Demographics of Europe

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries. According to the United Nations, the population within the standard physical geographical boundaries comprised 737 million in 2010.[1] In 2010 the population was 711 million, defining Europe's boundaries as the continental divides of the Caucasus and Ural mountains and the Bosporous, and including the European parts of the countries of Russia and of Turkey.

See also: Demographics of the European Union and Ethnic groups in Europe

Population density in the EU and EFTA countries, including candidate countries (2017).
Population growth and decline as of 2009 in Europe

Europe's population growth is comparatively low, and its median age comparatively high, in relation to the world's other continents, especially compared to Asia, Africa and Latin America. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is becoming less populous than the older.[2] Nonetheless most European countries still have growing populations due to immigration, population momentum and increases in life expectancy. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population.

History
See also: Medieval demography

Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007),[3] in millions, with estimated percentage of world population:

AD 11000150016001700182019132000
34 (15%)40 (15%)78 (18%)112 (20%)127 (21%)224 (21%)498 (28%)742 (13%)

Population of Western and Eastern Europe and former USSR, 0–1998 (in thousands)

Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[4]

Year 0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998[4]
Austria 500 700 2000 2500 2500 3369 4520 6767 6935 7586 8078
Belgium 300 400 1400 1600 2000 3424 5096 7666 8640 9738 10197
Denmark 180 360 600 650 700 1155 1888 2983 4269 5022 5303
Finland 20 40 300 400 400 1169 1754 3027 4009 4666 5153
France 5000 6500 15000 18500 21471 31246 38440 41463 41836 52118 58805
Germany 3000 3500 12000 16000 15000 24905 39231 65058 68371 78956 82029
Italy 7000 5000 10500 13100 13300 20176 27888 37248 47105 54751 57592
Netherlands 200 300 950 1500 1900 2355 3615 6164 10114 13438 15700
Norway 100 200 300 400 500 970 1735 2447 3265 3961 4432
Sweden 200 400 550 760 1260 2585 4164 5621 7015 8137 8851
Switzerland 300 300 650 1000 1200 1829 2664 3864 4694 6441 7130
United Kingdom 800 2000 3942 6170 8565 21226 31393 45649 50363 56223 59237
Portugal 500 600 1000 1100 2000 3297 4353 6004 8512 8634 9968
Spain 4500 4000 6800 8240 8770 12203 16201 20263 27868 34810 39371
Greece 2000 1000 1000 1500 1500 2312
13 Small Countries 100 113 276 358 394 657
Total Western Europe 24700 25413 57268 73778 81460 132888 187532 261007 305060 358390 388399
Albania 200 200 200 200 300 437
Bulgaria 500 800 800 1250 1250 2187
Czechoslovakia 1000 1250 3000 4500 4500 7190
Hungary 300 500 1250 1250 1500 4571
Poland 450 1200 4000 5000 6000 10426
Romania 800 800 2000 2000 2500 6389
Yugoslavia 1500 1750 2250 2750 2750 5215
Eastern Europe 4750 6500 13500 16950 18800 36415 52182 79604 87289 110490 121006
Former USSR 3900 7100 16950 20700 26550 54765 88672 156192 180050 249748 290866
World 230820 268273 437818 555828 603410 1041092 1270014 1791020 2524531 3913482 5907680

Shares of world population, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and former USSR, 0–1998 (% of world total)

Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[4]

Year[4] 0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2018
Austria 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Belgium 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2
Denmark 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Finland 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
France 2.2 2.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.0
Germany 1.3 1.3 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.4 3.1 3.6 2.7 2.0 1.4
Italy 3.0 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.0
Netherlands 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3
Norway 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Sweden 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1
Switzerland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
United Kingdom 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.4 1.0
Portugal 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
Spain 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7
Other 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3
Total Western Europe 10.7 9.5 13.1 13.3 13.5 12.8 14.8 14.6 12.1 9.2 6.6
Eastern Europe 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.4 3.5 2.8 2.0
Former USSR 1.7 2.6 3.9 3.7 4.4 5.3 7.0 8.7 7.1 6.4 4.9
Sum 14.5 14.5 20.1 20.0 21.0 21.6 25.9 27.7 22.7 18.4 13.5 9.8[5]
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Note: These numbers do not include the population of its colonies. Only population within Europe.

Total population

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.[6] In 1950 there were 549,000,000.[1] The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations,[1] which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.[7] Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety[8] account for another 94 million. Five transcontinental countries[9] have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate.[1] (The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in other parts of the world.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population as it is not offset by the current immigration level. This situation is expected to be a challenge for their economies, political and social institutions. Countries on the edges of Europe, except for southern Europe, have generally stronger growth than Central European counterparts. Albania and Ireland have strong growth, hitting over 1% annually.

Vital statistics
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1950 552,650,637 12,279,631 6,077,294 6,202,337 22.2 11.0 11.2
1951 558,223,197 12,169,682 6,325,019 5,844,663 21.8 11.3 10.5
1952 563,493,475 12,177,623 6,001,839 6,175,784 21.6 10.7 11.0
1953 569,038,338 11,941,894 6,019,718 5,922,176 21.0 10.6 10.4
1954 574,789,670 12,324,941 5,898,046 6,426,895 21.4 10.3 11.2
1955 580,851,705 12,212,326 5,799,677 6,412,649 21.0 10.0 11.0
1956 586,901,634 12,146,266 5,829,471 6,316,795 20.7 9.9 10.8
1957 592,961,193 12,266,984 5,933,392 6,333,592 20.7 10.0 10.7
1958 599,136,267 12,252,182 5,600,008 6,652,174 20.4 9.3 11.1
1959 605,348,897 12,265,796 5,761,645 6,504,151 20.3 9.5 10.7
1960 611,080,345 12,250,496 5,714,998 6,535,498 20.0 9.4 10.7
1961 617,765,543 12,128,282 5,686,453 6,441,829 19.6 9.2 10.4
1962 624,539,799 11,878,305 6,011,184 5,867,121 19.0 9.6 9.4
1963 631,178,748 11,815,819 5,990,339 5,825,480 18.7 9.5 9.2
1964 636,849,204 11,635,983 5,802,060 5,833,923 18.3 9.1 9.2
1965 642,428,289 11,263,795 6,035,103 5,228,692 17.5 9.4 8.1
1966 647,361,672 11,159,800 6,028,414 5,131,386 17.2 9.3 7.9
1967 651,746,129 11,143,819 6,178,007 4,965,812 17.1 9.5 7.6
1968 656,477,459 10,974,458 6,386,235 4,588,223 16.7 9.7 7.0
1969 660,989,825 10,837,646 6,633,586 4,204,060 16.4 10.0 6.4
1970 664,048,777 10,710,341 6,579,972 4,130,369 16.1 9.9 6.2
1971 668,951,352 10,813,587 6,644,557 4,169,030 16.2 9.9 6.2
1972 673,335,593 10,640,832 6,691,455 3,949,377 15.8 9.9 5.9
1973 677,566,692 10,404,644 6,806,797 3,597,847 15.4 10.0 5.3
1974 681,644,899 10,539,214 6,787,766 3,751,448 15.5 10.0 5.5
1975 685,723,151 10,386,253 7,034,405 3,351,848 15.1 10.3 4.9
1976 688,988,353 10,380,332 7,108,368 3,271,964 15.1 10.3 4.7
1977 692,598,706 10,273,774 7,071,683 3,202,091 14.8 10.2 4.6
1978 695,805,436 10,240,284 7,207,328 3,032,956 14.7 10.4 4.4
1979 699,351,916 10,250,780 7,294,794 2,955,986 14.7 10.4 4.2
1980 702,641,860 10,299,362 7,452,692 2,846,670 14.7 10.6 4.1
1981 705,680,147 10,173,633 7,419,189 2,754,444 14.4 10.5 3.9
1982 708,358,982 10,217,922 7,352,220 2,865,702 14.4 10.4 4.0
1983 711,003,288 10,281,966 7,568,702 2,713,264 14.5 10.6 3.8
1984 713,601,049 10,180,601 7,613,126 2,567,475 14.3 10.7 3.6
1985 716,205,711 10,074,137 7,730,412 2,343,725 14.1 10.8 3.3
1986 719,150,440 10,207,884 7,481,632 2,726,252 14.2 10.4 3.8
1987 722,244,373 10,148,938 7,469,132 2,679,806 14.1 10.3 3.7
1988 725,546,176 10,017,572 7,560,826 2,456,746 13.8 10.4 3.4
1989 728,372,277 9,638,871 7,585,513 2,053,358 13.2 10.4 2.8
1990 730,830,065 9,422,327 7,745,752 1,676,575 12.9 10.6 2.3
1991 733,009,781 9,023,724 7,873,774 1,149,950 12.3 10.7 1.6
1992 730,096,476 8,545,246 7,936,689 608,557 11.7 10.9 0.8
1993 731,078,271 8,080,313 8,416,692 -336,379 11.1 11.5 -0.5
1994 731,823,499 7,917,773 8,518,141 -600,368 10.8 11.6 -0.8
1995 732,194,921 7,706,917 8,514,506 -807,589 10.5 11.6 -1.1
1996 735,716,936 7,645,955 8,403,761 -757,806 10.4 11.4 -1.0
1997 735,626,680 7,532,303 8,270,485 -738,182 10.2 11.2 -1.0
1998 735,357,189 7,448,190 8,211,210 -763,020 10.1 11.2 -1.0
1999 735,220,223 7,306,598 8,399,803 -1,093,205 9.9 11.4 -1.5
2000 735,281,836 7,391,238 8,404,825 -1,013,587 10.1 11.4 -1.4
2001 734,479,099 7,311,788 8,376,261 -1,064,473 10.0 11.4 -1.4
2002 734,113,675 7,363,664 8,537,143 -1,173,479 10.0 11.6 -1.6
2003 734,835,737 7,510,105 8,676,316 -1,166,211 10.2 11.8 -1.6
2004 735,580,756 7,630,690 8,384,784 -754,094 10.4 11.4 -1.0
2005 736,717,375 7,595,806 8,521,892 -926,086 10.3 11.6 -1.3
2006 737,678,808 7,742,855 8,277,039 -534,184 10.5 11.2 -0.7
2007 738,915,057 7,953,156 8,245,072 -291,916 10.8 11.2 -0.4
2008 740,211,536 8,261,791 8,274,493 -12,702 11.2 11.2 0.0
2009 741,816,205 8,272,129 8,175,408 96,721 11.2 11.0 0.1
2010 743,090,810 8,276,170 8,192,169 84,001 11.1 11.0 0.1
2011 742,829,600 8,125,121 8,011,717 113,404 10.9 10.8 0.2
2012 744,057,815 8,225,815 8,126,630 99,185 11.1 10.9 0.1
2013 745,572,312 8,057,803 8,069,336 -11,533 10.8 10.8 0.0
2014 746,962,843 8,112,733 8,016,661 96,072 10.9 10.7 0.1
2015 749,227,345 8,006,695 8,263,948 -257,253 10.7 11.0 -0.3
2016 750,610,036 7,978,910 8,138,734 -159,824 10.6 10.8 -0.2
2017 751,412,637 7,641,610 8,200,819 -559,209 10.2 10.9 -0.7
2018 751,612,093 7,401,572 8,252,295 -850,723 9.8 11.0 -1.1
2019
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate

Population by country
Modern political map (2006).
Council of Europe nations, with founding nations in yellow.

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

Country/territory Area
(km2)		 Population Population density
(per km2)		 Capital
Albania 28,748 2,862,427 105.1 Tirana
Andorra 468 85,082 181.8 Andorra la Vella
Armenia 29,743 3,018,854 101.5 Yerevan
Austria 83,879 8,504,850 101.4 Vienna
Azerbaijan 86,600 9,754,830 112.6 Baku
Belarus 207,595 9,475,100 45.6 Minsk
Belgium 30,528 11,198,638 366.8 Brussels
Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,197 3,301,000 75.6 Sarajevo
Bulgaria 110,994 7,364,570 66.4 Sofia
Croatia 56,594 4,284,889 75.7 Zagreb
Cyprus[e] 9,251 1,117,000 120.7 Nicosia
Czech Republic 78,866 10,513,209 133.3 Prague
Denmark 42,925 5,655,750 131.6 Copenhagen
Estonia 45,227 1,324,820 29.1 Tallinn
Faroe Islands (Denmark) 1,399 49,709 35.6 Tórshavn
Finland 338,424 5,470,820 16.2 Helsinki
France 643,801 67,210,000 103.7 Paris
Georgia 69,700 3,729,000 53.5 Tbilisi
Germany 357,168 80,716,000 226.0 Berlin
Gibraltar (UK) 6.8 30,001 4,348.0 Gibraltar
Greece 131,957 10,816,286 82.0 Athens
Guernsey[d] 78 65,345 837.8 St. Peter Port
Hungary 93,030 9,877,365 106.2 Budapest
Iceland 103,001 325,671 3.2 Reykjavík
Ireland 70,273 4,609,600 65.6 Dublin
Isle of Man[d] 572 84,497 147.8 Douglas
Italy 301,338 60,782,668 201.7 Rome
Jersey[d] 118 97,857 827.9 Saint Helier
Kazakhstan[j] 2,724,900 17,987,736 6.49 Nur-Sultan
Kosovo[p] 10,908 1,859,203 170.4 Pristina
Latvia 64,589 1,990,300 30.8 Riga
Liechtenstein 160 37,132 232.1 Vaduz
Lithuania 65,300 2,944,459 45.1 Vilnius
Luxembourg 2,586 549,680 212.6 Luxembourg
Malta 316 446,547 1,413.1 Valletta
Moldova 33,846 2,681,735 79.3 Chişinău
Monaco 2.02 36,371 18,005.4 Monaco
Montenegro 13,812 647,905 46.9 Podgorica
Netherlands 41,543 16,856,620 405.8 Amsterdam
North Macedonia 25,713 2,058,539 80.1 Skopje
Norway 385,178 5,136,700 13.3 Oslo
Poland 312,679 38,483,957 123.1 Warsaw
Portugal[f] 92,212 10,427,301 113.1 Lisbon
Romania 238,391 19,942,642 83.7 Bucharest
Russia 17,075,400 143,700,000 8.5 Moscow
San Marino 61.2 32,576 532.3 San Marino
Serbia[g] 77,461 7,041,599 90.9 Belgrade
Slovakia 49,035 5,415,949 110.5 Bratislava
Slovenia 20,273 2,061,085 101.7 Ljubljana
Spain 504,645 47,100,396 92.6 Madrid
Svalbard and Jan
Mayen Islands (Norway)		 62,049 2,868 0.046 Longyearbyen
Sweden 449,964 10,004,962 21.6 Stockholm
Switzerland 41,285 8,183,800 198.2 Bern
Transnistria 4,163 505,000 121.3 Tiraspol
Turkey 783,356 79,814,871 102 Ankara
Ukraine 603,628 37,541,693 73.8 Kyiv
United Kingdom 243,610 64,100,000 263.1 London
Vatican City 0.44 842 1,913.6 Vatican City
Åland (within Finland) 1,580 28,666 18.1 Mariehamn
Total[o]

Age

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population.[10]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Europe
Further information: Christianity in Europe and Islam in Europe

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the EU member states state that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.[11] The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the British Humanist Association.[12] The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".[13]

Despite its decline, Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.[14][15] Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.[16] The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians.[16] And about 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition.

According to a 2003 study,[17] 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012 Atheists and Agnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population.[18] According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).[18]

According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union (accounting for 72% of the EU population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in EU, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the EU population.[19] non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%.[20]

Muslims are younger and have more children than non-Muslims in Europe overall
Source: Pew Research Center[21]
Europe Median age, 2016 Total fertility rate, 2015–2020[fn 1][21]
Muslims 30 yo 2.6 children/woman
Non Muslims 44 yo 1.6 children/woman
Fertility and migration drove Muslim population growth in Europe between 2010 and 2016
Source: Pew Research Center[22]

Estimated population change between 2010 and 2016 due to three factors:

Natural increase Net migration Religious switching[22]
Muslims +2.92 M +3.48 M −160 K
Non Muslims −1.67 M +1.29 M +160 K

Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic groups in Europe
Further information: Immigration to Europe

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Asian Russia)[23]

The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, of whom 92 million reside in Europe and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots, Welsh, Bretons and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

Approximately 20 million non-Europeans live in the EU, 4% of the overall population.[24] There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe.[25]

Language
Main article: Languages of Europe

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic and Mongolic families also have several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status.

The European Union (EU), which currently excludes many European countries (i.e. Norway, Russia and Switzerland), recognises 23 official languages as of 2007.[27] According to the same source, the eight most natively spoken languages in the EU are (percentage of total EU population[27]):

  1. 19% German
  2. 13% French
  3. 12% English
  4. 11% Italian
  5. 9% Spanish
  6. 9% Polish
  7. 7% Romanian
  8. 5% Dutch

These figures change when foreign language skills are taken into account. The list below shows the top eight European languages ordered by total number of speakers in the EU:[27]

  1. 49% English
  2. 35% German
  3. 26% French
  4. 16% Italian
  5. 15% Spanish
  6. 10% Polish
  7. 7% Russian
  8. 6% Dutch

This makes German the most frequently spoken native language and English the most frequently spoken non-native language overall in the European Union, with German the second-most common language overall.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Welsh, Cornish and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom.

Genetic origins
Main article: Genetic history of Europe
Further information: White people and Caucasoid
Distribution and percentage of the major haplogroups

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the Cro-magnons. Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic revolution.[28]

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA

Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations,[29] with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well.[30] On the other hand, analyses of the Y chromosome[31][32] and of autosomal diversity[33] have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

Population structure

A study in May 2009[34] that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (Fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for Southern Italy and Finland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900.[35]

See also

Notes

^ a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, or Africa.
^ b: Includes Transnistria, a region that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states.
^ c: Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.
^ d: Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands legislated by the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark.
^ e: Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus.
^ f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic.
^ g: Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo, a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo.
^ h: Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.
^ j: Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^ k: Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^ m: Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. The International recognition, however, is limited.
^ o: The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^ p: Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^ r: Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is unclear. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

  1. The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman

References
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  8. Population in million: Albania 2.9, Belarus 9.5, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5, Croatia 4.2, Iceland 0.3, Moldova 4.1, North Macedonia 2.1, Norway 5.2, Serbia and Kosovo 8.9, Switzerland 8.3, Ukraine 44.7.
  9. Population in million: Armenia 2.9, Georgia 4.0, Kazakhstan 17.8, Russia 144, Turkey 78.3.
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