List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors. The borders of Europe are difficult to define. The borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.

Sovereign state Predecessors
Albania Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255)
 Byzantine Empire (1190–1204)
 Despotate of Epirus (1205–1255)

Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368)

Kingdom of Sicily (1258-1368)

 Lordship of Berat (1396–1417)
 Principality of Valona (1346–1417)

 Serbian Empire (1346–1355)

Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374)
Despotate of Arta (1359–1416)
Princedom of Albania (1368–1392)
 Principality of Gjirokastër (1386–1418)
 Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444)
Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444)
 Most Serene Republic of Venice (1420–1797)
League of Lezhë (1444 – c. 1468)
Ottoman Empire (1479–1912)
Independent Albania (1912–1914)
Principality of Albania (1914–1925)
Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
Albanian Kingdom (1939–43) (1939–1943)
Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
 Republic of Albania (1992–present)

Andorra Roman Republic (100–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Carolingian Empire (817–843)
County of Urgell (843–1133)
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell (1133–1208)
County of Foix (1208–1607/1610)
 Principality of Andorra (1278–present)
Armenia  Hayasa Azzi (1500–1290 BC)
 Arme Shupria (1290–1190 BC)
 Nairi (1114–860 BC)
 Urartu (860–590 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (549 – 331 BC)
Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC- 428 AD)
Persian Armenia (428–646)
 Arminiya (654–884)
Bagratid Armenia (884–1045)
 Seljuq Armenia (1071–1124)
 Georgian Armenia (1124–1386)
 Turkmen Armenia (1386–1501)
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
 Ottoman Empire (1586–1828)
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Qajar dynasty (1789–1828)
 Russian Empire (1828–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
 Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Armenia (1991–present)
Austria  Francia (481–843)
 East Francia (843–919)
 Margraviate of Austria (976–1156)
Duchy of Austria (1156–1453)
Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) (within the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919)
First Austrian Republic (1919–1934)
Federal State of Austria (1934–1938)
German Reich (1938–1945)
Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955)
 Republic of Austria (1955–present)
Azerbaijan
Achaemenid Empire (549 – 331 BC)
Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC-705)
Shirvanshah (861–1539)
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
Russian Empire (1813–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[1] (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)
Belarus Kievan Rus' (862–1240)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1240–1569)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793)
 Russian Empire (1793–1917)
Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)
 Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (1919)
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
Second Polish Republic (1921–1939)
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1992)
Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941-1944)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Belarus (1991–present)
Belgium Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Spain (1482–1713) but within the Holy Roman Empire
Archduchy of Austria (1713–1797) within the Holy Roman Empire
 France (1797–1815)
 United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830)
German Military Administration (1940-1944)
German Reich (1944–1945) (As Reichsgaue Flandern, Wallonien and District of Brussels)
 Kingdom of Belgium (1830–present)
Bosnia and Herzegovina  Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377)
 Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463)
 Ottoman Empire (1463–1878)
 Austria-Hungary (1878–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991)
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–present)
Bulgaria Odrysian Kingdom (480 BC – 46 AD)
Roman Empire (46–395)
 Byzantine Empire (395–681)

 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
 Bulgars (Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Onogurs) (469 – 632)
 Avar Khaganate (567–804)
Old Great Bulgaria (632–668)
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)

 Byzantine Empire (1018–1185)

Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)

Ottoman Bulgaria (1396–1878)

Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) (sovereignty within Ottoman Empire)
 Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)
People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
 Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present)

Croatia Littoral Croatian Duchy (7th century-925)
Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (1102–1804)
 Ottoman Empire (1492–1791)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991)
 Republic of Croatia (1991–present)

 Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) (puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy)
Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (1990–1991)
Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Western Slavonia (1990–1991)
Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1990–1991)
Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995)
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998) (administered by the UNTAES)

Cyprus  Alashiya (1450–1050 BC)
 Assyrian Empire (811 – 669 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (476–1190)
Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD)
 Ottoman Empire (1570–1914)
Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960)
 Republic of Cyprus (1960–present)
Czech Republic  Great Moravia (833–902)
 Duchy of Bohemia (c.870–1198)
 Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804 (−1918)) within the Holy Roman Empire (1198–1806)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
German Reich (1939–1945) and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) (German autonomous protectorate)
Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992)
 Czech Republic (1993–present)
Denmark  Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035)
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
 Kingdom of Denmark[2] (c. 965–present)
Estonia Terra Mariana (1207–1561)
Swedish Empire (1561–1721)
Governorate of Estonia (1721–1918)
Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941-1944)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1940–1991)
 Republic of Estonia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)[3][4]
Finland Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Sweden (c. 1210–1809)
Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)
 Republic of Finland (1917–present)
France Roman Republic (123–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–260 AD)
 Gallic Empire (260–274 AD)
Roman Empire (274–285 AD)
Western Roman Empire (285–457 AD)
 Kingdom of Soissons (457–486 AD)
 Frankish Empire (481–800)
 Carolingian Empire (800–843)
 West Francia (843–987)
 Kingdom of France (987–1791)
French Kingdom (1791–1792)
French Republic (1792–1804)
French Empire (1804–1814; 1815)
Kingdom of France (1814–1815; 1815–1830)
French Kingdom (1830–1848)
French Republic (1848–1852)
French Empire (1852–1870)
French Republic (1870–1940)
German Military Administration (1940-1944)
French State (1940–1944)
German Reich (1944–1945) (As part of Reichsgau Flandern)
 French Republic[5] (1944–present)
Georgia  Caucasian Iberia (c. 301 BC-580)

 Principality of Iberia (580–891)

 Kingdom of Iberia (mostly titular revival) (891–1008)
 Tao-Klarjeti (813–1008)

Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1465)

Kingdom of Imereti (1455–1810)
Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762)
Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762)
Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1762–1801)

 Russian Empire (1801–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Republic of Georgia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
 Georgia (1995–present)

Germany  Carolingian Empire (800–843)
 East Francia (843–919)
 Kingdom of Germany (919–962)
 Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
 Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) (client states of the French Empire) and Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
German Confederation (1815–1848)
German Reich (1848–1849)
German Confederation (1849–1866)
North German Confederation (1866–1871)
German Reich (1871–1918)
German Reich (1919–1933) and Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) (French League of Nations mandate)
German Reich (1934–1945)
Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
 Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (1949–1990; 1990–present), West Berlin (1949–1990), Saar Protectorate (1947–1956) (French protectorate) and  German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (1949–1990)
 Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) (Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic, it is not a successor state)
Greece  Ancient Greek city states and kingdoms (900–146 BC)

Hellenic League (338-332 BC)

Macedonian Empire (335-323 BC - Macedonian Kingdom existed since 808 BC)

Hellinistic States (323-146 BC)
Roman Republic (146–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (395–1204, 1261–1453), Despotate of Epirus (1205–1337, 1356–1479 Byzantine Successor), Crusader/Feudal/Latin States: Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), Duchy of Athens (1205–1458), Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), Genoa (1261–1566), Venice (c. 1200s–1479)
 Ottoman Empire (c.1300s–1822 some modern-day Greek territories were annexed later), Kingdom of Candia (1205–1669), Kingdom of the Morea (1688–1715), Ionian Islands under Venetian rule (1363-1797), French Republic (1797–1799 Ionian Islands), Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
Hellenic State (1822–1832) (named "Provisional Administration of Greece" from 1822–1828), United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
 Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924), Cretan State (1896–1913) (autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire), Free State of Icaria (1912)
Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
 Kingdom of Greece (1935–1941)
Hellenic State (1941–1944) (German and Italian puppet government)
 Kingdom of Greece (1944–1973)
 Hellenic Republic (1973–present)

Hungary  Pannonia (400 BC – 20 AD)
Province of Pannonia (20–107)
 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
 Avar Khaganate (567–804)
 Great Moravia (833–902)
 Principality of Hungary (895–1000)
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526)
 Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) (within the Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1804, and the Austrian Empire 1804–1867)
 Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) (within Austria-Hungary)
 Hungarian People's Republic (1918–1919)
 Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)
 Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)
 Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
 Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)
 Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
 Republic of Hungary (1989–2012)
 Hungary (2012–present)
Iceland Icelandic Free State (930–1262)
Kingdom of Norway (1262–1814)
 Danish Crown (1380–1944)
 Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Denmark–Norway (1536–1814)
 Kingdom of Denmark (1814–1918)
Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944)
 Iceland (1944–present)
Ireland  Hibernia (300 BC – 100 AD)
 Connachta (357–1439 AD)
 Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651)
 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659)
 Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800)
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
 Irish Free State (1922–1937)
 Ireland (1937–present)
Italy  Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Kingdom of Italy (476-493)
 Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533)
the Italian peninsula divided into many states c. 500–1861, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire
 Duchy of Savoy (1416–1713)
 Kingdom of Sicily (1713–1720)
 Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
 Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
 Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) (1943–1945)
 Italian Republic (1946–present)
Kazakhstan Golden Horde (1240s–1456)
Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
 Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919)
Soviet Russia (1919–1922)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Republic of Kazakhstan[1] (1991–present)
Latvia Terra Mariana (1207–1583)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Swedish Empire (1611–1721)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and  Russian Empire (1721–1772)
 Russian Empire (1772–1918)
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941-1945)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1940–1991)
 Republic of Latvia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)[3][4]
Liechtenstein  Principality of Liechtenstein (1719–present) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866)
Lithuania Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1569)

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Russian Tsardom (1795–1812)
French Occupation (1812)
Russian Tsardom (1812–1914)
German Occupation (1914-1918)
Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
 Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)
First Soviet Occupation (1940-1941)
Reichskommissariat Ostland (1941–1944)
Second Soviet Occupation (1944-1990)
 Republic of Lithuania (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1990–present)[3][4]

Luxembourg  Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1890)
 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890–present)
Malta[6] Phoenicia (800–480 BC)
Carthaginian Empire (480–218 BC)
Roman province of Sicilia (218 BC-395 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (395–870) (occupied by the Vandals 454–464 and Goths 464–533)
Abbasid Caliphate (870–909)
 Fatimid Caliphate (909–1091)
County of Sicily (1091–1130)
Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1530)
Order of Saint John (1530–1798)
French occupation of Malta (1798–1800), La Nazione Gozitana (1798–1801)
British Protectorate of Malta (1800–1813)
Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1964)
State of Malta (1964–1974)
Republic of Malta (1974–present)
Moldova Dacian Kingdom (168 BC – 106 AD)
Roman Empire (106-271/275 AD)
 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
 Avar Khaganate (567–804)
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1359)
 Moldavia (1359–1812) (vassal of  Ottoman Empire between 1514–1812)
 Russian Empire (1812–1918)
 Kingdom of Romania (1918–1945)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991)
 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1940–1990)
 Republic of Moldova (1991–present)
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union 1990–1991)
 Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (1991–present)
Monaco  Republic of Genoa (1215–1297)
 Principality of Monaco (1297–present)
Montenegro  Principality of Serbia (768–960/971)
 First Bulgarian Empire (924–1018)
 Byzantine Empire (960–1043)
Duklja (1043-1101)
Serbian Grand Principality (1101-1217)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
 Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
Principality of Zeta (1371–1402)
Serbian Despotate (1402–1540)
 Ottoman Empire (1540–1852)
 Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) (within Ottoman Empire until 1878)
 Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)
 Kingdom of Serbia (1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992)
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
 State Union of Serbia and Montenegro[7] (2003–2006)
 Montenegro[8] (2006–present)
Netherlands  Frankish Kingdom (5th to 10th centuries), Frisian Kingdom (600–734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) and County of Holland (880–1384)
Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)
Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581)
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795)
 Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)
First French Empire (1810–1813)
United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)
Reichskommissariat Niederlande (1940–1945)
 Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present)
North Macedonia Paeonia (Kingdom) (?–168 BC)

Macedonian Empire and Hellinistic States (355–168 BC)

Roman Empire (168 BC–330 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (330–1204)
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
 Byzantine Empire (1261–1453)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1346)
Principality of Serbia (780–971) and Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
 Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
Kingdom of Prilep (1371–1395)
 Ottoman Empire (1395–1913)
 Kingdom of Serbia (1913–1918)
 Kingdom of Bulgaria (1915–1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991)
 Republic of Macedonia (1991–2019)
 North Macedonia (2019–present)

Norway  Petty Kingdoms of Norway (?–876)

Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
 North Sea Empire (1016–1035)
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Denmark–Norway (1536–1814)
Kingdom of Norway (1814)
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
Kingdom of Norway (1905–1940)
Reichskommissariat Norwegen (1940–1945)

Quisling Regime (puppet state) (1942–1945)

Kingdom of Norway (1945–present)

Poland  Poland in the Early Middle Ages (?–1025)
Kingdom of the Piasts (1025–1385)
Kingdom of the Jagiellons (1385–1569)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815)
 Austria-Hungary,  Prussia and the  Russian Empire (1795–1918)
Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)
Republic of Poland (1918–1939)
German Reich (1939–1945)
Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)
 Republic of Poland (1989–present)
Portugal Roman Republic (197 BC–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Suebic Kingdom (410–585)
 Visigothic Kingdom (418–711)
Umayyad Caliphate (711–750)
Emirate of Córdoba (756–868)
County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1189)
Kingdom of Portugal and Silves (1189–1191)
Kingdom of Portugal (1191–1249)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve (1249–1471)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1471–1815)
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1825–1910)
 Portuguese Republic (1910–present)
Romania Dacian Kingdom (168 BC – 106 AD)
Roman Empire (106-271/275 AD)
 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
 Avar Khaganate (567–804)
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1330)
 Wallachia (1330–1859; vassal of  Ottoman Empire between 1415–1859)
 Moldavia (1359–1859; vassal of  Ottoman Empire between 1514–1859)
Romanian United Principalities (1859–1866)
Principality of Romania (1866–1881)
Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) (renamed from "Romanian People's Republic" in 1965)
 Romania (1989–present)
Russia  Cimmeria (1300–625 BC)
 Scythia (690–250 BC)
 Sarmatia (450 BC – 400 AD)
 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
Old Great Bulgaria (632–668)
 Rus' Khaganate (838–862)
Kievan Rus' (862–1240)
 Vladimir-Suzdal (1157–1331; vassal of the Golden Horde 1240–1331)
Golden Horde (1240–1502)
 Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547; vassal of the Golden Horde until 1480)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1610)

Polish-Lithuanian Occupation (1610–1612)
 Russian Empire (1612–1917)
Russian Republic (1917)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
 Russian Federation (1991–present)

San Marino Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533)
 Byzantine Empire (533–754)
 Papal States (754–1600)
 Republic of San Marino (1600–present)
Serbia Principality of Serbia (768–960/971)
 First Bulgarian Empire (924–1018)
 Byzantine Empire (960–1043)
Duklja (1043-1101)
Serbian Grand Principality (1101-1217)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
 Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
Moravian Serbia (1371–1402)
Serbian Despotate (1402–1459)
 Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739 and 1788–1791)
 Ottoman Empire (1540–1817)
Principality of Serbia (1817–1882)
 Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992)
 Socialist Republic of Serbia (1946–1992)
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)
 State Union of Serbia and Montenegro[7] (2003–2006)
 Republic of Serbia (2006–present)
Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (1946–1992)
Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1992–present)
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–present)
 Republic of Kosovo (2008–present)
Slovakia  Great Moravia (833–902)
 Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
Slovak Republic (1939–1945) (German client state)
Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1990–1992)
 Slovak Republic (1993–present)
Slovenia  Holy Roman Empire (955–1806)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943)
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1991)
 Republic of Slovenia (1991–present)
Spain  Celtiberia (580 – 76 BC)

 Carthaginian Iberia (576 – 206 BC)
Roman Republic (76–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC – 285 AD)
Western Roman Empire (285–418)
Visigothic Kingdom (418–711)
Umayyad Caliphate (Al-Andalus) (711–756)
Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)
Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Kingdom of Asturias (718/722–924)
Kingdom of León (910–1230)
Kingdom of Navarre (824 (traditional)–1841)
County of Barcelona (formation 801/independence 988–1162)
Kingdom of Aragon (1035–1707)
Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230)
Crown of Aragon (1162–1716)
Principality of Catalonia (1162–1714)
 Crown of Castile (1230–1715)
Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715(1349))
Kingdom of Valencia (1238–1707)
Unification of Spain and Spanish Empire (1469/1492/1516–1975)
 Kingdom of Spain (1716–1873)
Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
 Kingdom of Spain (1873–1931)
 Spanish Republic (1931–1939)
 Kingdom of Spain (1939–present)

Sweden Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
 Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1814)
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (Sweden in union with Norway 1814–1905)
 Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present)
Switzerland  Kingdom of the Burgundians (411–534)
 Kingdom of the Franks (481–843)
 Middle Francia (843 – 855)
 East Francia (843 – 962)
 Holy Roman Empire (around 1000–1291)
Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
 Helvetic Republic (1798–1803)
  Swiss Confederation (1803–present)
Turkey  Hittite Empire (1600 – 1178 BC)
 Phrygia (1200 – 700 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)

Macedonian Empire and Hellenistic States (330-167 BC)
Roman Republic (167–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (476–1453)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)
Seljuq Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Karamanids (1250–1487)
 Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
 Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Ukraine  Cimmeria (1300–625 BC)
 Scythia (690–250 BC)
 Sarmatia (450 BC – 400 AD)
 Hunnic Empire (370–469)
Old Great Bulgaria (632–668)
First Bulgarian Empire (681–967)
 Rus' Khaganate (838–862)
Kievan Rus' (862–1240)
Principality of Kiev (1132–1471) (vassal of the Golden Horde 1301–1362; part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1362–1471)
Kingdom of Russia (1199–1349, before 1254 Principality of Halych and Volhynia)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1349–1569), Russian domain of the Polish Crown (1349–1385)
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1795, in 1569–1795 within Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)
Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764), Zaporizhian Sich (1540–1775), Ottoman Ukraine (1680–1791), Sloboda Ukraine (1630–1765)
 Russian Empire (1764–1917), Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918, a crownland of Austria-Hungary)
Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921), West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991, in 1922–1991 a union republic of Soviet Union)
Reichskommissariat Ukraine (1941–1944)
 Ukraine (1991–present)
United Kingdom  Caledonia
 Hibernia
Roman Empire (AD 43–410)
 Kingdom of Cantwara, Dál Riata, Kingdom of East Anglia, Kingdom of Mercia, Kingdom of Northumbria, Pictland, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Ireland, Principality of Wales and Kingdom of Wessex
 Kingdom of Scotland (843–1651),  Kingdom of England (927–1649) and  Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)
 Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035)
 Kingdom of Scotland,  Kingdom of England and  Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651)
 Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659)
 Commonwealth of England (1659–1660)
 Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800),  Kingdom of Scotland (1659–1707) and  Kingdom of England (1660–1707)
 Kingdom of Ireland and  Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927)
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present)
Vatican City Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
Kingdom of Italy (476-493)
 Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533)
 Byzantine Empire (533–754)
 Papal States (754–1798; 1799–1870)
Roman Republic (1798–1799) (client state of France)
 Kingdom of Italy (1870–1929) (as a prisoner in the Vatican)
Vatican City State (1929–present)

See also
  • List of European sovereign states and dependent territories
  • Succession of states
  • Timeline of European nations

References
  1. ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
  2. "Denmark". The World Factbook. CIA. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  3. Talari, Pekka T. (1996). State Succession in Respect of Debts: The Effect of State Succession in the 1990s on the Rules of Law. The Finnish Yearbook of International Law. 2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 9789041104694.
  4. Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Volume 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 177–9. ISBN 9789041115539.
  5. "France". The World Factbook. CIA. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  6. Debattista, Martin. "Timeline of Malta History". aboutmalta.com. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  7. ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-8 has the official name of Serbia and Montenegro as just "Serbia and Montenegro".
  8. ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-12 has the official name of Montenegro as "Republic of Montenegro".
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