COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy is part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists in Rome tested positive for the virus.[1] One week later an Italian man repatriated back to Italy from the city of Wuhan, China, was hospitalised and confirmed as the third case in Italy.[3] A cluster of cases was later detected, starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February,[4] and 60 additional cases and the first deaths on 22 February.[5] By the beginning of March, the virus had spread to all regions of Italy.[6]

COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Confirmed cases per 100,000 residents by province
(as of 21 June 2020).
Number of confirmed cases by province
(as of 19 June 2020).
  50–99 confirmed
  100–499 confirmed
  500–999 confirmed
  1,000–4,999 confirmed
  5,000–9,999 confirmed
  ≥10,000 confirmed
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationItaly
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei, China
First reportedRome
Index caseUnknown
Arrival date31 January 2020
(4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)[1]
Confirmed cases240,436[2]
Active cases16,496[2]
Critical cases96[2]
Recovered189,196[2] (incl. discharged)
Deaths
34,744[2]
Government website
www.salute.gov.it/nuovocoronavirus

On 31 January, the Italian government suspended all flights to and from China and declared a state of emergency. In February, eleven municipalities in northern Italy were identified as the centres of the two main Italian clusters and placed under quarantine. The majority of positive cases in other regions traced back to these two clusters.[7] On 8 March 2020, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte expanded the quarantine to all of Lombardy and 14 other northern provinces, and on the following day to all of Italy, placing more than 60 million people in quarantine.[8][9][10] On 11 March 2020, Conte prohibited nearly all commercial activity except for supermarkets and pharmacies.[11][12] On 21 March, the Italian government closed all non-essential businesses and industries, and restricted movement of people.[13]

On 6 March 2020, the Italian College of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols that might need to be employed.[14][15][16]

As of 29 June 2020, Italy has 16,496 active cases; during the peak of the pandemic, Italy's number of active cases was one of the highest in the world.[17] Overall there have been 240,436 confirmed cases and 34,744 deaths (a rate of 561 deaths per million population[18]), while there have been 189,196 recoveries or dismissals.[2] By 29 June, Italy had tested about 5,342,000 people.[19] Due to the limited number of tests performed, the real number of infected people in Italy, as in other countries, is estimated to be higher than the official count.[20][21][22]

Background

On 31 December 2019, the Health Commission of Wuhan, Hubei, China, informed the WHO about a cluster of acute pneumonia cases with unknown origin in its province. On 9 January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) reported the identification of a novel coronavirus (later identified as the SARS-CoV-2) as the cause.[23] In late January 2020, following the developments of COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China, on 3 February, Italy set up enhanced screening measures, including thermal cameras and medical staff at airports.[24]

Timeline

COVID-19 cases in Italy  ()
     Deaths        Recoveries        Active cases

Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Last 15 days Last 15 days

Date
# of cases
# of deaths
2020-01-31 2(n.a.)
2(=)
2020-02-06 3(+50%)
3(=)
2020-02-21
20(+567%) 1(n.a.)
2020-02-22
79(+295%) 2(+100%)
2020-02-23
150(+90%) 3(+50%)
2020-02-24
229(+53%) 6(+100%)
2020-02-25
322(+41%) 10(+67%)
2020-02-26
445(+38%) 12(+20%)
2020-02-27
650(+46%) 17(+42%)
2020-02-28
888(+37%) 21(+24%)
2020-02-29
1,128(+27%) 29(+38%)
2020-03-01
1,694(+50%) 34(+17%)
2020-03-02
2,036(+20%) 52(+53%)
2020-03-03
2,502(+23%) 79(+52%)
2020-03-04
3,089(+23%) 107(+35%)
2020-03-05
3,858(+25%) 148(+38%)
2020-03-06
4,636(+20%) 197(+33%)
2020-03-07
5,883(+27%) 233(+18%)
2020-03-08
7,375(+25%) 366(+57%)
2020-03-09
9,172(+24%) 463(+27%)
2020-03-10
10,149(+11%[lower-roman 1]) 631(+36%)
2020-03-11
12,462(+23%[lower-roman 2]) 827(+31%)
2020-03-12
15,113(+21%) 1,016(+23%)
2020-03-13
17,660(+17%) 1,266(+25%)
2020-03-14
21,157(+20%) 1,441(+14%)
2020-03-15
24,747(+17%) 1,809(+26%)
2020-03-16
27,980(+13%[lower-roman 3]) 2,158(+19%)
2020-03-17
31,506(+13%[lower-roman 4]) 2,503(+16%)
2020-03-18
35,713(+13%[lower-roman 5]) 2,978(+19%)
2020-03-19
41,035(+15%) 3,405(+14%)
2020-03-20
47,021(+15%) 4,032(+18%)
2020-03-21
53,578(+14%) 4,825(+20%)
2020-03-22
59,138(+10%) 5,476(+13%)
2020-03-23
63,927(+8.1%) 6,077(+11%)
2020-03-24
69,176(+8.2%) 6,820(+12%)
2020-03-25
74,386(+7.5%) 7,503(+10%)
2020-03-26
80,539(+8.3%[lower-roman 6]) 8,215(+9.5%)
2020-03-27
86,498(+7.4%) 9,134(+11%)
2020-03-28
92,472(+6.9%) 10,023(+9.7%)
2020-03-29
97,689(+5.6%) 10,779(+7.5%)
2020-03-30
101,739(+4.1%) 11,591(+7.5%)
2020-03-31
105,792(+4%) 12,428(+7.2%)
2020-04-01
110,574(+4.5%) 13,155(+5.8%)
2020-04-02
115,242(+4.2%) 13,915(+5.8%)
2020-04-03
119,827(+4%) 14,681(+5.5%)
2020-04-04
124,632(+4%) 15,362(+4.6%)
2020-04-05
128,948(+3.5%) 15,887(+3.4%)
2020-04-06
132,547(+2.8%) 16,523(+4%)
2020-04-07
135,586(+2.3%) 17,127(+3.7%)
2020-04-08
139,422(+2.8%) 17,669(+3.2%)
2020-04-09
143,626(+3%) 18,279(+3.5%)
2020-04-10
147,577(+2.8%) 18,849(+3.1%)
2020-04-11
152,271(+3.2%) 19,468(+3.3%)
2020-04-12
156,363(+2.7%) 19,899(+2.2%)
2020-04-13
159,516(+2%) 20,465(+2.8%)
2020-04-14
162,488(+1.9%) 21,067(+2.9%)
2020-04-15
165,155(+1.6%) 21,645(+2.7%)
2020-04-16
168,941(+2.3%) 22,170(+2.4%)
2020-04-17
172,434(+2.1%) 22,745(+2.6%)
2020-04-18
175,925(+2%) 23,227(+2.1%)
2020-04-19
178,972(+1.7%) 23,660(+1.9%)
2020-04-20
181,228(+1.3%) 24,114(+1.9%)
2020-04-21
183,957(+1.5%) 24,648(+2.2%)
2020-04-22
187,327(+1.8%) 25,085(+1.8%)
2020-04-23
189,973(+1.4%) 25,549(+1.8%)
2020-04-24
192,994(+1.6%) 25,969(+1.6%)
2020-04-25
195,351(+1.2%) 26,384(+1.6%)
2020-04-26
197,675(+1.2%) 26,644(+0.99%)
2020-04-27
199,414(+0.88%) 26,977(+1.2%)
2020-04-28
201,505(+1%) 27,359(+1.4%)
2020-04-29
203,591(+1%) 27,682(+1.2%)
2020-04-30
205,463(+0.92%) 27,967(+1%)
2020-05-01
207,428(+0.96%) 28,236(+0.96%)
2020-05-02
209,328(+0.92%) 28,710(+1.7%)
2020-05-03
210,717(+0.66%) 28,884(+0.61%)
2020-05-04
211,938(+0.58%) 29,079(+0.68%)
2020-05-05
213,013(+0.51%) 29,315(+0.81%)
2020-05-06
214,457(+0.68%) 29,684(+1.3%)
2020-05-07
215,858(+0.65%) 29,958(+0.92%)
2020-05-08
217,185(+0.61%) 30,201(+0.81%)
2020-05-09
218,268(+0.5%) 30,395(+0.64%)
2020-05-10
219,070(+0.37%) 30,560(+0.54%)
2020-05-11
219,814(+0.34%) 30,739(+0.59%)
2020-05-12
221,216(+0.64%) 30,911(+0.56%)
2020-05-13
222,104(+0.4%) 31,106(+0.63%)
2020-05-14
223,096(+0.45%) 31,368(+0.84%)
2020-05-15
223,885(+0.35%) 31,610(+0.77%)
2020-05-16
224,760(+0.39%) 31,763(+0.48%)
2020-05-17
225,435(+0.3%) 31,908(+0.46%)
2020-05-18
225,886(+0.2%) 32,007(+0.31%)
2020-05-19
226,699(+0.36%) 32,169(+0.51%)
2020-05-20
227,364(+0.29%) 32,330(+0.5%)
2020-05-21
228,006(+0.28%) 32,486(+0.48%)
2020-05-22
228,658(+0.29%) 32,616(+0.4%)
2020-05-23
229,327(+0.29%) 32,735(+0.36%)
2020-05-24
229,858(+0.23%) 32,785(+0.15%)
2020-05-25
230,158(+0.13%) 32,877(+0.28%)
2020-05-26
230,555(+0.17%) 32,955(+0.24%)
2020-05-27
231,139(+0.25%) 33,072(+0.36%)
2020-05-28
231,732(+0.26%) 33,142(+0.21%)
2020-05-29
232,248(+0.22%) 33,229(+0.26%)
2020-05-30
232,664(+0.18%) 33,340(+0.33%)
2020-05-31
232,997(+0.14%) 33,415(+0.22%)
2020-06-01
233,197(+0.09%) 33,475(+0.18%)
2020-06-02
233,515(+0.14%) 33,530(+0.16%)
2020-06-03
233,836(+0.14%) 33,601(+0.21%)
2020-06-04
234,013(+0.08%) 33,689(+0.26%)
2020-06-05
234,531(+0.22%) 33,774(+0.25%)
2020-06-06
234,801(+0.12%) 33,846(+0.21%)
2020-06-07
234,998(+0.08%) 33,899(+0.16%)
2020-06-08
235,278(+0.12%) 33,964(+0.19%)
2020-06-09
235,561(+0.12%) 34,043(+0.23%)
2020-06-10
235,763(+0.09%) 34,114(+0.21%)
2020-06-11
236,142(+0.16%) 34,167(+0.16%)
2020-06-12
236,305(+0.07%) 34,223(+0.16%)
2020-06-13
236,651(+0.15%) 34,301(+0.23%)
2020-06-14
236,989(+0.14%) 34,345(+0.13%)
2020-06-15
237,290(+0.13%) 34,371(+0.08%)
2020-06-16
237,500(+0.09%) 34,405(+0.1%)
2020-06-17
237,828(+0.14%) 34,448(+0.12%)
2020-06-18
238,159(+0.14%) 34,514(+0.19%)
2020-06-19
238,011(-0.06%) 34,561(+0.14%)
2020-06-20
238,275(+0.11%) 34,610(+0.14%)
2020-06-21
238,499(+0.09%) 34,643(+0.1%)
2020-06-22
238,720(+0.09%) 34,657(+0.04%)
2020-06-23
238,833(+0.05%) 34,675(+0.05%)
2020-06-24
239,410(+0.24%) 34,644(-0.09%)
2020-06-25
239,706(+0.12%) 34,678(+0.1%)
2020-06-26
239,961(+0.11%) 34,708(+0.09%)
2020-06-27
240,136(+0.07%) 34,716(+0.02%)
2020-06-28
240,310(+0.07%) 34,738(+0.06%)
2020-06-29
240,436(+0.05%) 34,744(+0.02%)
Sources:

Notes:

  1. The data on 2020-03-10 does not include cases from the Lombardy region (approx. 600 cases). This brings the geometric average growth for 2020-03-10 and 2020-03-11 to +17%.
  2. The data on 2020-03-11 does not include cases from Abruzzo.
  3. The data on 2020-03-16 does not include cases from Apulia and the autonomous province of Trento (approx. 150 cases).
  4. The data on 2020-03-17 does not include cases from the province of Rimini.
  5. The data on 2020-03-18 does not include cases from Campania and the province of Parma.
  6. The data on 2020-03-26 on the number of deaths in Piedmont was transcribed with a typo, and afterwards corrected by Piedmont authorities.[25]

First confirmed cases

On 31 January, the first two cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in Rome. A Chinese couple, originally from Wuhan, who had arrived in Italy on 23 January via Milan Malpensa Airport, travelled from the airport to Verona, then to Parma, arriving in Rome on 28 January. The next afternoon, they developed a cough, and by evening the man had a fever; the couple were taken to the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases where they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were hospitalised.[26][1] On 2 February, a team from the same institute composed of scientists Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Francesca Colavita, and Concetta Castilletti isolated the genomic sequence of the virus and uploaded it to GenBank.[27][28]

On 31 January, the Italian government suspended all flights to and from China and declared a state of emergency with the duration of six months. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said Italy was the first EU country to take this kind of precautionary measure.[29] The government also introduced thermal scanners and temperature checks on international passengers arriving at Italian airports.[24]

On 6 February, an Italian repatriated from Wuhan tested positive for COVID-19, bringing the total number of cases in Italy to three.[30]

On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was discharged from the hospital.[31] On 22 and 26 February, the two previously infected Chinese tourists tested negative for COVID-19 at Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute in Rome.[32]

Clusters in northern Italy

Lombardy

The Lombardy outbreak came to light when a 38-year-old Italian tested positive in Codogno, a comune in the province of Lodi. On 14 February, he felt unwell and went to see a doctor in Castiglione d'Adda. He was prescribed treatments for influenza.[33] On 16 February, as the man's condition worsened, he went to Codogno Hospital, reporting respiratory problems.[33] Initially there was no suspicion of COVID-19, so no additional precautionary measures were taken, and the virus was able to infect other patients and health workers.[34] Later, the patient, his pregnant wife and a friend tested positive.[33] On 20 February, three more cases were confirmed after the patients reported symptoms of pneumonia.[35] Thereafter, extensive screenings and checks were performed on everyone that had possibly been in contact with or near the infected subjects.[36] It was subsequently reported that the origin of these cases had a possible connection to the first European local transmission that occurred in Munich, Germany, on 19 January 2020.[37] Doctors in Codogno stated that the 38-year-old patient led an active social life in the weeks before his illness and potentially interacted with dozens of people before spreading the virus at their Hospital.[33][34] Afterward, he was transferred to Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia,[38] and his wife to Sacco Hospital in Milan.[39][40]

Civil Protection volunteers carrying out health checks at Guglielmo Marconi Airport

On 21 February 16 more cases were confirmed – 14 in Lombardy, including the doctor who prescribed treatments to the 38-year-old Codogno man,[33] and two in Veneto. On 22 February, a 77-year-old woman from Casalpusterlengo, who suffered from pneumonia and had visited the same emergency room as the 38-year-old from Codogno, died in Lombardy.[41] Including the 78-year-old man who died in Veneto, the number of cases in Italy rose to 79.[5][42] Of the 76 newly discovered cases, 54 were found in Lombardy, including one patient in San Raffaele Hospital in Milan[43] and eight patients in Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia,[44] 17 in Veneto, two in Emilia-Romagna, two in Lazio and one in Piedmont.[45]

On 23 February, a 68-year-old woman with cancer from Trescore Cremasco died in Crema. The number of cases in Italy rose to 152, including fourteen patients being treated at Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia.[46][47] On 24 February, an 84-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions from Villa di Serio died in Bergamo while hospitalised in the Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital.[48] An 88-year-old man from Caselle Landi, who resided in Codogno, died on the same day.[49][50] An 80-year-old man from Castiglione d’Adda died at the Luigi Sacco Hospital in Milan. He was previously hospitalised in Lodi because of a heart attack, and then transferred to Milan when confirmed as positive.[50][51][52] A 62-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions from Castiglione d'Adda died in Sant'Anna Hospital in Como.[53] Lombardy governor Attilio Fontana announced that the number of cases in Lombardy had risen to 172, with a total of 229 confirmed in Italy.[54][55][56] On 25 February, an 84-year-old man from Nembro, a 91-year-old man from San Fiorano and an 83-year-old woman from Codogno died from complications caused by the infections.[57][58][59]

The number of cases in Emilia-Romagna rose to 23, spreading through the provinces of Piacenza, Parma, Modena and Rimini. These were all linked to the Lombardy cluster.[60][61][62][63][64] A new case linked to the outbreak in Lombardy appeared in Palermo, Sicily, when a 60-year-old woman from Bergamo tested positive and was admitted to Cervello Hospital.[65][66] A 49-year-old man who previously visited Codogno tested positive in Pescia, Tuscany.[67] Officials in Liguria confirmed that a 72-year-old female tourist from Castiglione d'Adda tested positive in Alassio while she was staying in a hotel. The woman was treated at a hospital in Genoa.[68] Later in the day, a second case in Liguria was confirmed, a 54-year-old man who had visited Codogno for work and tested positive in La Spezia.[69][70][71] On 26 February, a 69-year-old man from Lodi with pre-existing medical conditions died in Emilia-Romagna.[72] The mayor of Borgonovo Val Tidone, Pietro Mazzocchi, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and underwent a voluntary isolation at home.[73]

Additional cases involving six minors were identified in Lombardy. A 4-year-old girl from Castiglione d'Adda was admitted to Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, and a 15-year-old was hospitalised in Seriate Hospital in Bergamo. Two 10-year-olds from Cremona and Lodi tested positive and were discharged. A 17-year-old from Valtellina who attended a school in Codogno, and a school friend from Sondrio, also tested positive.[32][72][74] Officials in Apulia confirmed that a 33-year-old man from Taranto, who returned from Codogno on 24 February, tested positive and was admitted to San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital.[75] A close advisor to Lombardy governor Attilio Fontana tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Although Fontana tested negative, he decided to put himself in preventive isolation as well.[76] Officials in Campania confirmed two new cases. A 24-year-old woman from Caserta, who had visited Milan, tested positive. A 25-year-old Ukrainian woman from Cremona, who previously visited Lombardy, tested positive at a hospital in Vallo della Lucania. Both were transferred to Hospital Domenico Cotugno in Naples, where they underwent isolation.[77]

On 26 February, a woman who had returned from Milan in the days before the emergency in Lombardy had started tested positive for the virus in Catania, Sicily.[78] On 27 February, two 88-year-olds and an 80-year-old died in Lombardy.[79] Officials in Abruzzo confirmed that a 50-year-old man from Brianza, Lombardy tested positive and was admitted to the intensive-care unit at Giuseppe Mazzini Hospital at Teramo. He and his family were staying in his holiday home at Roseto degli Abruzzi.[69][80] On 28 February, four people died, including an 85-year-old Lombardy resident in one of the quarantine zones at a hospital in Piacenza, a 77-year-old and two others over the age of 80.[69] As of 1 March 2020, there were 984 confirmed cases and 73 recoveries in Lombardy.[69][81] On 4 March, Emilia-Romagna's regional minister of health, Raffaele Donini, and minister for territories, Barbara Lori, were declared positive for COVID-19.[82] Governor Stefano Bonaccini and the other members of the regional government tested negative.[83]

On 8 March, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte extended the quarantine lockdown to cover the whole region of Lombardy and 14 other northern provinces.[84] On 10 March, Prime Minister Conte increased the quarantine lockdown to cover all of Italy, including travel restrictions and a ban on public gatherings.[85]

On 25 March, the Associated Press dubbed the UEFA Champions League match between Bergamo club Atalanta B.C. and Spanish club Valencia at the San Siro in Milan on 19 February as "Game Zero". The match was the first time Atalanta has progressed to a Champions League round of 16 match, and had an attendance of over 40,000 people – about one third of Bergamo's population. By 24 March, almost 7,000 people in the province of Bergamo had tested positive for COVID-19, and more than 1,000 people had died from the virus – making Bergamo the most hard-hit province in all of Italy during the pandemic.[86]

Veneto

Civil Protection's first aid spot in Padua

A secondary cluster of infections occurred in the region of Veneto, which was initially thought to be the result of a farmer being infected when visiting the primary source in Codogno.[34] The farmer was tested, and the following day, the test was confirmed negative.[87]

On 21 February 2020, two people tested positive in Veneto. The next day, one of them, a 78-year-old man, died at the Schiavonia Hospital in Monselice, making him the first fatality in Italy. The man lived in the municipality of , which was put under quarantine.[88]

On 25 February, a 76-year-old woman with pre-existing medical conditions died in Treviso.[89]

On 26 February, an additional case involving a minor was identified. An 8-year-old girl who lived in Codevigo tested positive.[32][74][90]

On 28 February, Veneto governor Luca Zaia mentioned that after the first two cases, he ordered all 3,300 Vò residents to be tested. Of 6,800 swabs, 1.7% were confirmed positive. This epidemiological study would be used for outbreak investigation by the University of Padua.[91]

As of 28 February, there were 151 confirmed cases in Veneto, with 70 cases in the municipality of Vò, including the two fatalities.[69][91]

By 14 March, no new cases were detected in the municipality of .[92]

Spread to other regions

Paramedics carrying a patient under biocontainment, in Cervia

Cases have emerged in several regions that might not be linked to the Northern Italy clusters.

On 25 February, the first case in Florence, Tuscany involved a 63-year-old entrepreneur with companies in Asia who had returned from the Philippines and Singapore on 6 January. He tested positive and was admitted to Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital.[32][93]

The first case in Rimini involved a 71-year-old man from Cattolica who returned from Romania on 22 February. He tested positive and was admitted to Infermi Hospital.[94][95] A 51-year-old man from Piandimeleto who went to Romania with the man also tested positive and underwent self-quarantine at home.[96] On 26 February, one of the people with whom he had interacted in Romania tested positive.[97]

On 26 February, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health confirmed that a 26-year-old Norwegian man living in Florence tested positive and had been admitted to Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital. He had been staying in Norway for 14 days and had returned to Florence five days before becoming ill.[98][99]

Number of cases (blue) and number of deaths (red) on a logarithmic scale.

The passenger ferry GNV Rhapsody was placed under isolation in the port of Genoa with 58 crew members on board after a passenger tested positive for the virus after having sailed to Tunisia on the ship.[100]

On 7 March, President of Lazio and leader of the Democratic Party, Nicola Zingaretti, tested positive for COVID-19.[101] Ten days before, he was in Milan attending public events.[102][103] The following day, President of Piedmont Alberto Cirio also tested positive.[104]

A US Navy sailor stationed in Naples tested positive on 6 March. Health officials in the US military began "a thorough contact investigation" to determine if any other personnel may have been exposed to the virus.[105]

On 11 March, it was announced that Juventus and national team footballer Daniele Rugani had tested positive for COVID-19.[106]

GIMBE (Italy's Group for Evidence-based Medicine), in a report from 18 March, analysed data from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità and found that healthcare workers represented over 8% of all detected coronavirus cases.[107]

On 26 March 2020, Italica Grondona became the world's oldest person to recover successfully from the coronavirus at the age of 102.[108][109] She was successfully recovered from the coronavirus after being tested positive with mild symptoms and was hospitalised in Genoa on 9 March for 20 days.[110]

On 22 March, it was announced that Juventus forward Paulo Dybala and former Italy national team captain Paolo Maldini had tested positive for COVID-19.[111]

Under national lockdown

An exhausted anesthesiologist physician, in Pesaro's hospital, March 2020

Starting on 8 March, the region of Lombardy together with 14 additional northern and central provinces in Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, and Marche, were put under lockdown.[112] Two days later, the government extended the lockdown measures to the whole country.[113]

Two weeks later, the number of new cases per day started to show signs of slowing down, while the number of new deaths rose slightly.[114] On 31 March, the president of the Italian National Institute of Health, Silvio Brusaferro, announced that the pandemic had reached its peak in the country.[115] The news was confirmed also by the head of the Civil Protection, Angelo Borrelli.[116]

Three weeks into the lockdown, its effects began to show. Italy reported declines in the number of new cases and of new deaths per day. The country also saw a steady decrease in the occupancy of intensive care units.[117] On 5 April, Italy had the lowest number of new daily deaths in two and a half weeks,[118] and one day later the lowest number of new daily cases in three weeks.[119] On 20 April 2020, Italy saw the first fall in the number of active cases.[120]

Management

First measures

On 31 January 2020, the Italian Council of Ministers appointed Angelo Borrelli, head of the Civil Protection, as Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 emergency.[121][122]

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 outbreak in the Civil Protection situation room on 23 February. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and Health Minister Roberto Speranza are in the foreground, from behind

On 22 February, the government announced a new decree imposing the quarantine of more than 50,000 people from 11 municipalities in Northern Italy. The quarantine zones are called the Red Zones and the areas in Lombardy and Veneto outside of them are called the Yellow Zones.[123] Penalties for violations range from a €206 fine to three months of imprisonment.[124] The Italian military and law enforcement agencies were instructed to secure and implement the lockdown.[125]

Schools were closed in ten municipalities in Lombardy, one in Veneto and one in Emilia Romagna. All public events were cancelled and some commercial activities were halted or were allowed to resume only until 6 pm.[126][127] All religious services were cancelled.[128] Regional train services to the most affected areas were suspended, with trains skipping stops at Codogno, Maleo and Casalpusterlengo stations.[129][130]

People with symptoms were advised to call the 112 emergency number, instead of going directly to hospitals, in an effort to limit the disease's spread.[131] The Ministry of Health provided a website and a direct line (1500) from which people could obtain the latest updates and information, as well as report suspected cases.[132]

Educational trips to destinations in Italy and abroad were suspended. Universities in Lombardy, Veneto, Trentino Alto-Adige, Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna suspended all activities from 23 February until 1 March.[133][134][135][136][137][138]

On 22 February 2020, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte suspended all sporting events in the regions of Lombardy and Veneto, which included three Serie A football matches in those regions, as well as one in Piedmont, that were to be played the following day.[139][140][141] The following week, six Serie A matches were initially to be played behind closed doors, but all were later suspended,[142][143][144] as were two Coppa Italia matches.[145][146]

Authorities in Veneto cancelled the last two days of the Carnival of Venice.[147] Authorities in Piedmont cancelled the last three days of the Carnival of Ivrea.[148]

La Scala, Duomo di Milano and Piccolo Teatro in Milan, as well as Basilica Di San Marco in Venice, were closed until further notice.[149][150][151] A Giorgio Armani fashion show, which was scheduled on Sunday, the last day of Milan Fashion Week 2020, went ahead without any media or buyers present; it was instead streamed live online.[152][153]

In addition to the emergency phone numbers 112 and 118, new dedicated numbers were added for the different regions – Lombardy 800894545, Campania 800909699, Veneto 800462340, Piedmont 800333444 and Emilia-Romagna 800033033.[154][155][156][157] The Ocean Viking, a rescue ship operated by MSF and SOS Mediteranee that was carrying almost 300 migrants, was quarantined for 14 days in Pozzallo, Sicily.[158] Trenitalia and Italo, the major providers for Italy's high-speed trains, ordered the installation of hand-sanitiser dispensers on all trains as well as the distribution of masks, disposable gloves and disinfectants to all onboard staff members.[159]

Empty shelves at the Esselunga supermarket in Bergamo, 26 February 2020

Supermarkets in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna were emptied by customers as residents stockpiled food and supplies.[160][161][162] Streets, parks and train stations in multiple cities in Lombardy were left deserted.[163][164]

On 24 February 500 additional police officers were assigned to patrol the quarantined areas in Lodi and Veneto.[165] Additional toll-free numbers were added for other regions — Valle D'Aosta 800122121, Trentino Alto Adige 800751751, Friuli Venezia Giulia 800500300, Toscana 800556060, Umbria 800636363, Marche 800936677 and Lazio 800118800.[157]

The governor of Basilicata, Vito Bardi, instituted a mandatory 14-day quarantine for people arriving from areas in Northern Italy affected by the outbreak.[165] The Ministry of Health announced that it had engaged 31 laboratories in Italy to carry out the analysis of swabs from suspected COVID-19 cases.[166] Minister Roberto Speranza appointed Walter Ricciardi, a member of World Health Organization's executive committee and former president of Italian National Institute of Health, as a special adviser for relations between Italy and international health organisations.[167] Filming of Mission: Impossible 7 starring Tom Cruise in Venice was halted.[168]

Major companies such as IBM, Enel, Luxottica, PwC and Vodafone continued to allow employees to work from home. Generali Tower in Milan and Palazzo Madama in Rome installed thermal scanners to measure temperatures of visitors and employees.[169][170] FAO Headquarters in Rome conducted temperature checks on visitors entering the building.[171]

Multiple regions in Italy such as Liguria, Trentino Alto Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Abruzzo and Marche decided to close all schools and universities for two days to a week. Court proceedings were postponed until further notice.[156]

Starting from the 9th week of the year, ICU cases related to COVID-19 started to appear in the hospitals. Their spike showed a different behaviour than the cases of seasonal flu.[172][173]

The FTSE MIB Index fell by 6% and other stock market indices across Europe were also affected.[174] Over 300,000 calls per day were logged on Lombardy's toll-free line as well as the emergency number 112.[175] Some of the residents inside the Red Zone managed to leave the quarantined areas daily, bypassing the checkpoints by going through back roads.[176][177]

On 25 February, Aviano Air Base closed all schools until 28 February.[69] General Tod D. Walters issued a travel ban covering the areas of Italy affected by the outbreak for US service members and their families.[178] Driver's licence exams were suspended in Lombardy and Veneto.[179] The number of checkpoints in the Red Zones was increased from 15 to 35, and army personnel were sent to help staff the checkpoints.[180]

The Italian Basketball Federation suspended all of its championship games, including Lega Basket Serie A.[181]

Istituto Tecnico Economico Enrico Tosi in Varese, Istituto Comprensivo di Pianoro in Bologna and Liceo Attilio Bertolucci in Parma conducted lessons for students online while waiting for the schools to reopen.[182][183][184] The University of Palermo suspended all activities until 9 March.[185]

Morgan Stanley, Barclays, Mediobanca and UniCredit requested their Milan staff to work from home.[186]

Multiple fairs and exhibitions were rescheduled. Salone del Mobile was postponed to 16 to 21 June.[187] Bologna Children's Book Fair was rescheduled to 4 to 7 May.[188] Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna, a cosmetic fair, was rescheduled to 11 to 15 June.[189] Expocasa, a furniture fair in Turin, was rescheduled initially to 28 March to 5 April but later to future date to be announced later.[190][191] Roma Motodays was postponed to 17 to 19 April.[192]

Italy opened a probe into skyrocketing online prices for masks and sanitising gels. Police issued warnings that criminals were using false identities and posing as health inspectors to gain access to people's homes to steal money, jewellery and other valuables.[193]

On 26 February, Director of the Italian National Institute of Health Franco Locatelli announced that swabbing would only be performed on symptomatic patients, as 95% of the swabs previously tested were negative.[194]

The Italian Minister of University and Research, Gaetano Manfredi, announced that online lessons would be delivered to students in areas affected by the outbreak starting on 2 March.[195] Palermo and Naples closed all schools until 29 February.[196][197] The University of Basilicata installed a thermal scanner and continued all teaching activities as per normal.[198] The University of Bari suspended all medical- and health-related internships for medical and healthcare students.[199] Politecnico di Milano conducted thesis mentoring for more than one thousand students graduating the following week using Skype.[200]

The Italian Winter Sports Federation decided to proceed with the Women's World Cup alpine skiing races at La Thuile, Aosta Valley on 29 February.[201] The MIDO Milan Eyewear Show was rescheduled to 5 to 7 July.[202]

On 27 February, Taranto, Apulia closed all schools until 29 February.[203] Multiple schools were closed in Roseto degli Abruzzi.[204] D'Annunzio University suspended all activities until 29 February.[205] Cartoocomics Fair in Milan was rescheduled to 2 to 4 October.[206] The Winter Rescue Race in Piedmont was cancelled.[207] University of Bologna planned to set up a remote teaching project in which exams and lessons would be delivered to students online, to be partially completed on 2 March.[208] Messina closed all schools from 29 February to 3 March.[209]

On 28 February, during an interview with Rai News24, Professor Massimo Galli from the Luigi Sacco Hospital in Milan suggested that the majority of newly recorded cases were pre-existing cases that were finally detected during the extensive tests performed on people (and their relatives) who had come in contact with confirmed patients.[210] The rapid increase of positive cases was the result of the blanket testing approach that was deployed following the first confirmed case in Codogno.[211]

The Ministry of Health announced new guidelines for reporting cases. It would no longer report asymptomatic cases (positive swabs taken from patients who were not showing symptoms), which had counted as 40 to 50% of all reported cases at the time. These people would undergo isolation at home and would be followed up with new tests until they were negative.[212][213] Universities in Lombardy extended their closure until 7 March.[69]

Nationwide measures

On 1 March, the Council of Ministers approved a decree to organise the containment of the outbreak. In the decree, the Italian national territory was divided into three areas:[214]

The number of new cases and deaths per day in Italy from Covid-19 showing the effects of lockdown and lifting
  • A red zone (composed of the municipalities of Bertonico, Casalpusterlengo, Castelgerundo, Castiglione D'Adda, Codogno, Fombio, Maleo, San Fiorano, Somaglia and Terranova dei Passerini in Lombardy, and the municipality of Vò in Veneto), where the whole population is in quarantine.
  • A yellow zone (composed of the regions of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna), where social and sport events are suspended and schools, theatres, clubs and cinemas are closed.
  • The rest of the national territory, where safety and prevention measures are advertised in public places and special sanitisations are performed on means of public transport.

On 4 March, the Italian government imposed the shutdown of all schools and universities nationwide for two weeks as the country reached 100 deaths from the outbreak.[215][216] The same day, the government ruled that all sporting events in Italy would be played behind closed doors until 3 April.[217]

On 5 March, when the newly appointed Emilia-Romagna regional minister of health, Raffale Donini, tested positive for COVID-19, Governor Stefano Bonaccini appointed Sergio Venturi as commissioner for the emergency. Venturi was the regional minister of health until February 2020.[218]

Montage of notices on shops in Bologna declaring their temporary closure, or requiring people to stay at least one metre apart

In the night between 7 and 8 March, the government approved a decree to lock down Lombardy and 14 other provinces in Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont and Marche, involving more than 16 million people.[112] The decree "absolutely avoided any movement into and out of the areas" and, like the previous one, it provided sanctions of up to three months in prison for those who violated the lockdown.[219] It was possible to move into and out of the areas only for emergencies or "proven working needs", which must be authorised by the prefect.[220] The decree also established the closure of all gyms, swimming pools, spas and wellness centres. Shopping centres had to be closed on weekends, while other commercial activities could remain open if a distance of one metre between customers could be guaranteed.[221] The decree imposed the closure of museums, cultural centres and ski resorts in the lockdown areas and the closure of cinemas, theatres, pubs, dance schools, game rooms, betting rooms and bingo halls, discos and similar places in the entire country.[222] Civil and religious ceremonies, including funeral ceremonies, were suspended. All organised events were also suspended, as well as events in public or private places, including those of a cultural, recreational, sporting and religious nature, even if held in closed places.[223] This measure was described as the largest lockdown in the history of Europe,[224][225] as well as the most aggressive response taken in any region beyond China, and paralysed the wealthiest parts of the country as Italy attempted to constrain the rapid spread of the disease.[226][227]

Riots broke out in many penitentiaries throughout Italy after restrictions on conjugal visits were imposed by the government in 8 March decree.[228] Nine prisoners died in Modena and three in Rieti,[229][230] while 76 detainees escaped from Foggia's penitentiary.[231][232][233] Two prison agents were assaulted and kidnapped in Pavia.[234] On 9 March in Bologna, detainees took control of the Dozza penitentiary, forcing personnel to exit the building.[235] On 11 March, two prisoners were found dead in Bologna's penitentiary.[236] In total, fourteen prisoners died in the whole country.[237]

On 9 March, the government announced that all sporting events in Italy would be cancelled until at least 3 April, but the ban does not include Italian clubs or national teams participating in international competitions.[238] In the evening, Conte announced in a press conference that all measures previously applied only in the so-called "red zones" had been extended to the whole country, putting approximately 60 million people in lockdown. Conte later proceeded to officially sign the new executive decree.[113][239]

Queue in front of a supermarket after the introduction of social distancing rules

On 11 March, the government allocated 25 billion euros for the emergency.[240] In the evening, Conte announced a tightening of the lockdown, with all commercial and retail businesses except those providing essential services, like grocery shops and pharmacies, closed down.[12][11][241] He also appointed Domenico Arcuri as Delegated Commissioner for the Emergency. Arcuri will cooperate with Commissioner Angelo Borrelli with the aim of strengthening the distribution of intensive care equipment.[242]

On 19 March, the Army was deployed to the city of Bergamo, the worst hit Italian city by the coronavirus, as the local authorities can no longer process the number of dead residents. The city's mayor Giorgio Gori said the true number of dead could be much higher than reported.[243] Army trucks transported bodies to crematoriums in several other cities, as cemeteries in the city were full.[244] On the following day, the Army was called in to assist the police forces in enforcing the lockdown.[245]

On 20 March, the Ministry of Health ordered tighter regulations on free movement. The new measures banned open-air sports and running, except individually and in close proximity of one's residence. Parks, playgrounds and public green were closed down. Furthermore, movement across the country was further restricted, by banning "any movement towards a residence different from the main one", including holiday homes, during weekends and holidays.[246]

On 21 March, Conte announced further restrictions within the nationwide lockdown, by halting all non-essential production, industries and businesses in Italy, following the rise in the number of new cases and deaths in the previous days.[247] This measure had also been strongly asked for by multiple institutions, including trade unions, mayors, and regional presidents, as well as medical professionals, but was initially opposed by the industrialists.[248][249][250][251][252][253]

On 24 March, in a live-streamed press conference, Conte announced a new decree approved by the Council of Ministers. The decree imposed higher fines for the violation of the restrictive measures, and a regulation of the relationship between government and Parliament during the emergency. It included also the possibility of reducing or suspending public and private transport, and gave the regional governments power to impose additional restrictive regulations in their Regions for a maximum of seven days before being confirmed by national decree.[254][255]

On 1 April, the government extended the period of lockdown until 13 April, with health minister Speranza saying that the restrictive measures had begun to yield the first positive results.[256]

On 6 April, the government announced a new economic stimulus plan, consisting of €200 billion of state-guaranteed loans to companies and additional €200 billion of guarantees to support exports.[257]

On 7 April, after more than a month of suspension, the Italian Basketball Federation officially ended the 2019–20 LBA season, without assigning the title.[258]

On 8 April, a government's decree closed all Italian ports until 31 July, stating that they do not ensure the necessary requirements for the classification and definition of "safe place", established by the Hamburg Rules on maritime search and rescue."[259]

On 10 April, Conte announced the prolongation of the lockdown until 3 May, as well as the reopening of some businesses like bookshops and forestry.[260]

On 26 April, the Prime Minister announced a starter plan for the so-called "phase 2", that would start from 4 May. Movements across regions would still be forbidden, while the ones between municipalities would be allowed only for work and health reasons, as well as for visits to relatives. The plan allowed the re-opening of manufacturing industries and construction sites, however schools, bars, restaurants and hairdressers would stay closed.[261][262]

On 13 May, Education Minister Lucia Azzolina announced schools would remain closed until September.[263]

On 16 May, Conte announced the government plan for the easing of restrictions. Starting from 18 May most businesses could reopen, and free movement was granted to all citizens within their Region; movement across Regions was still banned for non-essential motives. Furthermore, on 25 May swimming pools and gyms could also reopen, and on 15 June theatres and cinemas.[264]

Local measures

On 15 March, President of Campania Vincenzo De Luca imposed a strict quarantine on Ariano Irpino, in the province of Avellino, and four other municipalities in the province of Salerno, Atena Lucana, Caggiano, Polla, and Sala Consilina.[265]

On 16 March, President of Emilia-Romagna Stefano Bonaccini imposed a strengthened quarantine on the municipality of Medicina, near Bologna, since it had developed an intense outbreak. People were not allowed to enter or exit the town for any reason.[266]

In early April, Lombardy and Tuscany made it compulsory for all residents to wear a face mask when leaving their home.[267]

Screening and testing policies

The strategy of mass-testing asymptomatic carriers was proven to be successful in stopping the spread of the virus in one Italian town.[268][269][270] This strategy in Italy was supported by the region of Veneto.[271]

Lockdown areas

On 22 February, the government established a lockdown for eleven municipalities in Lombardy and Veneto.[272]

Map of the ten Lombard municipalities under lockdown since 22 February
Municipalities under quarantine, 22 February[273]
Comune Province Region Population
Bertonico Lodi Lombardy 1,118
Casalpusterlengo Lodi Lombardy 15,293
Castelgerundo Lodi Lombardy 1,498
Castiglione d’Adda Lodi Lombardy 4,646
Codogno Lodi Lombardy 15,907
Fombio Lodi Lombardy 2,317
Maleo Lodi Lombardy 3,098
San Fiorano Lodi Lombardy 1,839
Somaglia Lodi Lombardy 3,837
Terranova Lodi Lombardy 927
Padua Veneto 3,305
Quarantine total 53,785

On 7 March, the government prepared to extend until 3 April the restricted zone to all of Lombardy, plus fourteen other provinces in Veneto (3), Emilia-Romagna (5), Marche (1) and Piedmont (5).[274] The lockdown affects over 16 million people, roughly a quarter of Italy's total population, and prevents people from entering or leaving the zone, except "for proven occupational needs or situations of need or for health reasons",[275] under threat of fines.[276] The enclave nation of San Marino, which is nestled between two of the provinces, has been effectively locked down as well.[277]

Provinces under quarantine since 8 March
Provinces under quarantine, 8 March[278]
Province Region Population
Alessandria Piedmont 420,017
Asti Piedmont 214,342
Bergamo Lombardy 1,115,536
Brescia Lombardy 1,265,954
Como Lombardy 599,204
Cremona Lombardy 358,955
Lecco Lombardy 337,380
Lodi Lombardy 230,198
Mantua Lombardy 411,958
Milan Lombardy 3,263,206
Modena Emilia-Romagna 705,422
Monza and Brianza Lombardy 875,769
Novara Piedmont 368,607
Padua Veneto 938,957
Parma Emilia-Romagna 452,022
Pavia Lombardy 545,888
Pesaro and Urbino Marche 358,886
Piacenza Emilia-Romagna 287,152
Reggio Emilia Emilia-Romagna 531,891
Rimini Emilia-Romagna 339,437
Sondrio Lombardy 180,811
Treviso Veneto 888,293
Varese Lombardy 890,768
Venice Veneto 857,841
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Piedmont 157,844
Vercelli Piedmont 170,298
Quarantine total 16,466,636

On 9 March, Prime Minister Conte announced that the lockdown would be extended to the entire country.[9]

Reactions abroad

Travel restrictions

Restrictions to travel from Italy, as of 31 March 2020
  Italy
  Entrance refused to people from Italy
  Enforced quarantine for people arriving from Italy

On 23 February 2020, Austria suspended all trains to and from Italy for a few hours because of suspected cases.[69][279] Romania instituted a quarantine for people arriving from Lombardy and Veneto.[280]

On 24 February, an Alitalia flight from Rome to Mauritius was blocked at the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport by the local authorities, who imposed quarantine or repatriation for 212 Italian passengers.[281] Of the 212 passengers, 172 were allowed to disembark while 40 passengers from Lombardy and Veneto decided to go back to Italy.[282] An intercity bus operated by Flixbus from Milan to Lyon was quarantined at Gare de Lyon-Perrache station so that its passengers could undergo health checks.[283]

Brazil added Italy to its COVID-19 alert list, meaning that passengers entering Brazil from Italy showing flu symptoms would undergo medical checkups.[284] Argentina, France, Croatia, Egypt, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Serbia and South Africa issued multiple recommendations that included postponement of school trips to Italy, a 14-day quarantine for people arriving from Lombardy and Veneto and a warning for all citizens to not to travel to regions of Italy affected by the outbreak.[285][286][287][288][289][290] A joint WHO and ECDC mission arrived in Italy to support COVID-19 control and prevention efforts.[291] Following the discovery of a case involving an Italian citizen, the H10 Costa Adeje Palace in Tenerife was put on lockdown.[292]

The European Parliament's Director General for Personnel, Kristian Knudsen, requested that staff who had travelled to areas affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, including parts of Italy, China, Singapore and South Korea, to self-quarantine and work from home for 14 days.[293][294]

On 25 February, the United Kingdom and Malta recommended that travellers coming from Italy self-quarantine for 14 days and for all citizens not to travel to regions of Italy affected by the outbreak.[69][295][296] Malta installed thermal-scanning devices to monitor passengers arriving via Malta International Airport, as well as passengers disembarking from vessels at the Grand Harbour and the Virtu Ferries catamaran terminal in Marsa, which had direct connections to Pozzalo and Catania in Sicily.[297] Prague International Airport introduced special arrival gates for selective screening of passengers arriving on flights from Italy.[298][299] Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan and Seychelles suspended all flights to and from Italy.[300][301][302] Bulgaria suspended all flights to and from Milan until 27 March. Australia, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands and the United States issued a travel advisory for all citizens not to travel to parts of Italy affected by the outbreak.[300][303]

Two intercity buses operated by Flixbus, one travelling from Lyon to Rijeka via Turin, the other travelling from Turin to Zagreb, were stopped at the Croatian border for a few hours as the passengers underwent health checks.[69]

Goldman Sachs, Deloitte, Citigroup Inc, Credit Suisse, Lazard, Credit Agricole, Nomura, Banque Populaire and BNP Paribas requested that staff who had recently returned from Italy to work from home for at least 14 days and deferred non-essential travel to Italy.[186][304]

On 26 February, the European Parliament postponed internships until 1 October for 35 trainees who declared residence addresses in areas affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, including Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto.[305] Six American universities — Elon University, Fairfield University, Florida International University, New York University, Stanford University and Syracuse University — postponed or cancelled their study-abroad programmes in Italy, mainly in Florence.[306][307]

Russia, Spain and Turkey issued a recommendation for all citizens not to travel to regions of Italy affected by the outbreak.[32][308] El Salvador barred the entry of travellers arriving from Italy.[309]

The chief executive of the Irish Rugby Football Union, Philip Browne, cancelled Six Nations Championship rugby matches between Ireland and Italy from 6 to 8 March in Dublin.[310]

On 27 February, Israel barred entry to foreign nationals travelling from Italy. Officials at Ramon Airport refused to let 25 foreign nationals arriving on a Ryanair flight from Bergamo to disembark. Israeli passengers were allowed to enter the country and were quarantined at home for 14 days.[311][312][313] After being denied permission to dock in Ocho Rios, Jamaica and George Town, Cayman Islands on 26 February, the MSC Meraviglia, operated by MSC Cruises, was finally able to dock in Cozumel, Mexico. The cruise liner was carrying 4,500 passengers and 1,600 crew members, one of whom was reportedly showing flu-like symptoms.[314][315][316][317] Another Italian cruise liner, the Costa Favolosa, which was denied permission to dock at Tortola, British Virgin Islands on 26 February, was finally able to berth in Sint Maarten.[318][319] The final two stages of the UAE Tour were cancelled after two Italian staff members of one of the teams tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Following this discovery, the W Abu Dhabi and the Crowne Plaza Abu Dhabi, both on Yas Island, were put on lockdown.[320]

On 28 February, Germany enacted new health security measures to include regulations for air and sea travel, requiring passengers from multiple countries, including Italy, to report their health status before entry. Train railway companies must report passengers with symptoms to authorities and the federal police would step up checks within 30 kilometres of the border.[321]

On 29 February, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention upgraded the status of Italy to Level 3 (guidance to avoid non-essential travel because of widespread community transmission).[322] Multiple companies such as Amazon, Google, TD Bank Group, Bank of Nova Scotia, London Stock Exchange Group and Cargill, Inc. deferred all non-essential travel to countries affected by major virus outbreak, including Italy.[323] The University of Notre Dame ended its Rome Global Gateway programme and evacuated 106 students from Rome.[324]

On 3 March, India suspended all visas to nationals of Italy, as well as visa to foreign nationals who have travelled to Italy on or after 1 February 2020. Passengers arriving directly or indirectly from Italy must undergo medical screening at port of entry.[325]

On 4 March, Thailand declared that people travelling from Italy must be quarantined for 14 days after arriving, with no exceptions.[326]

On 8 March, Romania declared that people travelling from Italy must be quarantined for 14 days after arriving on a connecting flight or by road, with no exceptions, and suspended flights from Italy from 9 to 23 March.[327]

On 10 March, Slovenia barred entry to foreign nationals travelling from Italy.[328] On same day also Austria barred entry to foreign nationals travelling from Italy with exception for people with medical documents and people who travel only through Austria to Germany without stop in Austria.[329]

On 18 March, Nigeria placed an indefinite suspension on all flights coming from Italy with immediate effect.[330]

Export restrictions and aid received

Samaritan's Purse aeroplane with medical aids at the Verona Villafranca Airport

The Italian government asked for medical equipment from the European Union mechanism of civil protection, and on 11 March complained about the slow response of the other European countries.[331] The Italian Permanent Representative to the European Union, Maurizio Massari, wrote: "unfortunately, not a single EU country responded to the Commission’s call."[332][333] Eventually, Germany, France and Austria donated millions of protective masks to Italy, however aid arrived from non-EU countries like China, Russia and Cuba before it arrived from any other EU country.[334][335][336]

The lack of masks became an issue during the peak of the emergency, partly because of the requisitions of imported goods bought by Italy in transport hubs in other countries such as Poland[337] and Turkey.[338][339] Masks were confiscated by mistake in Czechia. It was happen during a raid against Chinese reseller Zhou Lingjian.[340]

Since early March, the German government restricted the export of products essential to its national health service. Italian distributors were advised they could not be supplied with surgical gowns, protective masks, glasses, particulate respirators, nor visors.[341][342] France also imposed similar export restrictions and the German health minister Jens Spahn defended Germany's decision.[343] On 12 March, the German ministry issued a decree suspending the export restriction in particular emergency cases, and promised to send one million protective masks to Italy.[344]

On 13 March, a team of nine Chinese experts, among whom there was the manager of the 40,000 Chinese doctors who had been sent to Wuhan and a leading cardio-pulmonary reanimation doctor, arrived in Rome to share their expertise. The Chinese Red Cross brought 31 tons of respiratory devices, electrocardiographs, 40 ventilators, tens of thousands of masks, and other medical equipment supplied by the hospital of the School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University.[345][346][347] While the head of the Italian Red Cross, Francesco Rocca said these medical supplies were donated by the Chinese Red Cross, other sources claimed that these were paid products and services.[348][349] Chinese billionaire and Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma also donated 500,000 masks and other medical supplies, which landed at Liege Airport in Belgium on 13 March and were then sent to Italy.[347][350]

On 17 March, Undersecretary at the Ministry of Health, Sandra Zampa announced the purchase of many new ventilators as well as the importing of one and a half million masks from South Africa.[351]

The Agnelli family donated €10 million to the Government's coronavirus funds. The family's companies Fiat and Ferrari also brought 150 ventilators and offered to help make new ventilator units, in addition to providing a fleet of vehicles to be used to distribute food and medical supplies to the elderly.[352][353]

On 21 March, the Cuban government sent 52 medical staff (35 doctors and 17 nurses) specialised in infectious diseases who had dealt with the Ebola outbreak. They arrived in Milan on 22 March and entered service in Cremona on 24 March.[354][355]

Albanian physicians arrived in Fiumicino Airport, April 2020

On 21 March, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that the United States Air Force "sent a C-130 filled with medical supplies to Italy".[335] On 30 March, US President Donald Trump said that the US was to send $100 million worth of medical and hospital supplies to Italy.[356]

After a phone call with Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send medical help to Italy.[357] On 22 March 2020, Russia sent nine military transport planes with eight mobile brigades of military medics, a team of about one hundred military virologists and epidemiologists, special disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment and pharmaceuticals to Italy. The fuselage of the plane also carried a message for the nation, which read: "From Russia with Love".[358]

The US-based evangelical group Samaritan's Purse opened a coronavirus field hospital in the parking lot of Cremona hospital.[359]

On 24 March, Germany took in six coronavirus patients from the Bergamo hospital to be treated in Saxony.[360] Later the same week, the German health minister said that Germany would take in a total of at least 47 Italian patients.[361] On 25 March, a C-130 from Ramstein Air Base in Germany delivered humanitarian supplies to Aviano Air Base.[362]

Somalia sent twenty volunteer doctors to Italy to help fight COVID-19.[363] Albania also sent a group of thirty medical staff members to Lombardy.[364] Serbia sent four planes carrying medical equipment to Italy.[365]

Impact

Healthcare

The pandemic outbreak heightened the pressure on the Italian healthcare system.[366]

On 9 March, Alessia Bonari, a nurse from Grosseto who worked at an hospital in Milan, posted on Instagram stating that she was physically strained from being overworked and was scared to work after treating over 10,000 patients who have tested positive. Bonari and her co-workers had been extremely exhausted due to the pressures of work, and according to her, health caretakers had been working in uncomfortable conditions. The post, which reached global notoriety, contained a photo of her bruised face from wearing unfit masks and hazmat goggles, and stated that "the protective devices are bad." She concluded her post persuading others "to be selfless, to stay at home and thus protect those who are most fragile."[367][368][369]

An intensive care nurse, showing her bruised face during the peak of the pandemics, in Pesaro

On 17 March, undersecretary at the Ministry of Health Sandra Zampa announced the purchase of many new ventilators as well as the importing of one and a half million masks from South Africa.[351]

In order to deal with the numbers of COVID-19 patients, intensive care units were expanded, and new hospitals were created, especially in Lombardy.[370][371][372] In Emilia-Romagna, professor Marco Ranieri developed a method to double the efficiency of ventilators in ICUs.[373] The lack of a single protocol for hospitals was considered to be a problem.[374]

Due to hospitals overcrowding with coronavirus patients, thousands of cancer patients experienced difficulties in getting access to treatment and transplants, with their lives put at even higher risk. Dozens of cancer hospital sections were indeed wither dedicated to host coronavirus wards, or closed after personnel got infected.[375] According to a study, cancer patients represented 17% of coronavirus fatalities in Italy.[376]

A letter published on the New England Journal of Medicine Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery claimed that one of the reasons for the high death count in the area of Bergamo was hospital contamination.[377] Progressively, different hospitals became dedicated to COVID-19 patients only, and more rigid separations were set up between hospital sections and triage structures.[378][379][380][381] In some regions, hotels were used to host healthcare workers or patients,[382][383] and in Liguria a ship was adapted to host people in quarantine.[384] On 1 April, the first Italian drive-through testing facilities opened in Alessandria[385] and in north-western Tuscany.[386]

At least ten different clinical trials were ongoing in Italian hospitals at the beginning of April.[387] The supercomputer of ENEA in Portici was used to run advanced simulations related to other possible drugs.[388] Some of the treatments employed for COVID-19 patients involved the administration of antiviral drugs. Remdesivir was tested with promising initial results in Naples.[389] Despite doubts from the scientific community, Avigan (favipiravir) was also included in testing protocols by Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) even though it was not authorised in Europe.[387][390][391] Similarly to France, hydroxychloroquine (the less toxic version of the malaria drug chloroquine) was also tested:[387][392] in Lazio, its use was reported by the second week of April on a significant fraction of the roughly a thousand COVID-19 patients confined at home.[393] Plasma treatment already tried in China (transfer of antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients to sick people) was tested at the hospital of Pavia (and later in Mantua) under the supervision of professor Cesare Perotti;[394] the first two donors involved in the research programme were a married couple, both doctors and among the first COVID-19 patients reported in the province.[395][396] The final results publshed in May showed a reduction in mortality.[397] In the beginning of April, based on the results of autopsies showing the presence of micro-thrombosis in the lungs of COVID-19 patients, doctors in Tuscany and other areas of northern Italy started to use heparin to reduce the risk of blood clotting;[398][399][400] the news was originally circulating on social media from internal chats of healthcare workers and considered a hoax by virologist Roberto Burioni,[401][402] but protocols including low-molecular-weight heparin were formally submitted as a treatment proposal to AIFA.[398] A programme involving 14 research centres was approved on 13 April.[403][404]

Nurses of the coronavirus task force to support health structures in Northern Italy

The workforce of the healthcare system underwent massive reorganisation. Pediatricians were assigned to adult patients and as a result, their insurance coverage had to be adapted.[405] Retired professionals were asked to go back to work to fill the vacancies, despite the high risk for their age group.[406][407][408] At the peak of the pandemics volunteers from the rest of the country were sent to hospitals in critical areas of northern and central Italy.[409][410]

Healthcare workers were also affected by coronavirus infections, with a higher percentage of the infected healthcare workers being women because of their predominance among nurses.[411] This resulted in death in a considerable amount of cases, especially amongst general practitioners.[411][412][413] By the end of March, more than 60 doctors in Italy had died with COVID-19,[414] and the figure increased to 80 by 4 April[415] and later 145 by 22 April.[416] Healthcare personnel were also subject to high levels of stress,[417] and the risk of professional burn-out was considered high, particularly across nurses and in more affected areas.[418] Two suicides, one of a nurse in Jesolo and one of a nurse in Monza, were assumed to be related to psychological pressure.[419][420]

The emergency was an occasion to test or develop new protocols based on digital technologies. With the aim of reducing consumption of protective equipment, robots were introduced in hospitals in Varese,[421] and remote diagnostics were introduced to monitor home care patients in Lodi.[422] To facilitate home calls from patients, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa (IIT) and Istituto di robotica e macchine intelligenti (I-RIM) designed a robot for video calls that could be assembled by hospital personnel[423][424] and that was tested at the end of April in Pisa, Massa-Carrara and Induno Olona.[425] The Policlinico Universitario in Rome tested AI software for fast analysis of chest X-rays.[426]

Economy

Sets of personal protective equipment in a Civil Protection hub, ready to be distributed to the regions

The pandemic provoked large economic damage to the Italian economy. The sectors of tourism, accommodation and food services were among the hardest hit by foreign countries' limitations to travel to Italy, and by the nationwide lockdown imposed by the government on 8 March.[427] By April, finance minister Roberto Gualtieri predicted a 6% GDP decline for 2020.[428]

On 12 March, the Italian stock market was among the worst hit during Black Thursday, when the FTSE MIB index lost 17% of its value in one day.[429]

Multiple factories, like Fiat Chrysler, halted production in some of their plants.[430] On 21 March, the government issued the shutdown of all non-essential businesses, industries, and economic activities.[431]

The Economist predicts a 7% GDP decline for Italy in 2020.[432] Economist Alberto Bisin forecast that Italy's debt-to-GDP ratio would rise from 130% to 180% by the end of the year, due to borrowing and losses.[433] Multiple economists believe that Italy will struggle to pay back its debt.[433][428]

Although the virus has hit northern Italy hardest, economically deprived areas of southern Italy are suffering the most from the lockdown. Many residents of those areas work in the grey economy and are therefore not eligible for unemployment benefits.[434] In some places the Italian mafia was reported to be delivering groceries to needy residents. Prosecutors warned that the mafia was not acting out of altruism and was instead seeking control over residents.[435][432]

Conversion of production to medical supplies

Some Italian small and medium-sized enterprises partially or totally converted their production to supply personal protective equipment at a local scale. Many of these items could not be approved for hospital use, but they were considered useful to supply demand for the general population.[436]

The protective masks donated by Grafica Veneta to the Region of Veneto

In Veneto, Grafica Veneta – the printing company of the Harry Potter books in Italian – started to mass-produce protective masks.[437][438][439] In Piedmont, Ci.Ti.Elle, a company from Castiglione Torinese specialising in textiles for hotels, put its twelve employers to assembling surgical masks for the regional Protezione Civile, and the hospitals of San Maurizio Canavese, Alessandria and Chivasso, with the support the Filmar company from Caselle for the elastics.[440] In Lombardy Cifra, a manufacturer from Verano Brianza specialising in sportswear, also converted its production line.[441] In the textile district of the province of Prato, the Machattie company started production of polypropylene masks in March, and the Dreoni company in Vaiano switched its production from car upholstery to protective masks with certified standard, with the help of the local population (its owner later died of COVID-19).[436][442]

Companies producing alcoholic beverages also underwent reconversion to produce alcohol-based hand sanitiser. In Piedmont this occurred in Canelli at the Ramazzotti factory (part of the Pernod Ricard group)[443] and in Chieri at the Martini plant.[444]

Isinnova, a local engineering startup from Brescia, provided emergency solutions to local hospitals to compensate the shortages of spare parts for the machines. Firstly, they produced venturi valves for respirators using 3D printers,[445][446] and later (in collaboration with Decathlon) they adapted a snorkelling mask into a non-invasive ventilator.[447] Using 3D-printer technology as well, Elmec Informatica started to produce for the hospital of Busto Arsizio, sterilisable protective masks in thermoplastic polyurethanes that could adapt to Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) antiviral filters.[448] The Italian National Mint and Printing House used the plastic film applied to identity cards to produce face shields.[449]

Cross-talks with the EU

On 25 March, Italy, together with Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain, sent a joint letter to the Council of the EU, calling for the issuing of a new common debt instrument, nicknamed in the media as "eurobond" or "corona bond", to help funding the measures taken against the coronavirus pandemic and the expected economic downturn to follow.[450] In subsequent conference calls between the leaders of the EU member states, the proposal saw the opposition of the Netherlands and Germany.[451][452]

On 9 April, after two meetings of the Eurogroup, the ministers of Finances of the Eurozone countries agreed to €500 billion aid, including the possibility of using the ESM, but without common debt instruments.[453][454]

Society

An Italian flag with the slogan "Andrà tutto bene" ("Everything will be all right")

Subsequent to the imposing of the national lockdown, there were protests in some Italian prisons, with fourteen deaths among Modena, Bologna and Foggia's penitentiary.[455]

With all of Italy ordered to remain indoors, Italians took to their balconies to sing together, play music, and applaud the country's health care providers.[456] Some of the demonstrations were spontaneous, others were organised by social media and radio.[457] On 13 March at 6 pm, Italians throughout the country joined to sing the national anthem. At noon on 14 March, they stood on their balconies clapping to salute the nation's health care workers.[458] A video of opera singer Maurizio Marchini performing the aria "Nessun dorma" from his balcony in Florence went viral.[459]

Some Italians have adapted the local custom of paying in advance at a cafe for a customer who can't afford it ("suspended coffee") by paying extra at grocery stores. Shops may double the amount and donate non-perishable foods to local aid groups like the Community of Sant'Egidio.[460]

Education

After the first outbreak in Lombardy and Veneto, the regional governments of Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont, Trentino, and Veneto closed all schools and universities from 23 February to 1 March.[461][462] The suspension was later extended, with the agreement of the national government, up to 8 March in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, and Veneto.[463]

On 4 March, the government announced the closure of all schools and colleges until 15 March.[464]

With the enactment of the lockdown of Lombardy and 14 more northern provinces on 8 March, the re-opening of schools in these areas was delayed to 3 April.[465] On 9 March, the government extended the lockdown to the national territory, closing all schools and universities until 3 April.[466]

Religion

In Italy, in-person gatherings for religious worship have been suspended and as a result, many churches broadcast Mass via online live-stream, radio and television.[467]

Church funerals cannot be held given the national lockdown.[468] In some northern cities, authorities have had issues in dealing with the storage of the high number of coffins, and churches have offered to care for them.[468] In the towns of Seriate and Bergamo, the Italian Army has volunteered to transport some of these coffins from churches and morgues to cemeteries and crematoriums in other provinces.[468][469]

Politics

President Sergio Mattarella at the Altar of the Fatherland during the Liberation Day, wearing protection mask

On 5 March, the Italian government decided to postpone the constitutional referendum that was due on 29 March. The referendum has been delayed until further notice.[470]

According to a few surveys, many Italians feel betrayed by the European Union's response to the crisis. This has led to an increase in euroscepticism, with the number of Italians agreeing that EU membership is a disadvantage jumping from 47% in November 2018 to 67% in March 2020, according to a Tecnè survey. Former president of the European Commission Donald Tusk said that the risk for the European Union is greater than the European debt crisis of 2009, and that despite the fact that EU aid to Italy is greater than from other countries, its perception is crucial.[428]

Top Italian figures have condemned an article in a German newspaper suggesting the mafia was waiting for an influx of European Union cash amid the coronavirus outbreak. Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio said, “Die Welt, an important German newspaper, urged Europe this morning to not help Italy because ‘the mafia is waiting for money from Brussels’”.[471]

Statistics

Data quality issues

Deaths statistics for Italy include coronavirus victims who died in hospital, as well as those who died outside of hospitals and were tested before or after dying. Post-mortem tests are routinely carried out, and there is no distinction between people who died "with" or "of" coronavirus, including patients with pre-existing conditions,[472] which make up 96% of the total death count.[473] However, in regions where the healthcare system has been overwhelmed by the pandemic (e.g. Lombardy), official death statistics likely missed a portion of deaths outside hospitals.[474][475][476] In some areas of northern Italy, a comparison of the average registered deaths over the previous years with the deaths in the first months of 2020 showed a sizeable excess of deaths that were not officially included in the coronavirus toll.[477][478] In the month of March, 10,900 excess deaths have been estimated, that have not been reported as COVID-19 deaths.[479]

Not all European countries count coronavirus-related deaths with the same criteria. For instance, in some other European countries, a distinction is made between deaths caused by coronavirus and deaths of people infected with coronavirus, thus often excluding deaths of people with pre-existing conditions.[480][481][482] In addition to this, some countries only report deaths in hospitals.[483][472][484]

Confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries

By region

Confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy by region ()[485]
Region
or autonomous province
Cases Deaths ICU Recovered Tests Tested people
# % # % # % # # % pos.
Lombardy 85,775 15,662 18.2 231 0.2 43,442 50.6 607,863 359,922 23.8
Piedmont 29,885 3,718 12.4 96 0.3 17,016 56.9 264,624 177,088 16.8
Emilia-Romagna 27,364 4,008 14.6 96 0.3 18,258 66.7 274,362 171,903 15.9
Veneto 19,030 1,832 9.6 16 0.08 13,666 71.8 536,798 285,786 6.6
Tuscany 9,982 998 9.9 45 0.4 6,867 68.7 214,299 154,671 6.4
Liguria 9,289 1,386 14.9 22 0.2 5,725 61.6 85,140 49,819 18.6
Lazio 7,533 647 8.5 74 0.9 3,100 41.1 217,849 173,903 4.3
Marche 6,677 987 14.7 16 0.2 3,716 55.6 90,093 57,604 11.5
Campania 4,714 401 8.5 12 0.2 2,871 60.9 150,764 71,118 6.6
Apulia 4,407 478 10.8 21 0.4 2,027 45.9 95,895 66,164 6.6
Trentino 4,368 455 10.4 6 0.1 3,787 86.6 72,031 42,140 10.3
Sicily 3,411 268 7.8 11 0.3 1,620 47.7 123,573 110,205 3.0
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 3,209 322 10.0 2 0.06 2,291 71.3 108,671 67,449 4.7
Abruzzo 3,205 389 12.1 6 0.1 1,499 46.7 61,123 42,244 7.5
South Tyrol 2,587 291 11.2 5 0.1 2,024 78.2 56,310 25,601 10.1
Umbria 1,427 74 5.1 2 0.1 1,287 90.1 59,220 41,748 3.4
Sardinia 1,355 126 9.2 10 0.7 898 66.2 45,572 39,460 3.3
Aosta Valley 1,175 143 12.1 1 0.08 986 83.9 12,920 10,079 11.6
Calabria 1,156 96 8.3 1 0.08 707 61.1 58,468 56,209 2.0
Molise 422 22 5.2 2 0,4 202 47.8 12,158 11,727 3.5
Basilicata 393 27 6.8 1 0.2 293 74.5 23,986 23,376 1.6
Italy 227,364 32,330 14.2 676 0.2 132,282 58.1 3,171,719 2,038,216 11.1
Note: Data as of 2020/06/09 17:00 CEST
Daily COVID-19 cases in Italy by region ()
Date North-West North-East Centre South Islands Confirmed Deaths Active Recoveries Tests Refs Ns

VDA

LIG

PIE

LOM

VEN

TN

BZ

FVG

EMR

MAR

TOS

UMB

LAZ

ABR

MOL

CAM

BAS

PUG

CAL

SIC

SAR
New Total New Total ICU Total New Total Total
2020-01-31 2 2 2 2 [486]
2020-02-06 1 1 3 3 [487] [lower-alpha 1]
2020-02-21 15 (1) 2 17 20 1 1 19 [488]
2020-02-22 1 (1) 40 16 2 59 79 1 2 18 75 [5][489]
2020-02-23 2 (1) 57 7 7 71 150 1 3 25 147 [490][491] [lower-alpha 2]
2020-02-24 (4) 61 7 9 77 227 4 7 27 199 1 1 [492][493] [lower-alpha 2]
2020-02-25 1 (2) 67 (1) 11 1 8 2 3 93 320 3 10 35 309 1 >8,600 [494][495] [lower-alpha 2]
2020-02-26 10 (1) 65 28 (1) 21 1 125 445 2 12 36 430 2 3 9,587 [496][497] [lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
2020-02-27 8 1 (5) 98 40 50 2 1 3 1 1 205 650 5 17 56 588 42 45 12,014 [499][500] [lower-alpha 4]
2020-02-28 9 (3) 128 40 (1) 48 3 6 1 2 1 238 888 4 21 64 821 1 46 15,695 [502][503]
2020-02-29 23 (6) 84 40 (2) 72 5 3 3 1 9 240 1,128 8 29 105 1,049 4 50 18,661 [504][505]
2020-03-01 –17 38 (1) 369 72 6 (4) 68 14 2 2 3 4 5 566 1,694 5 34 140 1,577 33 83 21,127 [506][507]
2020-03-02 –3 2 (14) 270 10 3 (3) 50 (1) 10 1 1 –2 342 2,036 18 52 166 1,835 66 149 23,345 [508][509]
2020-03-03 (1) 2 5 (17) 266 (1) 34 4 4 (7) 85 (1) 26 6 6 7 1 3 13 1 2 1 466 2,502 27 79 229 2,263 11 160 25,856 [510]
2020-03-04 2 26 (18) 300 (3) 53 1 5 (4) 124 (2) 23 19 1 16 1 1 (1) 3 11 1 587 3,089 28 107 295 2,706 116 276 29,837 [511]
2020-03-05 2 (2) 2 (2) 26 (25) 431 (4) 47 2 3 (8) 154 40 23 14 1 4 14 5 1 769 3,858 41 148 351 3,296 138 414 32,362 [512]
2020-03-06 5 4 (2) 35 (37) 361 (2) 81 3 3 10 (7) 172 35 18 7 (1) 10 1 5 12 2 3 2 6 3 778 4,636 49 197 462 3,916 109 523 36,359 [513]
2020-03-07 1 (1) 19 (1) 64 (19) 808 (1) 55 4 5 11 (11) 140 (2) 48 34 8 22 2 2 4 (1) 9 11 1,247 5,883 36 233 567 5,061 66 589 42,062 [514] [lower-alpha 5]
2020-03-08 1 (2) 27 153 (113) 769 (5) 127 9 (1) 15 (8) 170 (1) 65 53 2 (2) 11 6 40 1 (1) 14 5 18 6 1,492 7,375 133 366 650 6,387 33 622 49,937 [516][517]
2020-03-09 6 (1) 31 (8) –10 (66) 1,280 (2) 74 10 36 (14) 206 (3) 51 (1) 42 2 (2) 15 13 19 1 10 2 1 8 1,797 9,172 97 463 733 7,985 102 724 53,826 [518][519]
2020-03-10 2 (1) 32 (4) 103 (135) 322 (6) 112 19 29 (2) 23 (15) 147 (3) 71 56 9 (1) 14 (1) 8 1 7 2 9 2 8 1 977 10,149 168 631 877 8,514 280 1,004 60,761 [520][521] [lower-alpha 6]
2020-03-11 (1) 3 53 (4) 48 (149) 1,489 (3) 167 25 37 (3) 10 (28) 206 (5) 85 56 9 34 1 (1) 27 1 (2) 18 6 21 17 2,313 12,462 196 827 1,028 10,590 41 1,045 73,154 [523] [lower-alpha 7]
2020-03-12 7 (3) 80 (5) 79 (127) 1,445 (3) 361 (1) 30 (1) 29 (2) 41 (33) 208 (4) 113 (4) 44 18 (3) 50 (1) 46 25 27 14 (2) 32 2 2,651 15,113 189 1,016 1,153 12,839 213 1,258 86,011 [524]
2020-03-13 1 (6) 71 (20) 260 (146) 1,095 (10) 211 (1) 56 (1) 21 (2) 90 (55) 316 (5) 133 106 (1) 12 (2) 77 5 1 (1) 41 2 25 5 15 4 2,547 17,660 250 1,266 1,328 14,955 181 1,439 97,488 [525]
2020-03-14 14 (10) 118 (13) 33 (76) 1,865 (13) 342 43 (1) 48 (3) 44 (40) 381 (9) 174 (1) 160 31 (2) 80 23 (4) 52 (3) 37 22 26 4 3,497 21,157 175 1,441 1,518 17,750 527 1,966 109,170 [526]
2020-03-15 15 (6) 96 (22) 238 (252) 1,587 (8) 235 (4) 172 (2) 31 (1) 46 (43) 449 (10) 234 (2) 151 36 (3) 79 (1) 25 (3) 61 1 (8) 64 (1) 8 32 (2) 30 3,590 24,747 368 1,809 1,672 20,603 369 2,335 124,899 [527]
2020-03-16 (1) 48 (17) 108 (30) 405 (202) 1,377 (6) 301 (1) 37 (8) 39 (62) 429 (11) 109 (6) 85 21 (3) 87 (1) 39 (1) 4 67 1 21 25 30 3,233 27,980 349 2,158 1,851 23,073 414 2,749 137,962 [528] [lower-alpha 8]
2020-03-17 31 (10) 111 (22) 381 (220) 1,571 (11) 231 (1) 7 (2) 50 (8) 8 (47) 409 (12) 129 (3) 187 33 (4) 84 (2) 53 4 60 8 (2) 110 25 (1) 24 10 3,526 31,506 345 2,503 2,060 26,062 192 2,941 148,657 [529] [lower-alpha 9]
2020-03-18 (1) 29 (13) 109 (21) 444 (319) 1,493 (14) 510 70 (1) 85 (1) 68 (65) 594 (23) 197 (5) 277 (1) 50 (9) 117 (1) 34 3 7 (1) 43 15 45 17 4,207 35,713 475 2,978 2,257 28,710 1,084 4,025 165,541 [530] [lower-alpha 10]
2020-03-19 (3) 50 (18) 172 (21) 591 (209) 2,171 (21) 270 (5) 68 (5) 60 (5) 137 (73) 689 (23) 169 (16) 152 87 (6) 99 (4) 122 (1) 18 (8) 192 10 (6) 95 (2) 40 (1) 58 72 5,322 41,035 427 3,405 2,498 33,190 415 4,440 182,777 [531]
2020-03-20 (1) 49 (28) 162 (34) 529 (381) 2,380 (16) 547 (1) 119 (3) 112 (2) 57 (109) 754 (22) 244 (9) 311 (5) 61 (5) 185 (6) 64 (3) 4 97 15 (1) 103 (1) 38 68 87 5,986 47,021 627 4,032 2,655 37,860 689 5,129 206,886 [532]
2020-03-21 (1) 49 (33) 215 (29) 291 (546) 3,251 (15) 586 (15) 140 (3) 73 (4) 134 (75) 737 (17) 172 (25) 219 (3) 67 (7) 182 (5) 80 (2) 11 (5) 95 14 (3) 94 (1) 28 (2) 82 (2) 37 6,557 53,578 793 4,825 2,857 42,681 943 6,072 233,222 [533]
2020-03-22 (1) 51 (19) 229 (45) 668 (361) 1,691 (23) 505 (7) 172 (3) 57 (5) 84 (101) 850 (30) 268 (19) 265 (6) 59 (3) 193 (11) 58 5 (7) 92 15 (2) 111 (2) 38 (2) 140 (3) 9 5,560 59,138 650 5,475 3,009 46,638 952 7,024 258,402 [534] [lower-alpha 11]
2020-03-23 (3) 29 (41) 259 (32) 441 (320) 1,555 (23) 383 (6) 69 (6) 46 (7) 56 (76) 980 (19) 148 (18) 184 56 (10) 157 (5) 76 1 (20) 90 (1) 9 (6) 120 19 (5) 91 (4) 20 4,789 63,927 602 6,077 3,204 50,418 408 7,432 275,468 [536]
2020-03-24 (7) 7 (19) 192 (59) 654 (402) 1,942 (24) 443 (15) 87 (9) 57 (10) 62 (93) 719 (28) 167 (20) 238 (3) 71 (17) 188 (8) 26 (1) 6 (7) 75 2 (7) 99 (3) 27 (7) 125 (4) 62 5,249 69,176 743 6,820 3,396 54,030 894 8,326 296,964 [537]
2020-03-25 (5) 1 (23) 189 (75) 509 (296) 1,643 (42) 494 (18) 112 (5) 77 (6) 147 (92) 800 (56) 198 (13) 273 62 (15) 173 (6) 124 (18) 98 21 (4) 88 (1) 32 (5) 148 (3) 21 5,210 74,386 683 7,503 3,489 57,521 1,036 9,362 324,445 [538]
2020-03-26 (4) 7 (26) 262 (50) 510 (387) 2,543 (29) 493 (12) 75 (5) 48 (2) 84 (97) 762 (23) 180 (16) 254 (1) 92 (11) 195 (11) 133 30 (9) 111 21 (17) 89 (3) 42 (8) 170 (1) 52 6,153 80,539 712 8,215 3,612 62,013 999 10,361 361,060 [539] [lower-alpha 12]
2020-03-27 (9) 44 (51) 129 (70) 558 (541) 2,409 (26) 562 (16) 94 (12) 97 (4) 94 (93) 772 (26) 82 (19) 224 (1) 82 (12) 199 (5) 71 (1) 6 (15) 144 (2) 17 (4) 152 (4) 101 (6) 86 (2) 36 5,959 86,498 919 9,134 3,732 66,414 589 10,950 394,079 [542]
2020-03-28 (4) 59 (27) 126 (48) 579 (542) 2,117 (49) 433 (18) 114 (4) 106 (11) 119 (77) 795 (28) 177 (21) 367 (7) 85 (6) 210 (8) 116 14 (11) 138 31 (2) 124 (3) 61 (18) 109 (5) 94 5,974 92,472 889 10,023 3,856 70,065 1,434 12,384 429,526 [543]
2020-03-29 (2) 73 (19) 254 (67) 535 (416) 1,592 (30) 428 (9) 89 105 (11) 44 (99) 736 (22) 185 (17) 305 (3) 54 (12) 201 (12) 160 4 (8) 167 (1) 20 (15) 91 (4) 59 (8) 101 (1) 14 5,217 97,689 756 10,779 3,906 73,880 646 13,030 454,030 [544] [lower-alpha 13]
2020-03-30 (7)  (20) 141 (65) 506 (458) 1,154 (21) 366 (18) 88 (10) 111 (9) 21 (95) 412 (31) 126 (16) 290 (2) 28 (14) 208 (14) 52 7 (8) 193 (1) 12 (5) 163 (6) 33 (11) 95 (1) 44 4,050 101,739 812 11,591 3,981 75,528 1,590 14,620 477,359 [545]
2020-03-31 (6) 44 (31) 199 (105) 589 (381) 1,047 (64) 431 (17) 64 (2) 46 (6) 92 (106) 543 (35) 141 (13) 196 (4) 27 (12) 181 (13) 56 10 (8) 140 (2) 12 (19) 91 (5) 12 (5) 92 (3) 40 4,053 105,792 837 12,428 4,023 77,635 1,109 15,729 506,968 [546]
2020-04-01 (3) 3 (32) 244 (32) 494 (394) 1,565 (22) 470 (9) 124 (40) 47 (9) 92 (88) 713 (25) 137 (9) 259 17 (7) 169 (8) 35 (1) 16 (15) 139 (2) 11 (19) 143 (2) 10 (7) 71 (3) 23 4,782 110,574 727 13,155 4,035 80,572 1,118 16,847 541,423 [547]
2020-04-02 (4) 37 (28) 122 (97) 558 (367) 1,292 (33) 486 (14) 133 (13) 61 (7) 114 (79) 546 (26) 136 (15) 406 (1) 33 (16) 169 (10) 61 (1) 5 (19) 225 (1) 9 (15) 131 (3) 22 (5) 73 (6) 49 4,668 115,242 760 13,915 4,053 83,049 1,431 18,278 581,232 [548]
2020-04-03 (7) 51 (31) 183 (60) 543 (351) 1,455 (40) 353 (17) 106 (10) 80 (7) 80 (91) 599 (54) 132 (22) 226 (1) 51 (14) 167 (13) 66 11 (14) 221 (1) 15 (20) 105 (4) 42 (8) 68 (1) 31 4,585 119,827 766 14,681 4,068 85,388 1,480 19,758 619,849 [549]
2020-04-04 (12) 29 (23) 238 (85) 813 (345) 1,598 (35) 360 (6) 111 (7) 33 (9) 107 (75) 608 (17) 111 (17) 172 (2) 31 (13) 157 (7) 65 30 (5) 151 3 (9) 58 (4) 8 (10) 73 49 4,805 124,632 681 15,362 3,994 88,274 1,238 20,996 657,224 [550]
2020-04-05 (9) 34 (14) 246 (40) 653 (249) 1,337 (24) 402 (7) 65 (12) 52 (9) 62 (74) 549 (25) 123 (18) 176 (2) 29 (7) 123 (5) 75 (2) 18 (3) 132 (2) 14 (9) 77 (7) 54 (5) 62 (2) 33 4,316 128,948 525 15,887 3,977 91,246 819 21,815 691,461 [551]
2020-04-06 (5) 23 (39) 100 (83) 562 (297) 1,079 (31) 362 (13) 63 (6) 78 (4) 55 (57) 467 (13) 150 (25) 154 (1) 14 (10) 151 (11) 18 (15) 98 9 (13) 127 (2) 22 (7) 52 (4) 15 3,599 132,547 636 16,523 3,898 93,187 1,022 22,837 721,732 [552]
2020-04-07 (4) 30 (25) 208 (68) 419 (282) 791 (33) 337 (14) 128 (10) 89 (6) 50 (72) 269 (18) 96 (19) 172 (5) 10 (9) 118 (3) 78 (12) 90 (1) 4 (14) 70 (2) 16 (2) 51 (5) 13 3,039 135,586 604 17,127 3,792 94,067 1,555 24,392 755,445 [553]
2020-04-08 (2) 15 (34) 149 (59) 540 (238) 1,089 (41) 485 (11) 126 (9) 24 (5) 65 (54) 409 (22) 149 (23) 206 (1) 26 (6) 117 (7) 60 2 (5) 120 6 (10) 120 26 (8) 62 (7) 40 3,836 139,422 542 17,669 3,693 95,262 2,099 26,491 807,125 [554]
2020-04-09 (3) 18 (28) 114 (76) 639 (300) 1,388 (20) 523 (13) 106 (4) 68 (2) 81 (82) 443 (17) 96 (16) 173 (1) 9 (9) 163 (15) 72 8 (6) 76 (1) 6 (6) 82 (1) 15 (5) 73 (5) 51 4,204 143,626 610 18,279 3,605 96,877 1,979 28,470 853,369 [555]
2020-04-10 (2) 11 (27) 171 (78) 490 (216) 1,246 (37) 488 (7) 108 (4) 52 (8) 50 (81) 451 (13) 129 (46) 175 (1) 4 (10) 154 (4) 83 9 (4) 98 5 (13) 93 (4) 27 (10) 70 (5) 37 3,951 147,577 570 18,849 3,497 98,273 1,985 30,455 906,864 [556] [lower-alpha 14]
2020-04-11 23 (25) 185 (101) 996 (273) 1,544 (38) 347 (9) 154 (9) 2 (6) 44 (84) 507 (7) 127 (13) 231 7 (10) 140 (8) 106 (1) 3 (7) 75 (2) 4 (15) 95 (1) 14 (6) 62 (4) 28 4,694 152,271 619 19,468 3,381 100,269 2,079 32,534 963,473 [557]
2020-04-12 (5) 19 (15) 118 (96) 652 (110) 1,460 (25) 309 (9) 83 (5) 141 (10) 38 (83) 463 (11) 92 (28) 277 10 (6) 122 (6) 40 (1) 11 (4) 87 (1) 3 (7) 85 8 (9) 52 22 4,092 156,363 431 19,899 3,343 102,253 1,677 34,211 1,010,193 [558] [lower-alpha 15]
2020-04-13 (3) 6 (11) 102 (97) 474 (280) 1,262 (26) 174 (7) 73 (7) 51 (7) 51 (51) 342 (13) 78 (23) 155 1 (5) 123 (12) 53 (6) 66 4 (7) 76 (1) 5 (8) 42 (2) 15 3,153 159,516 566 20,465 3,260 103,616 1,224 35,435 1,046,910 [559]
2020-04-14 (3) 20 (33) 212 (101) 556 (241) 1,012 (24) 181 (10) 15 (2) 35 (4) 38 (90) 312 (15) 45 (20) 137 (1) 1 (16) 143 (8) 32 (12) 99 (1) (11) 53 (1) 28 (4) 43 (5) 10 2,972 162,488 602 21,067 3,186 104,291 1,695 37,130 1,073,689 [560]
2020-04-15 (3) 11 (14) 128 (88) 539 (235) 827 (34) 192 (8) 79 (9) 40 (6) 24 (83) 277 (18) 77 (18) 139 (1) 1 (11) 121 (8) 29 6 (18) 38 (2) 1 (10) 66 (3) 15 (6) 34 (3) 23 2,667 165,155 578 21,645 3,079 105,418 962 38,092 1,117,404 [561] [lower-alpha 16]
2020-04-16 (1) 13 (21) 103 (79) 879 (231) 941 (41) 366 (4) 74 (2) 43 (5) 72 (55) 457 (18) 79 (29) 277 (1) 7 (5) 148 (3) 72 (1) (8) 80 (1) 16 (11) 74 (1) 38 (6) 44 (2) 3 3,786 168,941 525 22,170 2,936 106,607 2,072 40,164 1,178,403 [562]
2020-04-17 (1) 22 (38) 149 (77) 695 (243) 1,041 (45) 384 (20) 82 (9) 29 (3) 59 (60) 348 (21) 86 (17) 167 (2) 8 (16) 144 (3) 97 6 (7) 64 1 (8) 69 (1) –18 (3) 46 (1) 14 3,493 172,434 575 22,745 2,812 106,962 2,563 42,727 1,244,108 [563]
2020-04-18 (1) 80 (31) 113 (81) 661 (199) 1,246 (33) 318 (6) 55 (5) 29 (2) 56 (62) 350 (10) 53 (16) 127 7 (8) 144 (7) 44 (7) 37 (1) 2 (7) 82 20 (6) 47 20 3,491 175,925 482 23,227 2,733 107,771 2,200 44,927 1,305,833 [564]
2020-04-19 (1) 15 (31) 227 (79) 593 (163) 855 (28) 243 (12) 101 (6) 55 (3) 14 (58) 376 (12) 48 (19) 135 (1) 4 (1) 87 (5) 34 (1) 10 (4) 41 (1) 3 (2) 120 (2) 24 (4) 45 17 3,047 178,972 433 23,660 2,635 108,257 2,128 47,055 1,356,541 [565]
2020-04-20 (2) (29) 141 (78) 292 (163) 735 (25) 192 (6) 58 (4) 14 (14) 30 (56) 307 (15) 57 (30) 135 1 (8) 60 (5) 91 (1) 2 (5) 45 (10) 38 3 (3) 42 13 2,256 181,228 454 24,114 2,573 108,237 1,822 48,877 1,398,024 [566] [lower-alpha 17]
2020-04-21 (–1) 5 (33) 95 (76) 606 (203) 960 (42) 277 (10) 24 (2) 16 (2) 17 (68) 225 (12) 51 (19) 96 (2) 4 (14) 80 (8) 55 1 (8) 61 8 (25) 55 (1) 9 (3) 76 (7) 8 2,729 183,957 534 24,648 2,471 107,709 2,723 51,600 1,450,150 [567] [lower-alpha 18]
2020-04-22 (1) 2 (32) 154 (74) 784 (161) 1,161 (27) 334 (5) 32 (5) 6 (5) 25 (57) 342 (11) 47 (19) 97 (1) 4 (7) 80 (5) 66 (1) 2 (10) 50 4 (11) 108 13 (2) 48 (3) 11 3,370 187,327 437 25,085 2,384 107,699 2,943 54,543 1,513,251 [568]
2020-04-23 1 (25) 131 (71) 401 (200) 1,073 (25) 143 (1) 81 (5) 19 (10) 41 (65) 289 (12) 28 (18) 80 5 (5) 79 (4) 52 (1) (5) 53 2 (10) 109 9 (5) 43 (2) 7 2,646 189,973 464 25,549 2,267 106,848 3,033 57,576 1,579,909 [569] [lower-alpha 19]
2020-04-24 (2) 4 (29) 124 (69) 682 (166) 1,091 (38) 348 (7) 49 (2) 21 (2) 24 (34) 247 (8) 76 (19) 97 (1) 1 (9) 78 (6) 18 3 (4) 44 4 (11) 42 (4) 10 (5) 55 (4) 3 3,021 192,994 420 25,969 2,173 106,527 2,922 60,498 1,642,356 [570] [lower-alpha 16][lower-alpha 20]
2020-04-25 (1) (17) 128 (68) 604 (163) 713 (44) 162 (11) 62 (2) 20 (5) 21 (44) 239 (9) 30 (18) 138 (1) 3 (3) 92 (7) 29 (1) 5 (5) 17 (1) 1 (8) 31 9 (6) 39 (1) 14 2,357 195,351 415 26,384 2,102 105,847 2,622 63,120 1,707,743 [571]
2020-04-26 (1) 6 (21) 187 (56) 394 (56) 920 (27) 80 (5) 56 (4) 5 (1) 14 (39) 241 (5) 53 (18) 132 (1) 2 (2) 85 (2) 27 4 (4) 32 5 (8) 36 1 (4) 35 (6) 9 2,324 197,675 260 26,644 2,009 106,103 1,808 64,928 1,757,659 [572] [lower-alpha 21]
2020-04-27 (2) 5 (14) 154 (55) 278 (124) 590 (29) 108 (2) 101 (1) 15 (7) 60 (45) 212 (5) 16 (17) 32 (1) 2 (8) 83 (4) 15 (7) 18 (6) 10 (3) 7 (3) 30 3 1,739 199,414 333 26,977 1,956 105,813 1,696 66,624 1,789,662 [573]
2020-04-28 (2) 8 (13) 130 (58) 352 (126) 869 (64) 129 (5) 30 (2) 2 (7) 18 (41) 252 (9) 48 (16) 52 9 (17) 75 (11) 25 1 (6) 31 (2) 22 (2) 1 (1) 35 2 2,091 201,505 382 27,359 1,863 105,205 2,317 68,941 1,846,934 [574]
2020-04-29 (2) 5 (11) 117 (67) 411 (104) 786 (29) 117 (4) 44 (2) 9 (7) 15 (40) 263 (6) 35 (16) 61 (1) 12 (17) 78 (5) 24 (1) 30 (3) 49 (1) 5 20 (7) 5 2,086 203,591 323 27,682 1,795 104,657 2,311 71,252 1,910,761 [575]
2020-04-30 4 (15) 104 (63) 428 (93) 598 (22) 135 (2) 47 (1) 11 (4) 15 (39) 259 (7) 37 (15) 60 (1) 1 (10) 71 (5) 7 1 13 1 (5) 43 6 (3) 26 5 1,872 205,463 285 27,967 1,694 101,551 4,693 75,945 1,979,217 [576]
2020-05-01 5 (17) 133 (31) 395 (88) 737 (20) 138 (5) 16 (3) 10 (5) 16 (28) 208 (5) 28 (12) 93 (1) 1 (41) 56 (4) 18 2 21 11 (6) 27 4 (2) 28 (1) 18 1,965 207,428 269 28,236 1,578 100,943 2,304 78,249 2,053,425 [577] [lower-alpha 22]
2020-05-02 3 (11) 186 (29) 495 (329) 533 (23) 126 (2) 49 (1) 7 (1) 18 (35) 206 (5) 23 (9) 80 1 (15) 84 (3) 16 1 (3) 15 2 (1) 34 (2) (3) 19 (2) 2 1,900 209,328 474 28,710 1,539 100,704 1,665 79,914 2,108,837 [579] [lower-alpha 23]
2020-05-03 (1) 6 (14) 47 (26) 251 (42) 526 (14) 94 (4) 66 (2) 1 (2) 13 (28) 166 (11) 21 (9) 38 (11) 53 (3) 32 (1) (2) 25 6 (2) 11 2 (2) 27 4 1,389 210,717 174 28,884 1,501 100,179 1,740 81,654 2,153,772 [581]
2020-05-04 (1) 1 (12) 53 (34) 192 (63) 577 (12) 55 (1) 11 (3) 5 (2) 4 (24) 159 (5) 44 (9) 38 (2) (16) 38 (2) 4 (2) 14 (5) 9 4 (2) 15 –2 1,221 211,938 195 29,079 1,479 99,980 1,225 82,879 2,191,403 [582]
2020-05-05 (11) 63 (30) 152 (95) 500 (17) 29 (3) 3 (2) 1 (4) 9 (39) 100 (4) 29 (8) 30 6 (10) 67 (3) 25 (3) 20 10 (4) 17 1 (3) 12 1 1,075 213,013 236 29,315 1,427 98,467 2,352 85,231 2,246,666 [583]
2020-05-06 3 (11) 76 (31) 165 (222) 764 (23) 77 (4) 19 1 (3) 9 (32) 104 (7) 29 (10) 26 4 (4) 81 (6) 22 3 (7) 14 3 (5) 26 (1) 3 (3) 14 1 1,444 214,457 369 29,684 1,333 91,528 8,014 93,245 2,310,929 [584] [lower-alpha 24]
2020-05-07 4 (11) 94 (35) 196 (134) 720 (21) 74 (1) 3 9 (2) 13 (29) 108 (5) 31 (16) 26 1 (5) 39 (7) 25 1 (3) 9 (1) –16 (3) 49 3 (1) 7 5 1,401 215,858 274 29,958 1,311 89,624 3,031 96,276 2,381,288 [485]
2020-05-08 1 (11) 78 (23) 233 (94) 634 (28) 65 2 (3) 6 9 (31) 111 (6) 18 (15) 38 (1) 1 (6) 52 (3) 6 22 (7) 21 –1 (2) 11 (1) 1 (2) 13 6 1,327 217,185 243 30,201 1,168 87,961 2,747 99,023 2,445,063 [585]
2020-05-09 1 (11) 15 (26) 181 (85) 502 (16) 53 7 (1) 9 8 (30) 121 (4) 23 (7) 24 1 (4) 47 (4) 8 20 (2) 14 (1) 30 3 (3) 12 4 1,083 218,268 194 30,395 1,034 84,842 4,008 103,031 2,514,234 [586]
2020-05-10 5 (5) 50 (36) 116 (64) 282 (14) 51 (3) 3 2 (2) 6 (18) 77 (2) 40 (5) 29 4 (4) 32 (4) 17 23 (3) 12 3 (5) 27 (1) 3 14 (1) 6 802 219,070 165 30,560 1,027 83,324 2,155 105,186 2,565,912 [587]
2020-05-11 1 (12) 44 (33) 111 (68) 364 (9) 19 (2) 2 3 (2) 8 (22) 80 (4) 10 (8) 13 1 (5) 25 (7) 4 13 (1) 14 1 (3) 14 (2) 2 (1) 12 3 744 219,814 179 30,739 999 82,488 1,401 106,587 2,606,652 [588]
2020-05-12 (1) 2 (8) 31 (28) 113 (62) 1,033 (20) 41 (2) 6 (1) 10 (18) 53 (5) 25 (9) 15 7 (4) 22 (4) 8 3 (1) 13 1 (5) 10 4 (4) 4 1 1,402 221,216 172 30,911 952 81,266 2,452 109,039 2,673,655 [589]
2020-05-13 (1) 3 (13) 67 (32) 169 (69) 394 (26) 31 (1) 9 3 (3) 8 (20) 50 (2) 20 (5) 27 (1) (11) 38 (5) 12 15 (1) 15 2 (4) 11 2 (1) 11 1 888 222,104 195 31,106 893 78,457 3,502 112,541 2,735,628 [590]
2020-05-14 3 (15) 65 (33) 151 (111) 522 (31) 32 (2) 3 3 (1) 5 (25) 77 (3) 15 (9) 30 (1) 1 (18) 41 (4) 9 2 9 (1) 9 (2) 3 (1) 12 (5) 992 223,096 262 31,368 855 76,440 2,747 115,288 2,807,504 [591]
2020-05-15 (1) 6 (7) 65 (64) 137 (115) 299 (19) 44 (3) 3 (1) 14 (13) 54 (3) 16 (3) 24 2 (9) 73 (2) 12 4 (2) 15 9 1 8 3 789 223,885 242 31,610 808 72,070 4,917 120,205 2,875,680 [592]
2020-05-16 1 (10) 51 (37) 137 (39) 399 (21) 39 (2) 8 (1) 8 (17) 72 (5) 23 (3) 30 (12) 32 (2) 30 3 14 1 (2) 8 7 (2) 8 4 875 224,760 153 31,763 775 70,187 2,605 122,810 2,944,859 [593]
2020-05-17 (1) (9) 48 (18) 64 (69) 326 (11) 13 12 3 8 (13) 50 (2) 25 (5) 35 2 (6) 50 (2) 8 1 16 2 (7) 5 (2) 6 1 675 225,435 145 31,908 762 68,351 2,366 125,176 3,004,960 [594]
2020-05-18 1 (12) 32 (20) 72 (24) 175 (9) 9 13 (1) 1 (1) 7 (13) 35 11 (5) 13 (6) 39 (3) 7 11 (3) 11 (1) 7 7 (1) 451 225,886 99 32,007 749 66,553 2,150 127,326 3,041,366 [595]
2020-05-19 1 (9) 66 (47) 108 (54) 462 (17) 47 (2) 7 5 5 (11) 47 (2) –3 (3) 7 (1) 3 (12) 20 (1) 4 12 1 (2) 10 2 (1) 8 1 813 226,699 162 32,169 716 65,129 2,075 129,401 3,104,524 [596]
2020-05-20 (10) 32 (39) 158 (65) 294 (12) 33 10 (2) 6 (11) 50 (1) 2 (6) 14 (7) 28 8 (2) 7 (5) 11 (1) 3 8 1 665 227,364 161 32,330 676 62,752 2,881 132,282 3,171,719 [597]
2020-05-21 1 (11) 55 (24) 105 (65) 316 (9) 8 10 (1) 6 (17) 53 (3) 12 (6) 18 2 (15) 25 (2) 7 1 (2) 9 1 6 6 (1) 1 642 228,006 156 32,486 640 60,960 2,278 134,560 3,243,398 [598]
2020-05-22 1 (10) 45 (15) 87 (57) 293 (13) 21 10 3 (2) 12 (12) 53 8 (5) 35 (7) 31 (3) 8 3 (1) 10 (4) 27 1 4 (1) 652 228,658 130 32,616 595 59,322 2,160 136,720 3,318,778 [599]
2020-05-23 (7) 38 (14) 60 (56) 441 (11) 10 (1) 7 (2) 6 (10) 43 (3) 4 (2) 12 1 (7) 18 1 5 11 4 (4) 8 (1) (1) 669 229,327 119 32,735 572 57,752 2,120 138,840 3,391,188 [600]
2020-05-24 1 (5) 53 (12) 43 285 (4) 17 (1) 9 3 (2) 3 (8) 45 (1) 13 (2) 15 (1) (8) 20 (4) 5 1 (1) 5 1 (1) 10 2 531 229,858 50 32,785 553 56,594 1,639 140,479 3,447,012 [601]
2020-05-25 1 (6) 17 (15) 48 (34) 148 (9) 11 (1) 1 4 (13) 29 (1) 2 (2) 5 (4) 16 (2) 1 6 (4) 9 (1) 4 –2 300 230,158 92 32,877 541 55,300 1,502 141,981 3,482,253 [602]
2020-05-26 2 (6) 53 (14) 86 (22) 159 (8) 8 (3) 10 11 (8) 24 (1) 2 (6) 3 1 (5) 18 3 12 (3) 2 (1) 3 (1) 397 230,555 78 32,955 521 52,942 2,677 144,658 3,539,927 [603]
2020-05-27 (7) 39 (16) 73 (58) 384 (9) 8 (1) 7 (2) 4 (7) 16 (6) 12 (8) 11 5 2 (1) 6 (1) 10 1 (1) 5 1 584 231,139 117 33,072 505 50,966 2,443 147,101 3,607,251 [604]
2020-05-28 1 (7) 16 (10) 58 (20) 382 (3) 12 3 2 (2) 7 (11) 74 (1) 1 (2) 4 (7) 21 (2) 2 1 (4) 4 (1) 2 3 593 231,732 70 33,142 489 47,986 3,503 150,604 3,683,144 [605]
2020-05-29 (7) 14 (13) 56 (38) 354 (8) 9 3 5 (8) 38 (–11) 4 (2) 2 (1) (13) 16 (2) 1 (1) 10 (4) 1 (1) 2 1 516 232,248 87 33,229 475 46,175 2,240 152,844 3,755,279 [606]
2020-05-30 1 (7) 32 (7) 82 (67) 221 (10) 12 1 1 4 (5) 20 (1) 4 (6) 12 (7) 6 10 8 (1) 2 416 232,664 111 33,340 450 43,691 2,789 155,633 3,824,621 [607]
2020-05-31 1 (6) 12 (9) 54 (33) 210 (2) 6 1 1 2 (7) 31 3 (4) 4 (7) 13 (1) 7 (1) 5 (4) 4 (1) 1 355 233,019 75 33,415 435 42,075 1,874 157,507 3,878,739 [608]
2020-06-01 3 (2) 56 (9) 21 (19) 50 2 2 1 (2) 1 (10) 19 (7) 3 (4) 10 (3) 1 (1) 4 (2) 4 (1) 1 178 233,197 60 33,475 424 41,367 848 158,355 3,910,133 [609]
2020-06-02 (1) 15 (8) 57 (12) 187 (3) 8 (1) (1) 2 (12) 19 4 (5) 10 (2) 5 (5) 4 (2) 3 (2) (1) 4 318 233,515 55 33,530 408 39,893 1,737 160,092 3,962,292 [610]
2020-06-03 (5) 17 (14) 19 (29) 237 2 1 (11) 14 1 (2) 4 (6) 10 (1) 3 12 (3) 1 321 233,836 71 33,601 353 39,297 846 160,938 3,999,591 [611]
2020-06-04 (6) 21 (12) 24 (29) 84 (13) 4 (1) (1) 3 (7) 18 (1) 3 (4) 1 (3) 11 (1) 3 (1) (5) 1 (3) 4 (1) 177 234,013 88 33,689 338 38,429 957 161,895 4,049,544 [612]
2020-06-05 (7) 14 (17) 49 (21) 402 (4) 6 1 (2) 1 (13) 17 (1) 2 (4) 7 (4) 9 2 (5) (7) 4 1 1 2 518 234,531 85 33,774 316 36,976 1,886 163,781 4,114,572 [613]
2020-06-06 (1) 2 (6) 13 (7) 38 (27) 142 (11) 8 1 1 3 (4) 17 (2) 2 (5) 5 (4) 28 (3) 1 (1) (1) 4 2 3 270 234,801 72 33,846 293 35,877 1,297 165,078 4,187,057 [614]
2020-06-07 2 (7) 13 (7) 10 (21) 125 (5) 1 1 3 (1) (4) 14 3 (2) 1 1 (2) 11 7 4 (3) (1) 1 197 234,998 53 33,899 287 35,262 759 165,837 4,236,535 [615]
2020-06-08 (6) 14 (13) 14 (32) 194 (1) 4 1 1 (1) 1 (4) 20 2 (4) 9 (3) 16 2 1 (1) 1 280 235,278 65 33,964 283 34,730 747 166,584 4,263,647 [616]
2020-06-09 (4) 8 (7) 21 (15) 192 (6) 4 3 (6) 18 (1) (3) 1 3 (3) 23 (33) 1 2 5 1 (1) 2 –1 283 235,561 79 34,043 263 32,872 2,062 168,646 4,318,650 [617] [lower-alpha 25][lower-alpha 26]
2020-06-10 (4) 20 (15) 26 (32) 99 3 (1) 2 (7) 24 3 (1) 3 1 (4) 18 (2) 1 (2) 1 (3) 1 202 235,763 71 34,114 249 31,710 1,293 169,939 4,381,349 [618]
2020-06-11 (1) 10 (12) 42 (25) 252 (3) 5 2 2 (1) 1 25 1 (1) 10 (6) 20 1 (2) 3 1 (1) 1 2 (1) 1 379 236,142 53 34,167 236 30,637 1,399 171,338 4,443,821 [619]
2020-06-12 (2) 7 (8) 31 (31) 272 (3) 2 (–1) 2 3 (4) 33 (1) 1 (1) 7 (5) 27 4 –229 (2) 2 1 163 236,305 56 34,223 227 28,997 1,747 173,085 4,514,441 [620]
2020-06-13 (2) 4 (10) 40 (23) 210 (10) 13 3 2 (1) 6 (3) 28 2 (2) 7 (25) 25 (1) 4 1 1 (1) 346 236,651 78 34,301 220 27,485 1,780 174,865 4,564,191 [621]
2020-06-14 (3) 4 (6) 30 (21) 244 (1) 7 1 3 (5) 17 4 (3) 8 (1) (2) 14 (2) 4 1 1 338 236,989 44 34,345 209 26,274 1,505 176,370 4,620,718 [622]
2020-06-15 (4) 8 2 (8) 259 1 (1) 1 (1) –2 (3) 11 4 (3) 8 (3) 3 4 (2) 1 (1) 1 303 237,290 26 34,371 207 25,909 640 177,010 4,648,825 [623]
2020-06-16 (4) 4 (6) 29 (9) 143 (4) 1 1 (2) 13 (1) 1 (3) 3 1 (3) 9 (1) 1 (1) 2 2 210 237,500 34 34,405 177 24,569 1,516 178,526 4,695,707 [624]
2020-06-17 (3) 5 (8) 41 (14) 242 (5) 4 1 2 (6) 14 1 (1) 2 (4) 10 2 1 (1) 1 (1) 2 1 329 237,828 43 34,448 163 23,925 929 179,455 4,773,408 [625] [lower-alpha 27]
2020-06-18 (1) (4) 7 (6) 31 (36) 216 (7) 8 8 2 2 (4) 32 4 (1) 2 (4) 9 (1) 2 1 (2) 3 3 2 1 333 238,159 66 34,514 168 23,101 1,089 180,544 4,831,562 [626] [lower-alpha 28]
2020-06-19 (1) (4) 7 (7) 26 (18) 157 (4) 2 (1) 1 2 2 (5) 27 (2) 10 1 (4) 9 (1) 1 1 1 3 1 251 238,011 47 34,561 161 21,543 1,363 181,907 4,889,103 [627] [lower-alpha 29]
2020-06-20 2 (5) 10 (6) 27 (23) 165 (4) 3 (1) 1 (6) 28 2 (1) (1) 14 1 (2) 5 3 1 262 238,275 49 34,610 152 21,212 546 182,453 4,943,825 [628] [lower-alpha 30]
2020-06-21 (4) 7 (6) 26 (13) 128 7 5 4 1 (1) 23 3 8 2 2 6 2 224 238,499 24 34,634 148 20,972 440 182,893 4,984,370 [629]
2020-06-22 (3) 8 (4) 7 (3) 143 (1) 2 1 11 (4) 22 3 (4) 1 (3) 8 (1) 1 3 7 1 218 238,720 23 34,657 127 20,637 533 183,426 5,013,342 [630] [lower-alpha 31]
2020-06-23 (1) 4 (4) 6 (6) 62 (1) 3 1 (1) 17 1 (1) 6 (2) 8 10 (2) 2 1 1 122 238,833 18 34,675 115 19,573 1,159 184,585 5,053,827 [631] [lower-alpha 32]
2020-06-24 1 (2) 1 (7) 22 (7) 88 3 1 (9) 44 4 (1) 5 (1) 1 (1) 6 (1) 1 11 (1) 1 1 190 239,410 30 34,644 107 18,655 1,526 186,111 5,107,093 [632] [lower-alpha 33]
2020-06-25 (1) 14 (5) 20 (22) 170 (2) 4 3 (1) (4) 47 2 2 (2) 12 1 17 1 2 1 296 239,706 37 34,678 103 18,303 614 186,725 5,163,154 [lower-alpha 34]
2020-06-26 4 (6) 15 (16) 156 (1) 5 4 2 (3) 46 2 (2) 2 1 (1) 13 1 1 3 1 3 (1) 259 239,961 30 34,708 105 17,638 890 187,615 5,215,922 [lower-alpha 35]
2020-06-27 (1) 5 (3) 11 (2) 77 2 1 2 42 2 12 (1) (1) 18 1 1 1 175 240,136 8 34,716 97 16,836 969 188,584 5,277,273
2020-06-28 (1) 4 (5) 14 (13) 97 (1) 11 3 1 1 (1) 21 5 14 (1) 1 1 1 174 240,310 22 34,738 98 16,681 307 188,891 5,314,619
2020-06-29 7 (2) 2 (1) 78 3 2 (2) 16 (1) 5 9 1 1 1 1 126 240,436 6 34,744 96 16,496 305 189,196 5,341,837
Cases 1,194 9,974 31,338 93,839 19,278 4,863 2,639 3,307 28,472 6,785 10,248 1,440 8,105 3,287 445 4,666 402 4,531 1,180 3,078 1,364 240,436 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Deaths 146 1,558 4,087 16,640 2,008 405 292 345 4,255 991 1,104 80 837 462 23 431 27 543 97 281 132 N/A N/A 34,744 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Date VDA LIG PIE LOM VEN TN BZ FVG EMR MAR TOS UMB LAZ ABR MOL CAM BAS PUG CAL SIC SAR New Total New Total ICU Total New Total Total Refs Ns
North-West North-East Centre South Islands Confirmed Deaths Active Recoveries Tested

Notes:

  1. Repatriated from abroad.
  2. The cumulative count given in the sources has been updated to reflect the changes due to subsequent corrections.
  3. The latest update from Lombardy – with 47 more cases not included in the 18:00 Protezione Civile bulletin – is included here.[498]
  4. Starting from 27 February, only people showing symptoms have been tested.[501]
  5. This count includes approximately 300 cases from Brescia which were not notified to Protezione Civile in the previous days.[515]
  6. Due to delays in testing, data for Lombardy is partial.[522]
  7. Data from Abruzzo has not been received.
  8. Data from Apulia and the autonomous province of Trento was not included in the bulletin.
  9. Data from the province of Rimini (Emilia-Romagna) are not up-to-date.
  10. Data from Campania and the province of Parma (Emilia-Romagna) was not included in the bulletin.
  11. The data on the number of deaths in Calabria of 22 March was corrected from 3 to 2 in the following day's bulletin.[535]
  12. The data on the number of deaths in Piedmont (50) was not included in the final bulletin.[540][541]
  13. The data on the number of performed tests in Emilia-Romagna on 29 March is partial.
  14. The data on the number of performed tests in Molise on 10 April is partial.
  15. The data on the number of recovered in South Tyrol has been corrected (–110 recovered).
  16. The data on the number of recovered in Friuli Venezia Giulia has been corrected.
  17. The number of tested cases in Lombardy has been recomputed.
  18. The number of tested cases in Lombardy has not been updated.
  19. The number of tested cases in Campania and Lazio has not been updated.
  20. The number of tests performed in Sardinia has been recomputed (1,237 tests added).
  21. The number of tested cases in Aosta Valley has been recomputed.
  22. On 1 May, the number of deaths in Lazio was recomputed, and included 33 unreported deaths from April. Without these, the daily number of deaths in Lazio was 8.[578]
  23. On 2 May, the number of deaths included 282 extra-hospital deaths in Lombardy from April that were not included in the count. Without these, the daily number was of 47 deaths in Lombardy and 192 deaths in Italy.[580]
  24. On 6 May, the number of death included 130 deaths in Lombardy from April that were not included in the count. Without these, the daily number was of 92 deaths in Lombardy and 239 in Italy.
  25. On 9 June, the number of death included 32 previous deaths in Abruzzo that were not included in the count before. Without these, the daily number was of 1 death in Abruzzo and 47 in Italy.
  26. On 9 June, Sardinia recalculated its numbers. 1 case was substracted.
  27. On 17 June, Abruzzo substracted 1 false positive case from 14 June.
  28. On 18 June, Abruzzo substracted 2 false positive cases from 6 April and 14 June.
  29. On 19 June, Abruzzo substracted 2 false positive cases from 14 June. Sicily recalculated its numbers, 397 cases were substracted from the total number.
  30. On 20 June, South Tyrol added 3 older cases which have already recovered to its count. Calabria substracted 1 positive case from 18 June.
  31. On 22 June, Marche added 3 older cases to its count.
  32. On 23 June, Sardinia subtracted 9 cases due to double-counting.
  33. On 24 June, Trentino recalculated its numbers. 387 cases were added, 61 deaths were substracted.
  34. On 25 June, Marche substracted 3 deaths from its count. These deaths cannot be classified as COVID-19 positive.
  35. On 26 June, Emilia-Romagna substracted 4 cases due to double-counting.

Lethality by gender and age

Charts

The graphs show the development of the pandemic starting from 21 February 2020, the day when the Lombardy and Veneto clusters were first detected.

Foreign cases linked to Italy

Countries and territories with COVID-19 cases linked directly to the Italian cluster

A number of COVID-19 cases have emerged worldwide that are linked to Italy, and especially to the northern regions.[634][635][636][637][638]

Africa

Algeria – On 25 February 2020, Algeria confirmed its first case, an Italian man from Bertonico, Lombardy who arrived in the country on 17 February.[32][639][640]

Central African Republic – On 14 March, the Central African minister of health announced the first confirmed case in the country, a 74-year-old Italian citizen coming from Milan.[641]

Côte d'Ivoire – On Tuesday, 10 March, Côte d'Ivoire confirmed its first case, a 45-year-old Ivorien male who had sojourned in Italy.[642]

Morocco – On 2 March, the Moroccan Ministry of Health reported its first case, a man who had lived in Italy.[643]

Nigeria – On 28 February 2020, Nigeria confirmed its first case, an Italian man who tested positive after arriving from Milan on 25 February and falling ill the next day.[644]

SenegalSenegal confirmed on 12 March that their fifth confirmed case was a Senegalese national who returned from Italy on 6 March.[645]

SeychellesSeychelles confirmed its first two cases on 14 March. Both were people who were in contact with someone in Italy who tested positive.[646]

South AfricaSouth Africa announced that its first seven confirmed cases were South African residents returning from Italy.[647][648]

Tunisia – Tunisia confirmed its first case on 2 March 2020, and identified the patient as a Tunisian who had returned from Italy.[649]

Americas

Argentina – On 3 March, Argentina confirmed its first case, a 43-year-old man who arrived in Argentina two days earlier after a trip that included northern Italy.[650]

Bolivia – Two people who returned from Italy to Bolivia were tested positive.[651]

Brazil – On 25 February, Brazil confirmed its first case, a 61-year-old man from São Paulo who travelled to Lombardy between 9 and 21 February. He showed mild symptoms and was quarantined at home.[652]

Canada – Cases 21 and 27 in Ontario were persons who had travelled to Italy.[653][654]

Chile – On 5 March, Chile confirmed its third case, a 56-year-old man who travelled across Europe and visited Northern Italy.[655]

Colombia – The first case in Colombia, confirmed in March, was of person who had travelled to Milan.[656]

Cuba – On 11 March Cuba confirmed that three tourists from Italy were tested positive.[657]

Dominican Republic – On 1 March, authorities in the Dominican Republic confirmed the first case in the country, a tourist coming from Italy.[658]

Guatemala – On 13 March, Guatemala announced the country's first case, a man returning from a trip to northern Italy.[659]

Mexico – On 28 February, Mexico confirmed its first two cases. A man in Mexico City and a man in Sinaloa were held in isolation at a hospital and a hotel, respectively. They had both travelled to Bergamo and stayed in Italy for a week in mid-February.[660][661]

United States – In early March cases in several states with travel history to Italy were identified.[662][663][664]

Uruguay – On 13 March, Uruguay announced its first four cases, some of whom had arrived from Milan.[665][666]

Venezuela – On 13 March, Venezuela confirmed two cases in the country. One, a woman, had travelled from the US, Italy, and Spain.[667]

Asia

Armenia – Armenia confirmed that three cases were imported from Italy on 12 March.[668]

Azerbaijan – On 11 March a student tested positive after developing fever in Italy.[669]

Bangladesh – On 8 March, Bangladesh confirmed its first cases; two are Bangladeshis who had returned from Italy and another is a family member of one of the two who returned.[670]

India – On 2 March, New Delhi confirmed its first case, an Indian national who had returned from Italy.[671] On the same day, an Italian tourist who had arrived in Jaipur, Rajasthan on 29 February tested positive in a second test after having previously tested negative.[672] On 3 March, his wife also tested positive.[673] On 4 March 14 more Italian tourists who were kept at a quarantine facility in Delhi were confirmed positive, as well as the group's Indian driver.[674] A Paytm employee in Gurgaon who had returned from a vacation in Italy also tested positive.[675] On 8 March, five members of a family in Kerala tested positive, three of whom had returned from Italy.[676]

Israel – On 27 February, Israel confirmed that a man who had returned from Italy on 23 February tested positive.[677][678][679] On 28 February, his wife also tested positive.[680]

Japan – On 13 March, Japan confirmed that a man who had been in Italy since 6 January tested positive for coronavirus upon landing at Haneda Airport in Tokyo that day.[681]

Jordan – On 2 March, Jordan confirmed that a man who had returned from Italy two weeks earlier had tested positive, with other potential cases under observation.[682][683]

Mainland China – On 1 March, Qingtian County, Lishui, Zhejiang confirmed its first imported case, a 31-year-old Chinese woman who had worked at a restaurant in Bergamo.[684] On 2 March, seven more imported cases were confirmed in Qingtian County that are related to the first imported case.[685] Beijing reported one imported case on 3 March, four on 5 March, three on 6 March, one on 7 March and five on March.[686][687][688][689][690] On 4 March, Deqing County, Huzhou, Zhejiang confirmed two new imported cases from Italy.[691] On 10 March, Shanghai confirmed two new imported cases from Italy. They are native in Fujian and work in Italy.[692] Qingdao, Shandong also confirmed the first imported case from Italy.[693] On 11 March, Zhengzhou, Henan confirmed the first imported case, who stay in Italy.[694] On 12 March, Shanghai confirmed one more imported case.[695] On 13 March, Shanghai confirmed four more imported cases.[696] On 14 March, Shanghai confirmed one more imported case,[697] and Beijing also confirmed one more imported case from Italy.[698] On 15 March, Beijing confirmed two more imported cases,[699] and Shanghai also confirmed one more.[700] On 16 March, Shanghai and Guangxi separately confirmed one more imported case from Italy.[701][702] On 20 March, Beijing confirmed one more imported case.[703]

Malaysia – On 28 February, Malaysia confirmed that an Italian who was married to a Malaysian tested positive and was admitted to Sungai Buloh Hospital. He was in Italy from 15 to 21 February for work.[704]

Maldives – The Maldives' first cases were two staffers at Kuredu Island Resort who caught the disease from an Italian tourist who had returned to Italy and tested positive there.[705]

Oman – A case was recorded of a patient who had travelled to Milan.[706]

Saudi Arabia – On 14 March, Saudi Arabia announced 17 new cases, including some citizens who had recently travelled to Italy.[707]

South Korea – On 28 February, South Korea confirmed that a 38-year-old man living in Gwangjin who visited Milan from 19 to 24 February was admitted to Seoul Medical Centre.[708][709]

Sri Lanka – A group of infected Italian tourists passed on the disease to a 52-year-old tour guide.[710]

Thailand – On 5 March, Thailand announced that its 44th and 45th confirmed cases, a 29-year-old Italian and 42-year-old Thai, had arrived in Thailand from Italy on 2 March. Both were admitted in Chonburi Province.[711]

United Arab Emirates – On 28 February, two Italian staff members of the UAE Tour, tested positive.[712]

Vietnam – Case 17 had travelled to Italy (as well as to France and the UK).[713]

Europe

Albania – On 9 March 2020, Albania confirmed its first two cases, a father and son, of which, the son had traveled from Florence, Italy.[714] On 10 March, out of 10 new cases 6 new were close contacts of the first 2.[715]

Andorra – On 2 March, Andorra registered its first case, a man who had been to Milan.[716]

Austria – On 25 February, Austria confirmed its first two cases, a man and a woman who had visited their hometown in Bergamo, tested positive and were treated at a hospital in Innsbruck, Tyrol.[717][718][719][720] On 27 February, a couple who tested positive and their two children who were showing symptoms were admitted to Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital. The family was previously on holiday in Lombardy.[721][722] On 28 February, one of the children, a 15-year-old boy, tested positive.[723]

Belgium – Nine patients diagnosed with the virus had travelled from Northern Italy.[724] Belgium has confirmed that there are many more and that Italy is the source of most of its cases.

Belarus – A case was confirmed as having been imported from Italy.[725][726]

Bosnia and Herzegovina – A man working in Italy transmitted the virus to his child.[727]

Croatia – On 25 February, Croatia confirmed its first case, a man who had until 21 February stayed in Milan.[728][729] On 26 February, the man's brother tested positive and a Croatian man who worked in Parma, Italy also tested positive and was admitted to a hospital in Rijeka.[729]

Cyprus – One of the country's first two cases had a travel history to Milan.[730]

Czech Republic – On 1 March, Czech Republic confirmed its first three cases.[731] As of 8 March 24, 31 confirmed cases in the country have links to Italy, leading the government to institute a mandatory quarantine for all persons with a history of recent travel to Italy.[732]

Denmark – On 27 February, Denmark confirmed its first case, a man who had returned from a ski holiday in Valmalenco, Sondrio and quarantined at home.[733][734] On 28 February, a man who had returned from a ski holiday in Northern Italy on 15 February tested positive in Copenhagen and was placed in home quarantine.[735] On 29 February, an employee at the Aarhus University Hospital who had been to a conference in Munich, Germany, where he had met an infected person from Italy, tested positive.[736] On 3 March, five people who had returned from Northern Italy tested positive.[737][738]

Estonia – On 3 March, Estonia confirmed its second case, a patient who had arrived on 29 February from Bergamo and was travelling through Riga Airport.[739] Two other Estonian passengers from the same flight and one returnee from Bergamo arriving through Tallinn Airport tested positive on 5 March.[740][741] Two cases in Saaremaa were confirmed on 10 March: the patients had been in contact with the Power Volley Milano team members during the 2019–2020 CEV Challenge Cup matches held in Saaremaa on 4 and 5 March.[742][743] On 9 March 5 Milan players had been diagnosed with fever before a league match.[744] The infected in Saaremaa included the CEO of the Saaremaa VK volleyball club.[745] Saare County quickly became the worst hit part of the country.[746]

Finland – On 26 February, Finland confirmed that a Finnish woman who had visited Milan and was back in Finland on 22 February tested positive at the Helsinki University Central Hospital.[747] On 28 February, a Finnish woman who had travelled to Northern Italy tested positive at the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District and was placed in home isolation.[748][749]

France – On 25 February, France confirmed that a man from La Balme-de-Sillingy who had returned from a trip to Lombardy on 15 February tested positive and was treated at Centre Hospitalier Annecy-Genevois, Épagny-Metz-Tessy.[300][750][751] His wife also tested positive and was admitted to the same hospital.[752][753] On 26 February 2020, a 36-year-old man who had made multiple trips to Lombardy tested positive and was treated at Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg.[754][755][756] On 27 February 2020, a daughter and a friend of the infected couple from La Balme-de-Sillingy were confirmed positive.[757] A Italian man living in Montpellier who had just returned from Italy was admitted to Centre Hospitalier Universitaire.[758] A person who had travelled to Italy was admitted to Hôpital Bichat, Paris.[759] On 28 February 2020, two relatives of the infected couple from La Balme-de-Sillingy tested positive.[760] A 23-year-old fashion student from Nice who had recently returned from Milan tested positive at Nice University Hospital Centre and was admitted to Hôpital l'Archet.[761][762][763]

Germany – On 25 February 2020, Germany confirmed that a 25-year-old man from Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg who recently returned from Milan tested positive and was treated in Klinik am Eichert.[764][765] On 26 February 2020, the man's 24-year-old girlfriend and her 60-year-old father, a chief physician at University Hospital Tübingen, tested positive and were admitted to the same hospital.[766][767] A 32-year-old man from Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg who had visited Codogno with his family on 23 February tested positive and was admitted to a hospital for isolation.[768] On 27 February, Bavaria confirmed that a man from Middle Franconia tested positive after having contact with an Italian man who later tested positive.[769] Baden-Württemberg confirmed that two women and a man from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald and Freiburg, respectively, tested positive. They had contact with an Italian participant at a business meeting in Munich who tested positive in Italy. A man from Böblingen who had had contact with the girlfriend of the patient from Göppingen also tested positive.[770] On 28 February, a man from Freiburg who had travelled to Bergamo tested positive and underwent isolation.[771] A man from Rhine-Neckar was admitted to the University Hospital Heidelberg.[772] A 32-year-old man in Heilbronn who was in Milan on 21 February fell ill and was admitted to a hospital.[773] As of 27 March 2020 Germany recorded 1443 cases directly linked to Italy[774]

On 23 March Tbilisi TV Tower was lit in the colours of the Italian flag to show Georgia's solidarity in the fight with the coronavirus.

Georgia – On 28 February 2020, Georgia confirmed that a 31-year-old Georgian woman who had travelled to Italy tested positive and was admitted to Infectious Diseases Hospital in Tbilisi.[775]

Greece – On 26 February 2020, Greece confirmed its first case, a 38-year-old woman from Thessaloniki who had recently visited Northern Italy and was admitted to AHEPA University Hospital.[776][777][778] On 27 February, her 9-year-old child tested positive and was admitted to the same hospital.[779] A 40-year-old woman from Athens who had travelled to Italy tested positive.[780][781][782][783] On 28 February, a 36-year-old woman from Athens who had recently travelled to Italy tested positive. Both were admitted to the Attikon University General Hospital.[784]

Hungary – Three of the seven cases in Hungary reported to date are linked to Italy.[785][786]

Iceland – On 28 February 2020, Iceland confirmed its first case, an Icelandic male in his 50s who had previously been to Northern Italy and was placed in strict isolation in Landspítali in Reykjavík.[787][788][789] On 5 March, a total of 34 cases had been confirmed in Iceland, most of which are imported cases from Italy.

Ireland – On 27 February 2020, Ireland's first case was confirmed by the Health Protection Surveillance Centre. The male patient had travelled to an affected region in Northern Italy.[790] A second, unrelated case was confirmed on 3 March, a female in the eastern portion of Ireland who had travelled to Italy.[791]

Latvia – On 2 March, Latvia confirmed its first case, a person who had travelled from Milan to Munich and then to Riga on 29 February.[792]

Lithuania – On 28 February, Lithuania confirmed its first case, a 39-year-old woman who arrived in Kaunas from Verona.[793]

Luxembourg – The nation's second and fourth cases were persons who had travelled to Italy.[794][795]

Malta – A 12-year-old Italian brought the infection to Malta.[796]

Moldova – On 7 March, Moldova confirmed its first case, a 48-year-old woman who had returned from Italy.[797] Moldova confirmed the existence of imported case from diseased Italy on 11 March.[798]

Netherlands – On 27 February, the Netherlands confirmed its first case, a man who had been in Lombardy and was admitted to Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital in Tilburg.[799][800] On 28 February, a woman from Amsterdam who had visited Lombardy was in home isolation in Diemen.[801]

North Macedonia – On 26 February, North Macedonia confirmed its first case, a woman who tested positive at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Skopje. She had stayed in Italy for a month and had been sick for two weeks. Upon returning to North Macedonia, she immediately reported to the clinic.[802][803]

Norway – On 27 February, Norway confirmed that two people who tested positive were linked to the outbreak in Italy. They were quarantined at home in Oslo.[804] On 28 February, an individual from Bergen and an employee of Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål tested positive and were placed in home isolation. Both had visited Northern Italy.[805][806] On 6 March, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health reported that 79 of the 113 confirmed cases in Norway were linked to the outbreak in northern Italy.[807]

Poland – Of the country's first five cases, two were from Italy, two were from Germany and one was from the UK.[808]

Portugal – On 2 March, a doctor who had travelled to Northern Italy and became ill on 29 February was confirmed positive at Hospital de São João in Porto. On 4 March, a 44-year-old man who had travelled to Italy was confirmed positive at the same hospital.

Romania – On 26 February, Romania confirmed its first case, a man from Gorj who tested positive after having come in contact with an 71-year-old man from Cattolica, Italy. The Italian man visited his wife's family and had several business meetings in Romania from 18 to 22 February. The Romanian man was admitted to National Institute of Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Balș in Bucharest.[97][809] On 28 February, a 45-year-old man from Maramureș who had returned from Italy on 25 February was admitted to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases and then transferred to Cluj.[810] A 38-year-old woman who had returned from Bergamo tested positive was admitted to a hospital in Timișoara.[810] On 3 March, a 47-year-old man who had travelled in the same plane with the 38-year-old woman was confirmed positive and admitted to the same hospital.[811] The majority of confirmed cases in Romania are related to Italy.[812]

Russia – On 2 March, a Russian citizen who had returned from Italy was diagnosed.[813]

San Marino – On 27 February, San Marino confirmed its first case, an 88-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions who was hospitalised at Rimini Hospital.[814][815]

Serbia – On 6 March, Serbia registered its first case, a 43-year-old man who had been to Budapest and Italy. At least one other case had been to Italy.[816]

Slovakia – An asymptomatic man who had travelled to Venice between 14 and 15 February transmitted the virus to his father and his wife.[817]

Slovenia – Many Slovenian cases are linked to Italy, including the nation's first case.[818]

Spain – On 24 February, a 69-year-old medical doctor from Lombardy who had been vacationing in Tenerife since 17 February tested positive at the University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria. A 25-year-old man returning from a holiday in Italy also tested positive in Asturias.[819][820][821][822] On 25 February, the wife of the doctor from Lombardy tested positive and was admitted to the same hospital where her husband was being treated.[823] A 36-year-old Italian woman living in Barcelona who had visited Bergamo and Milan from 12 to 22 February also tested positive.[300][820][824] A man from Villarreal who had recently travelled to Milan tested positive and was admitted to Hospital Universitario de La Plana.[825] A 24-year-old man from Madrid who had recently returned from Northern Italy tested positive and was admitted to Hospital Carlos III.[826][827] On 26 February, two Italian tourists who were vacationing with the Lombardy doctor and his wife also tested positive. The group were transferred to University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria and underwent quarantine.[828] A 22-year-old man from Barcelona who travelled to Milan between 22 and 25 February tested positive and was admitted to Hospital Clínic.[829][830] A woman from La Gomera who travelled to Italy between 4 and 8 February tested positive and was admitted to Hospital General de La Gomera in Tenerife.[831] On 27 February, a 44-year-old man from Valencia who worked as a sportswriter and had travelled to Milan's San Siro Stadium on 19 February to watch a football game tested positive and was admitted to Hospital Clínico Universitario de València. Two other people with whom he had made contact also tested positive and were admitted to the same hospital. Two more people who had visited the same football game in Milan were hospitalised at the same place.[832][833][834][835] A woman who had visited Milan was hospitalised at Hospital de Sagunto, Valencia.[835] An Italian student studying in Valencia who had visited Northern Italy was admitted to Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset.[835] A 22-year-old woman from Tenerife who had travelled to Italy from 19 to 25 February was admitted to Hospital Clínic.[836] An 18-year-old Italian student studying at IE University, Segovia, who had just returned from Milan, was admitted to Hospital General de Segovia.[837][838] On 28 February, a 27-year-old man from Aragon with a history of recent trips to Milan tested positive.[839]

Sweden – On 26 February, Sweden confirmed that a 30-year-old man who previously visited Northern Italy fell ill three days after returning to Sweden and was admitted to Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg.[840][841][842] On 27 February, three patients in their 30s were confirmed positive in Västra Götaland. Two of them had been in contact with the Gothenburg patient, while the other had previously visited Italy.[843][844][845] On 28 February, a man in his 50s who had returned from Northern Italy on 24 February tested positive and was admitted to a hospital in Jönköping.[846]

Switzerland – On 25 February, Switzerland confirmed its first case, a 70-year-old man in the canton of Ticino who had previously visited Milan.[820][847] On 27 February, a 28-year-old IT worker from Geneva who had recently returned from Milan tested positive and was admitted to Geneva University Hospital.[848][849] Two Italian children on vacation in Graubünden tested positive and were hospitalised.[850][849][851] A 26-year-old man in Aargau who had visited Verona on a business trip the previous week tested positive and was hospitalised.[849] A 30-year-old woman who visited Milan was admitted to a hospital in Zurich.[849] A young woman who had travelled to Milan tested positive in Basel-City. She worked for a daycare centre in Riehen, and after her test was confirmed, the children at the daycare were put into a two-week quarantine.[852] On 28 February, her partner, a 23-year-old man, also tested positive in Basel-Country.[853] On 29 February, the man's mother tested positive as well. On 28 February, a 45-year-old-man who had travelled to Milan tested positive in Zürich.[853]

Ukraine – On 3 March, Ukraine confirmed its first case in Chernivtsi, a man who had travelled from Italy by plane to the Romanian city of Suceava and then to Ukraine by car with his wife.[854]

United Kingdom – On 27 February, the United Kingdom confirmed that a patient who had visited Milan tested positive and was admitted to Royal Free Hospital in London.[855] Northern Ireland reported its first case, an adult who had travelled from Northern Italy via Dublin and was admitted to Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast.[856] On 28 February, Wales reported its first case, a patient who had returned from northern Italy was treated at a specialist unit in England.[857]

Oceania

New Zealand – On 4 March, the New Zealand Ministry of Health confirmed its second case, a woman in her 30s who returned to Auckland from Northern Italy.[858]

See also

References

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