener, brought them hence, and propagated them in England.
  5. ↑ "All the cherry gardens and orchards of Kent are said to have been stocked with the Flemish cherry from a plantation of 105 acres in Teynham, made with foreign cherries, pippins [ pippin apples ], and golden rennets [goldreinette apples], done by the fruiterer of Henry VIII." ("A View of the Parish". Teynham Parish. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. )
  6. ↑ "Sittingbourne and Milton Urban District Council". Archived from the original on 2015-01-19. with the crest of a "cherry tree fructed proper" and motto "known by their fruits" were only granted on July 28, 1949, however.
  7. ↑ New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch (PDF). Volume I: Register of the Provincial Secretary 1638–1642. Translated and Annotated by A.J.F. van Laer. Edited with Added Indexes by Kenneth Scott and Kenn Stryker-Rodda. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. 1974. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-22.
  8. ↑ Chainpure (2009-06-23). "Soul to Brain: Wow! Its Cherry Harvesting". Chainpure.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Ingels, Chuck, et. al. (2007). The Home Orchard: Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. pp. 27–8.
  10. 1 2 3 "Cherry". Fruit and Nut Information Center. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  11. ↑ "Varieties". Cherish the moment. Cherry Growers of Australia. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  12. ↑ "cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cingulata)". plantwise.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  13. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Accolade' (d) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  14. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Amanogawa' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  15. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus × subhirtella 'Autumnalis' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  16. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus × subhirtella 'Autumnalis Rosea' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  17. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus padus 'Colorata' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  18. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Kanzan' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  19. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Kiku-shidare-zakura' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  20. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Kursar' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  21. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus cerasus 'Morello' (C) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  22. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus × incam 'Okamé' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  23. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Pandora' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  24. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus pendula 'Pendula Rosea' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  25. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus pendula 'Pendula Rubra' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  26. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Pink Perfection' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  27. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus avium 'Plena' (d) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  28. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus × cistena AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  29. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus sargentii AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  30. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus serrula AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  31. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Shirofugen' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  32. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus 'Shirotae' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  33. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus 'Shogetsu'". Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  34. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus 'Spire'". Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  35. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Prunus avium 'Stella' (F) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  36. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector – Prunus 'Ukon'". Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  37. 1 2 "Crops/Regions/Production of Cherries by Countries (from pick lists)". UN Food & Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT, Statistics Division. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  38. ↑ Fabricio Cardenas (August 24, 2014). "Premières cerises de Céret et d'ailleurs" [First cherries from Céret and elsewhere]. Vieux papiers des Pyrénées-Orientales (in French). Archived from the original on 2015-06-27.
  39. ↑ Fabricio Cardenas (June 1, 2014). "Des cerises de Céret pour le président de la République en 1932" [Ceret cherries for the President of the Republic in 1932]. Vieux papiers des Pyrénées-Orientales (in French). Archived from the original on 2014-10-26.
  40. 1 2 Cherry Production (PDF) (Report). National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA. June 23, 2011. ISSN 1948-9072. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  41. ↑ "Cherry Varieties". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  42. ↑ "Traverse City- Cherry Capital". Michigan History. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  43. ↑ Vincent Lazaneo (21 January 2011). "New cherry tree varieties thrive in mild climate". San Diego Tribune. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  44. ↑ "Cherry". fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  45. ↑ "Cherry Fiesta 2017". Osoyoos Festival Society. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  46. ↑ "Cherries". BC Ministry of Agriculture. 2013. Archived from the original on 1999-02-02. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  47. ↑ "ANNUAL INDUSTRY REPORT 08 • 09" (PDF). Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
  48. ↑ "Nutrition facts, cherries, sweet, raw, 100 g". US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, Standard Reference 21. Nutritiondata.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  49. ↑ "Nutrition facts, cherries, sour, red, raw, 100 g". US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, Standard Reference 21. Nutritiondata.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  50. ↑ "Types of Ontario wood: Black cherry". Queen's Printer for Ontario, Canada. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  51. ↑ "Selecting wood furniture" (PDF). Utah State University. 1987. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.

Media related to Cherries at Wikimedia Commons

  • Wikisource "Cherry". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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