Hopewell, Virginia

Hopewell, Virginia
Independent city
City of Hopewell
The waterfront of City Point, Virginia (present-day Hopewell) during the winter of 1864-1865.

Seal

Location in the State of Virginia
Coordinates: 37°17′25″N 77°18′18″W / 37.29028°N 77.30500°W / 37.29028; -77.30500
Country  United States
State  Virginia
Incorporated 1914
Government
 • Mayor Jackie M. Shornak
Area
 • Independent city 28 km2 (10.8 sq mi)
 • Land 27 km2 (10.3 sq mi)
 • Water 1 km2 (0.5 sq mi)  4.9%
Elevation 15.2 m (50 ft)
Population (2010)
 • Independent city 22,735
 • Density 847/km2 (2,193/sq mi)
 • Metro 1,175,652
Time zone UTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code 23860
Area code(s) 804
FIPS code 51-38424[1]
GNIS feature ID 1495714[2]
Website www.hopewellva.gov

Hopewell is an independent city surrounded by Prince George County and the Appomattox River in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,591.[3] The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Hopewell with Prince George County for statistical purposes.

Hopewell is in the Tri-Cities area of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).

History

City Point

The city was founded to take advantage of its site overlooking the James and Appomattox Rivers. City Point, the oldest part of Hopewell, was established in 1613 by Sir Thomas Dale. It was first known as "Bermuda City," which was changed to Charles City, lengthened to Charles City Point, and later abbreviated to City Point. (At this time, Bermuda, the Atlantic archipelago, was considered part of the Colony of Virginia and appeared on its maps.) Hopewell/City Point is the oldest continuously inhabited English settlement in the United States, Jamestown no longer being inhabited.

"Charles City Point" was in Charles City Shire when the first eight shires were established in the Colony of Virginia in 1634. Charles City Shire soon became known as Charles City County in 1637. In 1619 Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan from City Point, then named Charles City, were burgesses at the first meeting of the House of Burgesses.

The burgesses separated an area of the county south of the river, including City Point, establishing it separately as Prince George County in 1703. City Point was an unincorporated town in Prince George County until the City of Hopewell annexed the Town of City Point in 1923.

During the American Civil War, Union General Ulysses S. Grant used City Point as his headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864 and 1865. Grant's headquarters, which President Lincoln visited, were located at Appomattox Manor, one of the three plantations of Richard Eppes, who cultivated wheat and other grains and held 130 slaves at the beginning of the war.[4][5]

His property included most of the present day city of Hopewell and Eppes Island, a plantation across the James River from City Point. Richard Slaughter, a former slave of Eppes, escaped to a Union ship during the Civil War,[6] as did all but 12 of Eppes' 130 slaves, choosing freedom.[5] Slaughter recounted his life story for a Works Progress Administration interviewer in 1936.[6]

The City Point Railroad, built in 1838 between City Point and Petersburg, was used as a critical part of the siege strategy. It is considered the oldest portion of the Norfolk and Western Railway, now a part of Norfolk Southern.

Hopewell Quaker Origins

Samuel Janney in his "History of Friends," says, "Alexander Ross about the year 1732, having obtained a grant for One hundred thousand acres of land in the Colony of Virginia, situated near Opequan Creek a tributary of the Potomac; a settlement was soon after begun there by Alexander Ross, Josiah Ballenger, James Wright, Evan Thomas and other Friends from Pennsylvania, and Elk River in Maryland. Under authority of Chester Quarterly Meeting they established in 1744 a Monthly Meeting, called Hopewell, which thus became a branch of Phila. Yearly Meeting." 10 acres was deeded to the Quakers April 2, 1751 for a Meeting House which afterwards became "Hopewell." This deed of 1751 is the first appearance of the Quakers in the old County. However, it is possible that the Hopewell described by Janney as a Virginia Quaker settlement is actually to the northwest of the Hopewell which is the subject of this entry.[7] The Hopewell Friends Meeting House (Frederick County, Virginia) describes the Janney settlement.

Hopewell Farm

Hopewell, part of the Eppes' plantation, was developed by DuPont Company in 1914 as Hopewell Farm, an incorporated area in Prince George County. DuPont first built a dynamite factory there, then switched to the manufacture of guncotton during World War I.

Nearly burned to the ground in the Hopewell Fire of 1915, the city prospered afterward and became known as the "Wonder City" as the village of Hopewell grew from a hamlet of 400 in 1916 to a city of more than 20,000 people in a few short months. Unlike most cities in Virginia, Hopewell was never incorporated as a town, but it was incorporated as an independent city in 1916.

After DuPont abandoned the city following World War I, moving its manufacturing facilities elsewhere and specializing in other products, Hopewell briefly became a ghost town until 1923 when Tubize Corporation established a plant on the old DuPont site. The same year, the city of Hopewell annexed the neighboring town of City Point, which enabled it to expand and thrive. The Tubize plant was later acquired by Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and was a major employer in Hopewell for decades. Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation and Hercules Chemical also established plants on portions of the old DuPont site.

20th Century Populace

As early as its incorporation, Hopewell was a city of industrious migrants. Immigrants from Bohemia (now the western lands of the Czech Republic),[8] Italy, and Greece[9] populated the city, working in factories and opening small businesses. Others migrated from other parts of Virginia and neighboring states of North Carolina and West Virginia to work in Hopewell's industries.

As was the case in most southern cities, African Americans in Hopewell were subject to Jim Crow segregation until the success of the Civil Rights Movement. The picturesque theater in the middle of town, the Beacon Theater, only allowed Blacks in the balcony.[10] In August 1966, the Ku Klux Klan confronted the Reverend Curtis Harris and other Black Hopewell citizens when they attempted to petition the city manager to find an alternate location for a landfill that was going to be opened in the middle of a Black neighborhood.[11][12] Hopewell public schools were desegregated under court order in 1963, following Renee Patrice GILLIAM et al v. School Board of the City of Hopewell, Virginia.[13]

1935 bus tragedy

Hopewell made national news when, on December 22, 1935, a bus plunged through the open draw of the Appomattox River Drawbridge on State Route 10 just outside Hopewell's city limits. Only one of the 15 occupants of the bus survived. The modern twin spans of the Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges were built to replace that bridge and cross the river nearby.

Urban Renewal

Like many cities, Hopewell embarked on an urban renewal plan in the 1960s in an attempt to revitalize its downtown retail area. The plan was a failure because many of the retail businesses that had been located downtown moved elsewhere to new shopping centers being developed outside the city limits in Petersburg, Chester, and Prince George County.

However, a new urbanization is occurring and many long vacant storefronts are now refurbished and occupied. Several others are now under construction. Further, the City invested $12 million in a new beautiful state of the art flagship library for the busy Appomattox Regional Library System, the Maude Langhorne Nelson Library. The Library has a cyber cafe, extensive YA and children's collections, and a replica of the historic, 1600s-era frigate ship, Hopewell, installed as a centerpiece.[14][15] The City also restored the Beacon Theater, which was built in 1928, and there are 70 or more concerts and other events annually. Some performers in the past two years have been The Temptations, The Four Tops, Vince Gill, Travis Tritt, Clint Black, Amy Grant, The Average White Band, Vanilla Ice, The Commodores, Pure Prairie League, Delbert McClinton, and many more. New plantings and street beautification projects have been put into place, to attract more businesses and shoppers to the East Broadway area.

Recent history

Smokestacks rise from Hopewell's skyline

Hopewell is located at the confluence of two historic rivers, the Appomattox and the James. From many points in the city, beautiful views of the rivers or the tidal marshes are seen. The river access makes the area popular with waterfowl hunters and freshwater fisherman; it is particularly known for excellent catfishing.[16][17]

Hopewell is the location of several large chemical plants owned by the Honeywell Corporation, Ashland, Evonik Industries, as well as a Green Plains Inc. ethanol plant and paper mill owned by WestRock. Such industries have required the city and residents to deal with many environmental issues over the years, particularly as they learned more about the effects of the industries. The Kepone debacle of the 1970s received the most national attention.

Kepone (or Chlordécone) was an insecticide produced by Allied Signal Company and LifeSciences Product Company in Hopewell. The improper handling and dumping of the substance into the nearby James River in the 1960s and 1970s drew national attention to its toxic effects on wildlife. As a result of the contamination the James River from Richmond to the Chesapeake Bay was closed to fishing for over a decade. The product was similar to DDT and is a degradation product of Mirex. In 2009, Kepone was included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which banned its production and use worldwide

The Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg (FCC Petersburg), two federal prisons which house 3400 inmates, are located just outside the Hopewell city limits, in Prince George County[18][19]

In 1977, Hopewell again made the national news due to another accident involving a drawbridge when the tanker S.S. Marine Floridian outbound under the command of a James River pilot suffered a steering malfunction just after dawn on February 24 that caused it to veer out of the channel and hit the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge just east of town. The accident caused serious damage to the bridge and it was closed for months.

In 1983, Hopewell again received negative publicity from the national news media when it was discovered that Evelyn Rust Wells, an elderly woman, had been held captive and terrorized in her home in the City Point section. Her captors, mostly male teenagers under 18, cashed her Social Security checks at local grocery stores. A local grocer noted a change in purchases from when neighborhood kids assisted Wells, and called the police. They investigated and freed Wells who was by then severely malnourished.[20]

Although still an important industrial city, Hopewell has struggled with transitions through loss of jobs due to plant closures, changes in residential housing patterns, and the costs of environmental clean-up. Much of its middle class population moved to neighboring Prince George and Chesterfield Counties for newer housing during the suburban expansion of the 1960s and 1970s. The city's housing stock is dominated by relatively small homes with a significant percentage being offered as rental properties. Of these, many were hastily constructed over a century ago by DuPont to house plant workers during the First World War.

Hopewell has encouraged re-development along its waterfront areas along the James and Appomattox Rivers, in the downtown area, and the City Point Historic District, as well as the sites of several long vacant industrial plants. Due to its hasty construction as a mill town during the First World War, Hopewell had a large number of kit homes that were hauled in and erected in neighborhoods laid out by DuPont known as "A Village" and "B Village". The city has a surviving group of Sears Catalog Homes, with several available for exterior viewing on a self-guided tour. The city also has numerous Aladdin Kit Homes; at one time, it may have had the most such homes in the nation. Because residents moved to newer houses and the Aladdin Homes were abandoned and deteriorated, many have been razed.

Since 1994, Hopewell has been twinned with Ashford, Kent, U.K.

In late 2012, press reports indicated the city had the highest rate of violent crime on a per capita basis in the state.[21]

The former Hopewell High School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was renovated from 2009-2010 and now serves as an apartment building.

In September 2010, a series of explosions occurred at a controversial new ethanol plant that had recently been constructed on a long vacant site formerly occupied by a Firestone plant. In 2007, former Hopewell Mayor and civil rights leader Curtis W. Harris, had marched against the proposed ethanol plant being built in Hopewell with support from the national Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[22] The plant had not yet become fully operational when the explosions occurred. There was no loss of life due to the accident but shortly after the explosion Osage BioEnergy, the owners of the $150 million facility, announced that the plant was for sale. Although the facility was sitting idle through 2013 with the city of Hopewell taking legal action to recoup unpaid taxes on the property, the facility was eventually purchased by another firm and operations were restarted in 2014.[23] In 2015 the troubled ethanol plant closed again for a second time after less than a year in operation with its owners citing a lack of profitability as the reason for the shutdown.[24] The plant has since been purchased and re-opened by Green Plains Inc. of Omaha, Nebraska.

Hopewell has come to the attention of AAA because some of its members have complained that Hopewell is a speed trap for its practice of citing drivers for speeding along a 1.7 mile stretch of Interstate 295, nicknamed the "Million Dollar Mile" by disgruntled drivers. AAA, claimed in a press release that Hopewell employs 11 sheriff's deputies working in 14-hour shifts to patrol less than two miles of the highway that lie within the city limits of Hopewell. However, this statistic has been denied by the sheriff of Hopewell, who was baffled as to where that information was generated as he said the deputies working on I-295 only work eight-hour shifts.[25] This practice, which it has been claimed, annually generated $1.8 million in revenue from speeding tickets, of which 75% were issued to out of state drivers, triggered a court clash between the Commonwealth's Attorney and the city prosecutor, and elicited an official ruling from the Attorney General of Virginia.[26] Sheriff Luther Sodat said that the almost two-mile stretch of highway "is a safety issue for Hopewell."[25] Virginia's urban interstates have a fatality rate about one-third the Statewide rate for all roads combined.[27]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.8 square miles (28.0 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26.4 km2) are land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (4.9%) is water.[28]

Climate

Climate data for Hopewell, Virginia (1980-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 47.8
(8.8)		 51.2
(10.7)		 60.1
(15.6)		 70.4
(21.3)		 77.5
(25.3)		 85.5
(29.7)		 89
(32)		 87.7
(30.9)		 81.2
(27.3)		 71
(22)		 61.6
(16.4)		 50.8
(10.4)		 69.5
(20.9)
Average low °F (°C) 27.1
(−2.7)		 28.8
(−1.8)		 35.7
(2.1)		 44.7
(7.1)		 54.1
(12.3)		 63.6
(17.6)		 67.7
(19.8)		 66.5
(19.2)		 59.1
(15.1)		 47
(8)		 38.1
(3.4)		 29.8
(−1.2)		 46.8
(8.2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.2
(81)		 2.9
(74)		 3.9
(99)		 3.3
(84)		 3.9
(99)		 3.5
(89)		 4.3
(109)		 4.5
(114)		 4.1
(104)		 3.2
(81)		 3.5
(89)		 3.5
(89)		 43.8
(1,112)
Source: USA.com[29]

Neighborhoods

Adjacent counties

National protected area

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
19201,397—
193011,327710.8%
19408,679−23.4%
195010,21917.7%
196017,89575.1%
197023,47131.2%
198023,397−0.3%
199023,101−1.3%
200022,354−3.2%
201022,5911.1%
Est. 201622,735[30]0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[31]
1790-1960[32] 1900-1990[33]
1990-2000[34] 2010-2012[3]

As of the census[35] of 2000, there were 22,354 people, 9,055 households, and 6,075 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,182.3 people per square mile (842.9/km²). There were 9,749 housing units at an average density of 951.7 per square mile (367.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 47.1% White, 43.5% Black, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 9,055 households, out of which 32.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.94.

The age of the population is spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there are 87.7 males. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 82.2 men.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,156, and the median income for a family was $49,730. Males had a median income of $34,849 versus $25,401 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,041. About 15.8% of families and 17.73% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.6% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The following are schools in the Hopewell, Virginia school division.

High school

Middle school

Elementary schools

  • Dupont Elementary School
  • Harry E. James Elementary School
  • Patrick Copeland Elementary School

All of the schools above are accredited by the Virginia Board of Education and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Hopewell City Schools consistently rank near the bottom of the state in Standards of Learning (SOL) scores, graduation rates, and student discipline.

Charter and technology

Libraries

Appomattox Regional Library serves as the library system for Hopewell, Virginia.

Notable people

Media

The Hopewell News, locally managed and operated by HPC Media, was an 8,000 circulation twice-weekly newspaper that covers local news, sports and events of interest to the communities of Hopewell, Enon and Prince George. For more than 90 years, The Hopewell News served the greater Hopewell and Prince George communities. The paper was shut down on Jan. 18, 2018. HPC Media also published the News-Patriot newspaper covering Colonial Heights and communities in Southeastern Chesterfield County.

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hopewell has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[38]

Politics

Presidential Elections Results[39]
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2016 43.1% 3,885 52.4% 4,724 4.4% 399
2012 41.4% 3,739 57.4% 5,179 1.3% 113
2008 43.6% 4,149 55.5% 5,285 0.9% 90
2004 53.6% 4,251 45.0% 3,573 1.4% 112
2000 53.7% 3,749 43.3% 3,024 2.9% 205
1996 49.5% 3,493 40.6% 2,868 9.9% 701
1992 47.5% 3,818 35.6% 2,863 16.9% 1,361
1988 63.5% 4,672 34.9% 2,566 1.7% 122
1984 68.3% 5,661 30.9% 2,564 0.8% 67
1980 56.2% 4,423 39.4% 3,102 4.4% 347
1976 48.2% 3,764 47.3% 3,691 4.5% 352
1972 75.9% 5,229 21.6% 1,485 2.6% 177
1968 43.6% 2,942 23.3% 1,568 33.1% 2,233
1964 55.9% 3,183 43.9% 2,498 0.2% 10
1960 54.2% 2,169 45.1% 1,805 0.6% 25
1956 53.9% 1,908 39.2% 1,388 6.9% 243
1952 49.6% 1,640 50.1% 1,657 0.3% 11
1948 28.8% 570 62.7% 1,242 8.5% 169
1944 22.2% 368 77.5% 1,284 0.3% 5
1940 23.9% 308 76.1% 981 0.1% 1
1936 20.1% 332 79.3% 1,309 0.6% 10
1932 25.9% 342 72.5% 957 1.6% 21
1928 51.2% 505 48.8% 482
1924 42.0% 206 56.4% 277 1.6% 8
1920 29.5% 41 69.8% 97 0.7% 1
1916 10.7% 3 85.7% 24 3.6% 1

See also

References

  1. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  2. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. 1 2 "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  4. ↑ Bowman, Shearer Davis. "Conditional Unionism and Slavery in Virginia, 1860-1861: The Case of Dr. Richard Eppes", Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 96 (January 1988): 31-54, accessed 13 June 2012
  5. 1 2 "Richard Eppes biography", Petersburg National Battlefield Website, National Park Service, accessed 13 June 2012 Archived October 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. 1 2 "Autobiography of Richard Slaughter", pp. 46-49, Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, American Memory, Library of Congress, accessed 13 June 2012
  7. ↑ Early Settlements of Friends in the Valley of Virginia, by Kirk Brown The West Virginia Historical Magazine Quarterly, Volumes 3-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=6_QxAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  8. ↑ "The Bohemians in Virginia 1880s - 1930ish". Marie Blaha Pearson - A Bohemian Journey. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "Appomattox Regional Library System Historic Newspapers -- Microfilm Image Viewer". appomattoxcl.archivalweb.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Making the American Dream Work : A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia, Lauranett L. Lee (auth), Hampton, Va. : Morgan James Pub., 2008
  11. ↑ Ibid.
  12. ↑ Interview with Curtis Harris http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/4
  13. ↑ "332 F.2d 460 - Renee Patrice GILLIAM and Reuben Lemuel Gilliam, Jr., infants, by Reuben L. Gilliam and Joy T. Gilliam, their father and mother and next friends, et al., Appellees, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF the CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA, and Charles W. Smith, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, and E. J. Oglesby, Alfred L. Wingo and E. T. Justis, constituting the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellants". www.freelawreporter.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  14. ↑ Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2014 ARLS "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  15. ↑ Official Website of the City of Hopewell http://hopewellva.gov/library/
  16. ↑ See Tidal River Blue Catfish https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/waterbody/james-river-tidal/
  17. ↑ "Cat fishing out of Hopewell". pierandsurf.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  18. ↑ "FCI Petersburg Medium". bop.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "FCI Petersburg Low". bop.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Woman freed after two months", New York Times, 31 January 1983, Section A, p. 10
  21. ↑ 25 years after her rape claims sparked a firestorm, Tawana Brawley avoids the spotlight, by Michael Gartland,New York Post
  22. ↑ "2001 Honorees - Curtis W. Harris". Dominion. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  23. ↑ Johnson, Katherine (22 September 2014). "Plant has produced over 11 million gallons of ethanol". The Progress-Index. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  24. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
  25. 1 2 "Putting brakes on I-295 tickets?". The Hopewell News. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "VA Legislative Agenda". cqrcengage.com. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  27. ↑ "Table FI-30 – Highway Statistics 2013 - Policy - Federal Highway Administration". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  28. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  29. ↑ "Climatological Information for Hopewell, Virginia", USA.com, 2003. Web: .
  30. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  31. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  35. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  36. ↑ "UK Archaeologist Locates 17th Century Merchant's House, Plans Excavation With Students". www.uky.edu. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  37. ↑ 'Charles Hardaway Marks-obituary,' Hampton Daily Press, November 17, 2004
  38. ↑ "Hopewell, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  39. ↑ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.

Coordinates: 37°17′25″N 77°18′12″W / 37.290399°N 77.303371°W / 37.290399; -77.303371

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