COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines

As a measure to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Philippines, lockdowns, officially characterized as "community quarantine" by the government, of varying strictness were imposed in numerous parts of the Philippines. The "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) is the strictest of such measures. The largest of these measures was the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon. Currently, the ECQ has been re-imposed on Cebu City, while its neighboring area of Talisay has been placed under the modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ), a tier lower to the most stringent lockdown measure.

COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines
Part of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
Community quarantines in the Philippines (as of June 16)
  Enhanced community quarantine
  Modified enhanced community quarantine
  General community quarantine
  Modified general community quarantine
DateMarch 15, 2020–present
Location
Philippines
Caused byCOVID-19 pandemic
GoalsTo contain the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
MethodsCheckpoints for checking the motivation for travel, banning of public events, closure of commercial and retail businesses, closure of schools and universities, and other prohibitions.

Background
See also: Lockdown and Quarantine

Given the rapidly increasing number of cases in the National Capital Region, Albay 2nd district representative Joey Salceda proposed a week-long lockdown of the region to prevent the disease from spreading nationwide. Salceda specifically proposed the closure of the Philippine expressway network and public transportation accessing the region, in addition to the suspension of classes and work.[1] President Duterte initially rejected the proposal claiming it would "hamper the flow of basic commodities".[2] Secretary Duque, however, raised the possibility of a lockdown on certain cities or towns if cases of community-based transmissions are reported, but not an entire region.[3] On March 12, President Duterte announced a partial lockdown covering Metro Manila,[4] that began on March 15.

At one point during President Rodrigo Duterte's pronouncement about the Metro Manila "community quarantine," he said that "they are afraid to call it a lockdown, but it is a lockdown."[5][6] This statement left many confused.[7] His cabinet secretary, Karlo Nograles, later made it clear that the proper term is "community quarantine" and the President's comment means that the event "is like a lockdown."[5][7] Nograles further said that the term "lockdown" can lead to different interpretations, while "community quarantine" is a technical term that medical authorities can give meaning, which does not create public fear.[7][8]

When the "community quarantine" was applied to Luzon, Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo, said that the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) is equivalent to an "absolute lockdown or total lockdown."[9] Secretary Eduardo Año of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) also said that "enhanced community quarantine" should be considered as a "total lockdown."[10]

In addition, President Duterte advised local government units outside of the National Capital Region to implement a community quarantine in cases where, in a given level of local government, at least two COVID-19 cases are confirmed within a lower level of its jurisdiction; for example, a province-wide quarantine should be implemented if there are at least two COVID-19 cases confirmed within different cities or municipalities in the same province, while a city/municipality-wide quarantine should be implemented if there are at least two COVID-19 cases confirmed within different barangays in the same city or municipality. Local government units were also authorized to utilize their quick response funds upon declaration of a state of emergency.[4]

The national government has given local government units under enhanced community quarantine in Visayas and Mindanao and relevant field offices of the Department of Health the power to lift or extend the lockdown period in their jurisdiction. The imposition of a "localized lockdown" involving measures at the barangay, sitio, and/or purok level instead of fully lifting ECQs has been proposed.[11]

On April 6, the following localities were under enhanced community quarantine: all regions of Luzon, Western Visayas, Caraga Region, Zamboanga Peninsula, Samar, Biliran, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Camiguin, Bukidnon, Sultan Kudarat, Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Cotabato, South Cotabato, Tawi-Tawi, and the municipality of Catarman in Northern Samar.[12]

On April 24, it was clarified that local government units can no longer impose quarantine measures without the consent of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID). Prior to that period, localities could impose such measures with coordination with the DILG.[13] President Rodrigo Duterte issued Executive Order 112, extending enhanced community quarantine in select localities until May 15 and imposing a general community quarantine in the rest of the country, also overriding existing quarantine measures by local government units, starting May 1.[14]

Tiers of quarantine

Enhanced community quarantine (ECQ)
Shoppers falling in line outside a supermarket while observing social distancing.

Localities under an enhanced community quarantine are generally ordered to stay at home and its residents are restricted from traveling to other cities or barangays. Barangay governments can issue quarantine passes allowing residents to buy essential goods outside curfew hours and within the issuing barangays's jurisdiction. The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act also provides measures related to the ECQ such as:[15]

  • Limitations on an all forms of transportation
  • Work suspensions and setting up of alternative working arrangements such as teleworking.
  • Ensuring the supply of food and medical products
  • Measures against profiteering and hoarding of essential goods
  • Provision allowing a 30-day grace period for loan and rental payments during the quarantine period.

General community quarantine (GCQ)
Police officers checks on a passing jeepney at a checkpoint in Bohol.

General community quarantine, which was introduced on May 1, is generally less stringent than ECQ. Public transportation is allowed at a reduced capacity and select businesses are allowed to operate at 50 to 100 percent of their regular capacity depending on their industry. Shopping malls are also allowed to operate, although only select stalls and stores are allowed to open.[16]

Other measures

There are types of quarantine or lockdown measures aside from the ECQ and GCQ. Additional measures have been imposed under an "extensive enhanced community quarantine" or "extreme enhanced community quarantine" (EECQ). An EECQ is generally stricter than an ECQ. Prior to the imposition of the Luzon enhanced community quarantine, a more lenient measure which include a stay-at-home order and a curfew was imposed in Metro Manila which was officially called as a "community quarantine".[15]

A "total lockdown" measure, distinct from an ECQ, has been considered, which would prohibit people from leaving their places of residence and mandate the closure of all public establishments. The measure is considered as an option by Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque.[17]

A level under GCQ, is called a modified general community quarantine (MGQC).

A classification called "new normal", a level under MGCQ was introduced sometime in June 2020 although has never yet been used. An area needs to be placed under MGCQ prior to the imposition of new normal measures. [18]

Implementation

Prior to May 1
See also: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

The Luzon enhanced community quarantine covers the island of Luzon and its outlying islands, or eight out of seventeen regions of the Philippines. An indefinite enhanced community quarantine, was imposed in Caraga, alternatively known as One Shield Caraga, starting April 7,[19] and in the Davao Region[20] starting April 4.[20]

Provinces which imposed an enhance community quarantine include Iloilo (March 21),[21] Antique (March 22),[22] Negros Occidental (March 30),[23] Cebu (March 30),[24] and Negros Oriental (April 3)[25]

The independent cities of Bacolod (March 30),[23] Iloilo City (March 21),[21] and Cebu City (March 28)[24] also imposed ECQ measures.

May

May 1–15

Enhanced community quarantines (ECQs) were extended in Metro Manila, Central Luzon (excluding Aurora), and Calabarzon regions as well as in the provinces of Benguet, Pangasinan, Iloilo, Cebu, and the cities of Bacolod and Davao until May 15 as per President Rodrigo Duterte's Executive Order 112. All other areas were placed under general community quarantine (GCQ) unless otherwise approved by the IATF-EID.[14] Albay and Zamboanga City were also included among local government units placed under ECQ.[26] The IATF-EID allows local government units, the imposition or extension of ECQ at a municipal or barangay level with the concurrence of their respective regional IATF-EID.[27]

The municipality of San Jose remained under ECQ while the rest of Occidental Mindoro downgraded to GCQ.[28] Marinduque[29] and Bacolod also remained under ECQ.[30]

Request to extend ECQs in the following areas were rejected by the IATF-EID: the provinces of Camarines Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, Isabela, Lanao del Norte, and Lanao del Sur, and the cities of Marawi and Butuan.[27]

May 16–31

On May 12, 2020, it was originally announced that community quarantine measures will be lifted in 41 provinces and 11 cities across the country due to their being low risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),[31] but were eventually upgraded to modified general community quarantine (MGCQ) after receiving petitions from LGUs starting May 16.[32]

On May 15, 2020, the IATF-EID approved the appeal of Mayor Lani Mercado-Revilla placing the city of Bacoor in the province of Cavite under modified enhanced community quarantine.

The IATF-EID issued Resolution No. 37, overriding prior plans, placing Metro Manila, the cities of Angeles and Bacoor, as well as the provinces of Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Zambales under modified enhanced community quarantine, which is more lenient than an ECQ but stricter than a GCQ. Cebu City and Mandaue were placed under ECQ while the rest of the country was placed under GCQ. The measure became effective on May 16 with quarantine measures to be reassessed on May 31.[33]

June

June 1–15

The IATF-EID issued Resolution No. 41 to override prevailing quarantine measures in the country starting June 1. Measures in Metro Manila, Central Luzon and Central Visayas regions transitioned to general community quarantine (GCQ). GCQ remained in Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan (except Dagupan), Zamboanga City and Davao City, while the rest of the country was placed under modified general community quarantine (MGCQ).[34] However Marc Brian Lim, the city mayor of Dagupan suspended the implementation of GCQ measures in the city to MGCQ as directed by the IATF-EID. This followed Dagupan recording 14 additional COVID-19 cases on May 31, the day prior the city was supposed to transition to MGCQ. Lim appealed to the IATF-EID for the task force to allow his city to remain under GCQ.[35]

June 16–30

Due to the sudden increase number of community transmissions in the area, the IATF-EID recommended the reimposition of the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) to Cebu City starting on June 16, the most stringent lockdown measure tier with the neighboring Talisay being reimposed under the modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ). Meanwhile, GCQ was extended or reimposed in the areas of Metro Manila, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Occidental Mindoro, the rest of Central Visayas, Zamboanga City and Davao City.[36]

Future plans

On June 23, the IATF-EID temporarily removed the "new normal" classification which meant that all areas in the country will still be under varying levels of community quarantine after the June 15–30 measures.[37]

Summary
Areas under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) ()
Regional quarantines[lower-alpha 1]
Region[lower-alpha 2] Island group Start date[lower-alpha 3] Est. pop.[lower-alpha 4] Cases Deaths Recov.
Metro Manila Luzon March 17, 2020 13,600,000 13,099 766 3,815
Cordillera 1,800,000 60 1 45
Ilocos Region 5,200,000 110 12 34
Cagayan Valley 3,600,000 39 1 33
Central Luzon 12,100,000 727 31 285
Calabarzon 15,700,000 1,943 115 577
Mimaropa 3,100,000 73 4 31
Bicol 6,000,000 92 4 31
Western Visayas[12] Visayas – 7,800,000 132 10 82
Davao Region Mindanao April 2, 2020 5,200,000 387 28 160
Caraga April 7, 2020 2,700,000 16 0 4
Zamboanga Peninsula[12] – 3,800,000 167 4 30
Province-level quarantines[lower-alpha 1]
Province Region Start date Est. pop.[lower-alpha 4] Cases Deaths Recov.
Negros Oriental (inc. Bacolod) Central Visayas April 3, 2020 1,400,000 – – –
Bohol[39] March 16, 2020 1,400,000 – – –
Cebu (inc. Cebu City, Mandaue, and Lapu Lapu) March 28, 2020 5,000,000 – – –
Biliran[12] Eastern Visayas – 180,000 – – –
Samar[40] March 30, 2020 810,000 – – –
Camiguin[12] Northern Mindanao – 92,000 – – –
Bukidnon[41] April 13, 2020 1,500,000 – – –
Lanao del Norte (inc. Iligan)[42] March 20, 2020 1,000,000 – – –
Lanao del Sur[12] Bangsamoro – 1,100,000 – – –
Tawi Tawi[43] March 18, 2020 400,000 – – –
Cotabato[12] Soccsksargen – 1,500,000 – – –
Sultan Kudarat[12] – 850,000 – – –
South Cotabato[12] – 1,600,000 – – –
Quarantine total[lower-alpha 5] ~95,800,000 24,787 1,052 5,454
Pandemic ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of June 12, 2020.[44]
For notes, see the Notes section.

Notes
  1. "–" denotes that no reliable or up-to-date data is currently available for that place, not that the value is zero.
  2. Region-wide ECQs. Provinces and independent cities outside these regions may have also been under ECQ.
  3. Start date of quarantine if ECQ measures were imposed throughout the region at once. The lifting of measures may vary by date and scope and measures may be re-imposed again. All quarantine measures overridden on May 1, 2020.
  4. Population estimate is by the Philippine Statistics Authority as of July 2019 based from projections made from the 2015 Census of Population.[38]
  5. The case data is only limited to regional counts.

References
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