European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Context

Most of those EU/EEA+UK deaths 77% were in the EU, with 125,431 deaths out of 163,515 on 29 May 2020, and 73% of the deaths in Europe according to the ECDC weekly report.[1]

The EU also has a high number of reported cases, with around 58% of European cases with 1,105,287 out of 1,899,216 reported cases on 29 May 2020, according to the same ECDC weekly report.[2]

Most of those EU/EEA+UK deaths 76% were in the EU, with 128 247 deaths out of 168 400 on 6 June 2020, and 72% of the deaths in Europe according to the ECDC weekly report.[3]

The EU also has a high number of reported cases, with around 56% of European cases with 1,131,618 out of 2,017,436 reported cases on 6 June 2020, according to the same ECDC weekly report.[4]

As of 27 June 2020, 1 216 465 cases and 132 530 deaths have been reported in the EU, according to the ECDC communicable disease threats reports from Week 26, 21-27 June 2020[5]. As of 27 June 2020, 1 535 151 cases and 176 020 deaths are reported in the EU/EEA+UK[6].

As of 18 June 2020, 1 182 368 cases and 130 214 deaths have been reported in the EU, according to ECDC report frome Week 25, 14-20 June 2020.[7] The EU agency also monitor KPIs for its UE/EEA+UK members and considered as of 18 June 2020, 1 492 177 cases have been reported in the EU/EEA and the UK, while 72 621 deaths have been reported in the EU/EEA and the UK. The EU agency also monitor KPIs for Europe considered as a group of more than 50 countries considered as Europe by the ECDC and considered as of 18 June 2020, 2 235 109 cases were detected and reported in Europe and 184 806 deaths reported as COVID related in Europe.[8]


9 January, Directorate General for Health and Safety (DG SANTE) opened an alert notification on the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS).

17 January: first novel coronavirus meeting for the Health Security Committee

28 January, activation of the EU civil protection mechanism for the repatriation of EU citizens

31 January, First funds for research on the new coronavirus

1 February, EU Member States mobilised and delivered a total of 12 tons of protective equipment to China.

1-2 February 447 European citizens brought home from China co-financed by the EU Civil Protection Mechanism.

23 February, the Commission co-financed the delivery of more than 25 tonnes of personal protective equipment to China in addition to over 30 tonnes of protective equipment mobilised by EU Member States and already delivered in February 2020.

28 February, first procurment for medical equipment jointly with Member States.

European Commission coordination
See also: von der Leyen Commission

Under the European Union subsidiarity principle, the European Union does not have the legal powers to impose health management policy or actions, such as quarantine measures or closing schools, on member states.[9]

On 21 January 2020, the Platform for European Preparedness Against (Re-)emerging Epidemics (PREPARE) activated its outbreak response "mode 1".[10]

On 28 February 2020, the European Commission opened a tender process for the purpose of purchasing COVID-19 related medical equipment. Twenty member states submitted requests for purchases. A second round procedure was opened on 17 March, for the purchase of gloves, goggles, face protectors, surgical masks and clothing. Poland was among the member states that applied for the second round tender procedure. The European Commission claimed that all the purchases were satisfied by offers. Commissioner Thierry Breton described the procedure as illustrating the power of EU coordination.[9] On 19 March, the EU Commission announced the creation of the rescEU strategic stockpile of medical equipment, to be financed at the level of 90% by the Commission, to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.[11]

European External Action Service self-censorship controversy

The European External Action Service, charged with combatting disinformation from Russia and China, produced an initial status update report on 1 April in which highlighted China's attempts to manipulate the narrative. It asserted that Chinese state media and government officials were promoting "unproven theories about the origin of Covid-19", as well as emphasising "displays of gratitude by some European leaders in response to Chinese aid".[12] The original report had said that there was evidence of a “continued and coordinated push by official Chinese sources to deflect any blame”.[12]

It was revealed that wording was amended under pressure from China to say: “We see a continued and coordinated push by some actors, including Chinese sources, to deflect any blame”, and that according to The New York Times the office of the High Representative of the European Union, Josep Borrell, intervened to delay the release of the initial report to secure the desired change of wording.[12] The scandal of self-censorship ensued after an email from a staff member EEAS which warned that the softening of the report would "set a terrible precedent and encourage similar coercion in the future", had been leaked to the New York Times.[13][14] Borrell ordered an internal investigation into the leak. [13]

EU agencies and Directorate-General of the European Commission

Some EU agencies are involved in the European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

For instance, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), located in Amsterdam, is involved in providing information about the coronavirus pandemic, expediting the development and approval of safe and effective treatments and vaccines, and supporting the continued availability of medicines in the European Union.[15]

ECDC agency

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is the EU agency for disease prevention and control.

It is involved in providing information and risk assessment for the COVID-19 disease, for the European Union, and possibly during the Brexit transition period for the UK.

During a two days meeting, three days before the crisis starts in Italy, various countries had various views, but Germany has yet distributed PCR to 20 hospital and performed 1,000 tests and Italy observed the starvation of the EPI world market. Austria and Slovakia do not want to make people afraid.[16]

The agency emits weekly bulletins to provide information on threats monitored by ECDC.

Those bulletins provide number of cases (by member definitions) and number of deaths, in each member states, in the EEA and in the UK, and most affected countries. It also provide Continental, EU, or EU/EEA+UK aggregates of those numbers.

On 21 May 2020, the ECDC considers the first wave in 29 out of 31 countries (EU/EEA countries and the UK) has consistently decreasing trends in COVID-19 14-day case notification rates while the peak of the EU/EEA+UK aggregate was on 9 April 2020[17].

Before the 22 May, ECDC and EASA, and Andrea Ammon ECDC directrice, considered a second wave could come, because the number of cases reported in may is greater than the number of cases reported in january/februery.[18][19]

On 28 May 2020, the ECDC published a Methodology to help public health authorities in the EU/EEA Member States and the UK to estimate point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by pooled RT-PCR testing, rather than reporting individual cases which underestimate the spread of the virus[20].

Andrea Ammon considered that when people will wonder how the COVID-19 spread in Europe, the come back from ski holidays in the Alps during the first week of March could be seen as a specific time in spread of virus and disease in Europe.[21]

Risk assessment in the EU/EEA and UK

On 13 March 2020, the following COVID-19 related risks were assessed by the ECDC:[22]

Risk Level
risk of severe disease associated with COVID-19 infection for people in the EU/EEA and UK: general population moderate
risk of severe disease associated with COVID-19 infection for people in the EU/EEA and UK: older adults and individuals with chronic underlying conditions high
risk of milder disease, and the consequent impact on social and work-related activity, high
risk of the occurrence of sub-national community transmission of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK very high
risk of occurrence of widespread national community transmission of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK in the coming weeks high
risk of healthcare system capacity being exceeded in the EU/EEA and the UK in the coming weeks high
risk associated with transmission of COVID-19 in health and social institutions with large vulnerable populations high

Eurostat

Eurostat, a Directorate-General of the European Commission, published some data related to the Covid-19 response:

  • The number of air passengers halved in march 2020 in 13 EU member states: Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Croatia, Italy (see country note), Cyprus, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland, including a decrease of 10 000 000 in Germany[23]
  • The increase of automatic data processing machines import from China (+€884 billion, +33%) and articles of apparel of textile fabrics (+€129 billion, +36%)[24]

EuroMoMo project

The number of reported deaths does not provide best accuracy on pandemic fatalities, because some countries use slightly different ways to report those deaths.

To avoid such discrepancies, a fatalities excess observatory named "European Mortality Monitoring" (EuroMomo) is weekly operated by Statens Serum Institute epidemiologists with data from 28 partners, from 24 countries.[25]

This project uses standardised methods to ease international comparisons.

Lasse Vestergaard considers that deaths excess estimations are the best way to monitor COVID-19 fatalities. The EuroMoMo project computes a z-score number to rank those deaths excess.[26]

Border management

External border management

On 16 March, the EU Commission said that member states should recommend that their citizens remain within the EU to avoid spreading the virus in other countries.[27]

Under EU harmonization, France and Germany planned to reopen their internal (Schengen) borders on 15 June and their external border on 1 July.[28]

As of late June, the EU was considering admitting travelers from 15 countries: Algeria, Australia, Canada, China, Georgia, Japan, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Rwanda, Serbia, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia and Uruguay.[29] They planned to reopen borders to these travelers on 1 July.

Internal border management

On 28 May 2020, a Health Security Committee reports on COVID-19 outbreak suggest appropriate testing strategies is needed before starting the exit strategy. De-escalation of travel restrictions is wished to be coordinated at EU level. The questions related to the Schengen zone and movement within the EU is also in the scope of the Commission and Member States in the HOME Affairs group, and the ECDC. In the same time, an EU support for vaccination plan is under work.[30]

In early june 2020, Ylva Johansson, EU’s home affairs commissioner, reported most member states prefer strongly an additional short prolongation of the internal travel ban. Lifting is planned to be gradual, in July.[31].

Under EU harmonization, France and Germany will reopen their internal (Schengen) borders on 15 Junewhile their external border should be reopened on 1 July[32].

Repatriations from outside the EU

On 29 may, repatriation flights under the Union Civil Protection Mechanism led to 83,956 repatriations: 74,673 EU citizens and 9,283 non-EU citizens.[33]

European Central Bank response

On 18 March, the European Central Bank (ECB), headed by Christine Lagarde, announced the purchase of an additional €750 billion of European corporate and government bonds for the year.[34] Lagarde urged the national governments of the member states to seriously consider a one-off joint debt issue of coronabonds.[35][36]

By early April the ECB announced its intention to push back strategy review from a late 2020 target to the middle of 2021.[37]

Former European Central Bank president Mario Draghi stated that member states should absorb coronavirus losses, rather than the private sector. He compared the impact of coronavirus to World War I.[35]

Coronabonds controversy
Main article: Coronabonds
National positions on coronabonds
  Yes/In favour
  No/Against
  Neutral or unknown position

The Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez stated that "If we don't propose now a unified, powerful and effective response to this economic crisis, not only the impact will be tougher, but its effects will last longer and we will be putting at risk the entire European project", while the Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte commented that "the whole European project risks losing its raison d'être in the eyes of our own citizens".[38]

Debates over how to respond to the epidemic and its economic fallout have opened up a rift between Northern and Southern European member states, reminiscent of debates over the 2010s European debt crisis.[39] Nine EU countries—Italy, France, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Slovenia and Luxembourg—called for "corona bonds" (a type of eurobond) in order to help their countries to recover from the epidemic, on 25 March. Their letter stated, "The case for such a common instrument is strong, since we are all facing a symmetric external shock."[40][41] Northern European countries such as Germany, Austria, Finland, and the Netherlands oppose the issuing of joint debt, fearing that they would have to pay it back in the event of a default. Instead, they propose that countries should apply for loans from the European Stability Mechanism.[42][43] Corona bonds were discussed on 26 March 2020 in a European Council meeting, which was three hours longer than expected due to the "emotional" reactions of the prime ministers of Spain and Italy.[44][35] Unlike the European debt crisis—partly caused by the affected countries—southern European countries did not cause the coronavirus pandemic, therefore eliminating the appeal to national responsibility.[42]

Intergovernmental reaction to health crisis

Several actions are performed by many EU countries to help other EU countries[45] · [46].

From 4 to 19 March, Germany banned the export of personal protective equipment,[47][48] and France also restricted exports of medical equipment, drawing criticism from EU officials who called for solidarity.[49] Many Schengen Area countries closed their borders to stem the spread of the virus.[50]

A videoconference was held by the members of the European Council on 10 March, in which President Charles Michel presented four priority areas which the leaders had identified:[51]

  • limiting the spread of the virus
  • the provision of medical equipment, with a particular focus on masks and respirators
  • promoting research, including research into a vaccine
  • tackling socio-economic consequences.

At a second videoconference on 17 March, a fifth area was added:[52]

  • helping citizens stranded in third countries.

At the 17 March videoconference, leaders also agreed to place temporary restrictions on non-essential travel to the European Union for a period of 30 days.[52]

At their third videoconference on 26 March, Council members vowed to urgently increase capacities for testing for coronavirus infections, in view of WHO recommendations.[53]

On 9 April, finance ministers from the 19 Eurozone countries agreed to provide €240 billion in bailout funds to health systems, €200 billion in credit guarantees for the European Investment Bank, and €100 billion for workers who have lost wages.[54] At their fourth videoconference held on 23 April, the European Council endorsed the plan, and called for the package to be operational by 1 June 2020.[55] On the same occasion, the Council also tasked the European Commission with taking steps towards the establishment of a recovery fund, the size of which was expected to be at least around €1 trillion. Modalities of the latter fund were still disputed by member states, with France, Italy and Spain leading demands for grants to stricken economies, and Germany strongly favouring loans.[55][56]

On 27 May, the EU Commission proposed a recovery fund dubbed Next Generation EU, with grants and loans for every EU member state accounting for €500 billion and €250 billion respectively. This followed after extensive negotiations in which the so-called "frugal states", comprising Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, had rejected the idea of cash handouts, preferring loans instead. Under the proposal, the money raised on the capital market would be paid back between 2028 and 2058.[57][58]

Hungary emergency legislation

Sixteen member nations of the European Union issued a statement warning that certain emergency measures issued by countries during the coronavirus pandemic could undermine the principles of rule of law and democracy on 1 April. They announced that they "support the European Commission initiative to monitor the emergency measures and their application to ensure the fundamental values of the Union are upheld."[59] The statement does not mention Hungary, but observers believe that it implicitly refers to a Hungarian law granting plenary power to the Hungarian Government during the coronavirus pandemic. The following day, the Hungarian Government joined the statement.[60][61]

The Hungarian parliament passed the law granting plenary power to the Government by qualified majority, 137 to 53 votes in favour, on 30 March 2020. After promulgating the law, the President of Hungary, János Áder, announced that he had concluded that the time frame of the Government's authorisation would be definite and its scope would be limited.[62][63][64][65] Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, stated that she was concerned about the Hungarian emergency measures and that it should be limited to what is necessary and Minister of State Michael Roth suggested that economic sanctions should be used against Hungary.[66][67]

The heads of thirteen member parties of the European People's Party (EPP) made a proposal to expunge the Hungarian Fidesz for the new legislation on 2 April. In response, Viktor Orbán expressed his willingness to discuss any issues relating to Fidesz's membership "once the pandemic is over" in a letter addressed to the Secretary General of EPP Antonio López-Istúriz White. Referring to the thirteen leading politicians' proposal, Orbán also stated that "I can hardly imagine that any of us having time for fantasies about the intentions of other countries. This seems to be a costly luxury these days."[68] During a video conference of the foreign ministers of the European Union member states on 3 April 2020, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Péter Szijjártó, asked for the other ministers to read the legislation itself not its politically motivated presentations in newspapers before commenting on it.[69]

See also

References
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