空

See also: 🈳
空 U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A
← 穹
[U+7A79] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 穻 →
[U+7A7B]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

空 (radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)

Derived characters

Further reading
  • KangXi: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 空
variant forms 𠀝
𫞹
𢦉

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 空
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ्‌ (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation 1
Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
Note:
  • khang - vernacular;
  • khong - literary.
Note:
  • kang1 - vernacular;
  • kong1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 空
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰoŋ/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
/kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
/kɔŋ³³/ ～闲
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰoŋ³³/
/kʰaŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xoŋ²³/
/xaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦紅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəwŋ/
Li
Rong		 /kʰuŋ/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kōng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kōng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khuwng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰˁoŋ/
English hollow, empty; hole

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 空
Reading # 1/2
No. 4034
Phonetic
component		 工
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 空
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰoːŋ/

Definitions

空

  1. empty; hollow; void
    這箱子是空的。 / 这箱子是空的。  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
    在盒子裡有些空瓶。 [MSC, trad.]
    在盒子里有些空瓶。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài hézi lǐ yǒu xiē kōng píng. [Pinyin]
    There are some empty bottles in the box.
  2. exhausted; emptied
  3. open; spacious; vast
  4. quiet and still; secluded
  5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
    空話 / 空话  ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
  6. (Min Dong) hungry
  7. air; sky; atmosphere
    空氣 / 空气  ―  kōngqì  ―  air; atmosphere
    天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
    航空  ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
    空調 / 空调  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
  8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
    太空  ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
    空間 / 空间  ―  kōngjiān  ―  space
  9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
  10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
  11. in vain; for nothing
  12. only (left, remain, etc.)
  13. to exhaust
  14. to miss the target
  15. (Min Nan) hole; cavity
Synonyms
  • (hungry):
Dialectal synonyms of 餓 (“hungry”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 飢, 餓
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 餓, 飢餓
Mandarin Beijing 餓
Taiwan 餓
Tianjin 餓
Harbin 餓
Shenyang 餓
Jinan 餓
Xi'an 飢, 餓
Wuhan 餓
Chengdu 餓
Yangzhou 餓
Hefei 餓
Cantonese Guangzhou 肚餓, 餓
Hong Kong 肚餓, 餓
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 肚餓
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 肚餓
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 肚腹餓
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 肚腹餓
Macau 餓
Panyu 肚餓
Huadu (Huashan) 肚餓
Conghua 肚餓
Zengcheng 肚餓
Foshan 肚餓
Nanhai (Shatou) 肚餓
Shunde 餓
Sanshui 肚餓
Gaoming (Mingcheng) 肚餓
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 餓
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 餓
Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 肚餓
Doumen 肚餓
Jiangmen (Baisha) 肚飢
Xinhui 肚餓
Taishan 肚飢
Kaiping (Chikan) 肚餓
Enping (Niujiang) 肚餓
Heshan (Yayao) 肚餓
Dongguan 屎肚餓
Bao'an (Shajing) 肚餓
Dapeng 餓
Shaoguan 肚餓
Yunfu 肚餓
Yangjiang 餓
Xinyi 肚餓
Lianjiang 肚餓
Nanning 肚餓
Kuala Lumpur 餓
Ho Chi Minh City 餓
Gan Nanchang 餓
Hakka Meixian 肚飢, 餓
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 肚飢, 肚枵
Liudui (S. Sixian) 肚飢
Hsinchu (Hailu) 肚屎枵, 肚枵
Dongshi (Dabu) 肚飢, 肚屎枵, 肚枵
Hsinchu (Raoping) 肚屎枵, 肚枵
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 屎肚枵
Hong Kong 餓
Senai 餓
Jin Taiyuan 餓
Min Bei Jian'ou 腹飢, 餓
Min Dong Fuzhou 空, 枵 dated
Min Nan Xiamen 枵
Quanzhou 枵
Zhangzhou 枵
Taipei 枵
Kaohsiung 枵
Chaozhou 枵, 肚困, 肚枵
Haifeng 肚枵
Johor Bahru 枵
Wu Suzhou 餓
Wenzhou 餓
Xiang Changsha 餓, 䐬
Shuangfeng 肚䐬, 餓 intensified
  • (hole):
Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴
Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
Jinan 窟窿
Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
Yangzhou 洞
Hefei 窟窿, 洞
Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
Gan Nanchang 洞
Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
Min Bei Jian'ou 川
Min Dong Fuzhou 空空
Min Nan Xiamen 空, 空口
Quanzhou 空
Zhangzhou 空口
Taipei 空
Philippines (Manila) 空
Chaozhou 空
Wu Suzhou 洞
Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
Xiang Changsha 洞
Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞

Compounds
Derived terms from 空

Pronunciation 2
Note: hung3 - rare.
Note:
  • káe̤ng - vernacular;
  • kóng - literary.
Note:
  • khòng - literary;
  • khàng - vernacular.
Rime
Character 空
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦貢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəwŋH/
Li
Rong		 /kʰuŋH/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kòng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 空
Reading # 2/2
No. 4045
Phonetic
component		 工
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 控
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰoːŋs/

Definitions

空

  1. to make empty; to impoverish
  2. to leave empty; to leave blank
  3. vacant; unoccupied; available
    有空房間嗎？ / 有空房间吗？  ―  Yǒu kòng fángjiān ma?  ―  Is there any vacant room?
    這個位子空著嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
    这个位子空着吗？ [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge wèizǐ kòng zhe ma? [Pinyin]
    Is this seat available?
  4. spare time; free time; leisure
    我今天有空。  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
    你下午有空嗎？ / 你下午有空吗？  ―  Nǐ xiàwǔ yǒu kòng ma?  ―  Are you free this afternoon?
    現在醫生沒空。 / 现在医生没空。  ―  Xiànzài yīshēng méi kòng.  ―  The doctor is not available now.
  5. empty space; room
    再擠個人進來行嗎？車裡還有空嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
    再挤个人进来行吗？车里还有空吗？ [MSC, simp.]
    Zài jǐ ge rén jìnlái xíng ma? Chē lǐ hái yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
    Can you fit in another person? Is there room in the car?
  6. (of time) gap; interval; break
    Synonyms: 間隙／间隙 (jiànxì), 間隔／间隔 (jiàngé)
  7. chance; opportunity
  8. (Min Nan) zero
Synonyms
  • (spare time):
Synonyms of 空

Compounds
Derived terms from 空

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

空

  1. † Alternative form of 孔 (kǒng, “hole; cave; mouth”).

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (空):

Japanese

Kanji
空

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. sky
  2. empty, hollow, bare, void, deserted
Readings
Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
空
そら
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

空 (hiragana そら, rōmaji sora)

  1. the sky
Synonyms
  • (the sky): 天 (ten)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
空
から
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Cognate with 殻 (から) (kara, “shell”).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

空 (hiragana から, rōmaji kara)

  1. empty
    空 (から)箱 (ばこ)
    karabako
    empty box
  2. ineffectual
    空 (から)振 (ぶ)り
    karaburi
    in vain
  3. false
    空 (から)元 (げん)気 (き)
    karagenki
    bravado
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
空
くう
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

Pronunciation

Noun

空 (hiragana くう, rōmaji kū)

  1. empty air
  2. meaninglessness
  3. (Buddhism) shunya (Śūnyatā): emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
  4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”); also known as 天 (sora), of particular importance as the highest of the five elements
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 4

You can help Wiktionary by providing a proper etymology.

Kanji in this term
空
うろ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

空 (hiragana うろ, rōmaji uro)

  1. cavity, hole

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
空
うつお
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/utuho/: /utupo/ → /utuɸo/ → /utuwo/ → /utuo/. See also 空 (utsubo).

Pronunciation

Noun

空 (hiragana うつお, rōmaji utsuo, historical hiragana うつほ)

  1. Alternative form of うろ

Etymology 6
Kanji in this term
空
うつぼ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Similar etymology to 空 (utsuo). As /h/ gradually changed from [p] → [ɸ] → [w] → [Ø], the phoneme was voiced to [b] in order to maintain it.

Pronunciation

Noun

空 (hiragana うつぼ, rōmaji utsubo)

  1. Alternative form of うろ

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).

Hanja

Wikisource

空 (eumhun 빌 공 (bil gong))

  1. Hanja form? of 공 (“empty; void”).
  2. Hanja form? of 공 (“sky; air”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

空

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /suɾa/

Noun

空 (hiragana すら, romaji sura)

  1. (literary) the sky; the heavens

Vietnamese

Han character

空: Hán Việt readings: không (枯(khô)公(công)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
空: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]

  1. Hán tự form of không (“empty; void”).
  2. Hán tự form of không (“air; sky”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. Hồ (1976).
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