苦

苦 U+82E6, 苦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E6
← 若
[U+82E5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 苧 →
[U+82E7]
苦 U+2F996, 苦
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F996
← 芽
[U+2F995] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 𦬼 →
[U+2F997]

Translingual

Han character

苦 (radical 140, 艸+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿十口 (TJR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹古)

References
  • KangXi: page 1023, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30797
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3186, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+82E6

Chinese
trad. 苦
simp. # 苦

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 苦
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka. Cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 苦 苦
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 模 (23) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 康杜切 苦故切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰɔX/ /kʰɔH/
Li
Rong		 /kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Wang
Li		 /kʰuX/ /kʰuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kǔ kù
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 苦
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khuX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰˁaʔ/
English bitter

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 苦 苦
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4242 4243
Phonetic
component		 古 古
Rime
group		 魚 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 苦 絝
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰaːʔ/ /*kʰaːs/

Definitions

苦

  1. bitter
    苦瓜  ―  kǔguā  ―  bittermelon
  2. Alternative name for 荼 (tú, “bitter plant”).
  3. difficult; painful; hard
  4. hardship; suffering
    辛苦  ―  xīnkǔ  ―  laborious; hard; miserable
  5. (dialectal) excessive
  6. to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time
  7. to suffer from; to be handicapped by
  8. (obsolete or Min Dong) to worry about; to be concerned about
  9. strenuously; painstakingly
    苦笑  ―  kǔxiào  ―  to force a smile

Compounds
Derived terms from 苦

Japanese

Kanji
苦

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. pain, anguish, suffering, discomfort, hardship, worry
  2. (Buddhism) dukkha, suffering

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology
Kanji in this term
苦
く
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 苦 (khuX, “suffering”).

Pronunciation

Noun

苦 (hiragana く, rōmaji ku)

  1. suffering
  2. (Buddhism) dukkha

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

苦 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Alternative forms

Han character

苦: Hán Việt readings: khổ
苦: Nôm readings: cỏ, khó, khủ, khổ, cô

References
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