English exonyms

An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages and other languages may have their own exonym for the English endonym, for example Llundain is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".

Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms; "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002).[1][2] However old romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese.[3] This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names.

Translations of non-proper nouns such as "river" and "lake" also do not qualify as exonyms.

A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II) and monarchs (Charles V); less commonly very well known non-modern authors (John Calvin, for French Jean Calvin) are referred to by exonyms. The list does not include the list of English translated personal names.

General

This section lists English-language exonyms that are for places located in multiple countries, English names of countries, and typical patterns.

Countries and territories

The following is a list of countries and territories whose names in local languages differ from their (non-local) English ones. The list includes countries with limited recognition, autonomous territories of sovereign countries, and fully sovereign countries.

Country names are listed in their short form, and do not include names spelled identically in English. Near-identical names in pronunciation or spelling are included, but countries named with non-proper nouns (like Central African Republic or United Arab Emirates) are not.

The languages listed are official languages and/ or prominent local languages, except if the name for the associated country is spelled the same as in English. Languages in italics are no longer spoken in the given country, but the name listed retains some use.

Likewise, exonyms in italics are obselete or are disputed.

English name Endonym Language Notes
 Abkhazia Abkhaziya Russian
Aṗsny (Аԥсны) Abkhaz
 Afghanistan Afġānestān (افغانستان) Dari
Afġānistān (افغانستان) Pashto
 Albania Shqipëri(a) Standard Albanian
Shqipyni(a) Gheg Albanian
 Algeria Al-Dzāyīr (الدزاير‎) Maghrebi Arabic
Al-Jazā'ir (الجزائر‎) Standard Arabic
 Armenia Hayastan (Հայաստան) Armenian
 Austria Österreich Standard German
 Azerbaijan Azərbaycan Azeri
 Bahrain Al-Baḥrayn (البحرين‎) Standard Arabic
 Belgium België Dutch
Belgien Standard German
Belgique French
 Bhutan Druk Yul (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་) Dzongkha
 Bolivia Mborivia Guarani
Puliwya Quechua
Wuliwya Aymara
 Bosnia & Herzegovina Bosna & Hercegovina (Босна & Херцеговина) Bosnian
 Brazil Brasil Portuguese
 Bulgaria Balgariya (България) Bulgarian
 Burkina Faso Burkĩna Faso Mossi
 Burundi Uburundi Kirundi
 Cambodia Kampuciə (កម្ពុជា) Khmer
 Cameroon Cameroun French
Kamerun Fula
 Cabo Verde Cabo Verde Portuguese
Kabu Verdi Cabo Verdean Creole
 Chile Chili Aymara
Chli Mapudungun
Chili Quechua
Tire Rapa Nui
 China Zhōngguó (中国) Mandarin
 Comoros Comores French
Juzur Al-Qamar (جزر القمر‎,) Standard Arabic
Komori Comorian
 Congo-Brazzaville Kongó Lingala
Kôngo-Balazvile Kongo
 Congo-Kinshasa Kongo Luba-Katanga
Kongó-Kinsásá Lingala
Kôngo Kongo
Kongu Swahili
 Cook Islands Kūki 'Āirani Cook Islands Maori
 Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire French
 Croatia Hrvatska Croatian
 Cyprus Kıbrıs Turkish
Kýpros (Κύπρος) Greek
 Czechia Česko Czech
 Denmark Danmark Danish
 Djibouti Jabuuti Somali
Jībūtī (جيبوتي‎) Standard Arabic
Yibuuti Afar
 Dominica Dominique French
Wai'tu kubuli Island Carib
 Ecuador Ekuatur Shuar
Ikwayur Quechua
 Egypt Maṣr (مَصر) Egyptian Arabic
Miṣr (مِصر‎) Standard Arabic
 Estonia Eesti Estonian
 Ethiopia Itiyoophiyaa Afar
Itoobiya Somali
Itoophiyaa Oromo
ʾĪtyōṗṗyā (ኢትዮጵያ) Amharic
Tigrinya
 Finland Suomi Finnish
 Fiji Fijī (फ़िजी) Fiji Hindi
Viti Fijian
 Gambia Gámbi Wolof
Kambiya Mandinka
 Georgia Sakartvelo (საქართველო) Georgian
 Germany Deutschland Standard German
 Greece Elládha (Ελλάδα) Greek
 Grenada La Gwenad Grenadian Creole
 Guinea-Bissau Guiné-Bissau Portuguese
 Guinea-Conakry Ginea-Conakry Fula
Guinée-Conakry French
 Haiti Ayiti Haitian Creole
Haïti French
 Hungary Magyarország Hungarian
 Iceland Ísland Icelandic
 India Bhaaratham (ഭാരതം) Malayalam
Bhārat (भारत) Dogri
Hindi
Maithili
Nepali
Bhārat (ભારત) Gujarati
Bhārat (بًارت\ भारत) Kashmiri
Bhārat (بھارت \ਭਾਰਤ) Punjabi
Bhārat (ڀارت\ भारत) Sindhi
Bhārat (بھارت) Urdu
Bhārata (ಭಾರತ) Kannada
Bhāratam (भारतम्) Sanskrit
Bhārathadeśaṁ (భారతదేశం) Telugu
Bhāratham (பாரதம்) Tamil
Bharot (भारत) Konkani
Bhārot (ভারত) Bengali
Bhārôt (ভাৰত) Assamese
Meitei
Bhārôt (भारत) Bodo
Bhārôtô (ଭାରତ) Odia
Siñôt (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Santali
 Iran Irān (ایران‎) Persian
 Iraq Al-'Irāq (اَلْعِرَاق‎) Standard Arabic
Êraq (عێراق‎) Kurdish
 Ireland Éire Irish
 Israel Isrā'īl (إِسْرَائِيل‎) Standard Arabic
Yisraél (ישראל) Hebrew
 Italy Italia Standard Italian
 Japan Nihon/ Nippon (日本) Japanese
 Jordan Al-'Urdunn (الأردن‎) Standard Arabic
 Kazakhstan Qazaqstan (Қазақстан) Kazakh
 Kosovo Kosovë Albanian
 Kuwait Al-Kuwait (الكويت‎) Standard Arabic
il-Ikwēt (الكويت‎) Gulf Arabic
 Kyrgyzstan Kırǧızstan (Кыргызстан) Kyrgyz
 Laos Lāo (ລາວ) Lao
 Latvia Latvija Latvian
Lețmō Livonian
 Lebanon Libnēn (لبنان‎) Levantine Arabic
Lubnān (لبنان‎) Standard Arabic
 Libya Lībiyā (ليبيا) Standard Arabic
 Lithuania Lietuva Lithuanian
 Luxembourg Lëtzebuerg Luxembourgish
Luxemburg Standard German
 Madagascar Madagasikara Malagasy
 Malawi Malaŵi Chewa
Tumbuka
 Maldives Dhivehi Raajje (ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ) Dhivehi
 Marshall Islands Aorōkin M̧ajeļ Marshallese
 Mauritania Agawej Berber
Cengiṭ Berber
Gànnaar Wolof
Mauritanie French
Moritani Pulaar
Mūrītānyā (موريتانيا‎) Standard Arabic
Murutaane Soninke
 Mauritius Maurice French
Moris Mauritian Creole
 Mexico México Spanish
Mēxihco Nawatl
 Monaco Mónegue Occitan
Mùnegu Ligurian
 Mongolia Mongol Uls (Монгол Улс) Mongolian
 Montenegro Crna Gora (Црна Гора) Montenegrin
 Morocco Al-Maġrib (المغرب‎) Standard Arabic
lmeɣrib (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) Standard Moroccan Tamazight
Maroc French
 Mozambique Moçambique Portuguese
Msumbiji Swahili
Mozambiki Chewa
Muzambhiki Tsonga
 Myanmar Myǎma (မြန်မာ) Burmese
 Namibia Namibië Afrikaans
 Nauru Naoero Nauruan
   Nepal Nepāl (नेपाल) Nepali
 Netherlands der Nederlanden Dutch
 New Zealand Aotearoa Maori
 Nigeria Naìjíríyà Igbo
Naìjíríyà Yoruba
Najeriya Hausa
 Niue Niuē Niuean
 North Korea Chosǒn (조선) Korean
 North Macedonia Maqedonia e Veriut Albanian
Severna Makedonija (Северна Македонија) Macedonian
 Norway Nöörja Southern Sami
Noreg/ Norge Norwegian Spelled differently according to different written standards
Norga Northern Sami
Vuodna Lule Sami
 Oman 'Umān (عمان‎) Standard Arabic
 Pakistan Pākistān (پاکِستان‎) Urdu
 Palau Belau Palauan
Parao (パラオ) Japanese
 Palestine Filasṭīn (فلسطين‎) Standard Arabic
 Panama Panamá Spanish
 Papua New Guinea Papua Niu Gini Hiri Motu
Papua Niugini Tok Pisin
 Paraguay Paraguái Guarani
Paraguay Spanish
 Peru Perú Spanish
Piruw Aymara
Quechua
 Philippines Pilipinas Tagalog
 Poland Polska Polish
 Qatar Giṭar (قطر‎) Gulf Arabic
Qaṭar (قطر‎) Standard Arabic
 Romania România Romanian
 Russia Rossíya (Росси́я) Russian
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Christopher and Nevis English
 Samoa Sāmoa Samoan
 Saudi Arabia as-Sa'ūdīyah (ٱلسَّعُوْدِيَّة‎) Standard Arabic
 Senegal Senegaal Wolof
Sénégal French
 Serbia Srbija Serbian
 Seychelles Sesel Seychellois Creole
 Singapore Ciṅkappūr (சிங்கப்பூர்) Tamil
Singapura Malay
Xīnjiāpō (新加坡) Mandarin
 Slovakia Slovensko Slovak
 Slovenia Slovenija Slovene
 Somalia aṣ-Ṣūmāl (الصومال‎) Standard Arabic
Soomaaliya Somali
 Somaliland Ṣūmālīlānd (صوماليلاند‎) Standard Arabic
 South Korea Hanguk (한국) Korean
 South Sudan Paguot Thudän Dinka
 South Ossetia Alaniya (Алания) Russian
Allonston (Аллонстон) Ossetian
 Spain Espainia Basque
España Galician
Spanish
Espanha Occitan
Espanya Catalan
 Sri Lanka Ilaṅkai (இலங்கை) Tamil
Śrī Laṁkā (ශ්‍රී ලංකා) Sinhala
 Sudan as-Sūdān (السودان‎) Standard Arabic
 Sweden Sverige Swedish
  Switzerland Helvetia Latin
Schweiz Standard German
Suisse French
Svizra Romansh
Svizzera Standard Italian
 Syria Sūriyā (سوريا‎) Standard Arabic
 Taiwan Tâiuân (臺灣) Hokkien
Tāiwán (臺灣) Mandarin
Taywan Amis
Tǒivǎn (臺灣) Hakka
 Tajikistan Tojikiston (Тоҷикистон) Tajik
 Timor-Leste Timór Lorosa'e Tetum
 Transnistria Nistrenia (Нистрения) Romanian
Pridnestrovye (Приднестровье) Russian
Prydnistrovya (Придністров'я) Ukrainian
 Tunisia Tunest Berber
Tunisie French
Tūnis (تونس‎) Standard Arabic
 Turkey Türkiye Turkish
 Turkmenistan Türkmenistan Turkmen
 Uganda Yuganda Luganda
 Ukraine Ukrajina (Україна) Ukrainian
 Uzbekistan Oʻzbekiston Uzbek
  Vatican City Stato della Città del Vaticano Standard Italian
Status Civitatis Vaticanae Latin
 Vietnam Việt Nam Vietnamese
 Yemen Al-Yaman (اَلْيَمَنُ‎) Standard Arabic

Specific countries

Albania
 Albania Shqipëria
English name Endonym Notes
Tirana Tiranë Tirana is Albanian for "the Tirana"

Algeria
 Algeria Al-Jazā'ir (الجزاٮُر)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Algiers Al-Jazā'ir (الجزاٮُر) Standard Arabic
Constantine Qusanṭīnah (قسنطينة‎) Standard Arabic
Oran Wahrān (وَهران‎) Standard Arabic

Armenia
 Armenia Hayastan (Հայաստան)
English name Endonym Notes
Yerevan Erevan (Երևան or Երեւան) Armenian place pronounced like English name

Australia

Several places in Australia have additional names in various Aboriginal languages.

 Australia
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ayers Rock Uluru Pitjantjatjara Dated
Tasmania Lutruwita Nuenonne / Palawa kani
Rose Hill Parramatta Dharug Archaic

Austria
See also: List of English exonyms for German toponyms


 Austria Österreich
English name Endonym Notes
Ammergau Alps Ammergebirge[4]
Bavarian Prealps Bayerische Voralpen[4]
Brenner Pass Brennerpass[4]
Carinthia Kärnten[5][4]
Carpathian Basin Karpatenbecken[4]
Danube river Donau[5]
Drava Drau[4]
Drave Drau[4] Dated
Lake Constance Bodensee[5][4]
Northern Limestone Alps Nördliche Kalkalpen[4]
Southern Limestone Alps Südliche Kalkalpen[4]
Styria Steiermark[5][4]
Tyrol Tirol[4]
Vienna Wien[5]
Wetterstein Wettersteingebirge[4]

Azerbaijan
 Azerbaijan Azərbaycan
English name Endonym Notes
Baku Bakı
Caucasus Qafqaz

Belgium

Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With few exceptions this practice is no longer followed by most sources.[6]

 Belgium België/ Belgique
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Antwerp Antwerpen Dutch
Bruges Brugge Dutch French name
Brussels Brussel Dutch
Bruxelles French
Courtrai Kortrijk Dutch Archaic, French name
Filford Vilvoorde Dutch Archaic
Flanders Vlaanderen Dutch
Gaunt Gent Dutch Archaic
Ghent Gent Dutch
Louvain Leuven Dutch Archaic, French name
Mechlin Mechelen Dutch Archaic
Ostend Oostende Dutch
Wallonia Wallonie French
Ypres Ieper Dutch French name

Bosnia & Herzegovina
 Bosnia & Herzegovina Bosna & Hercegovina (Босна & Херцеговина)
English name Endonym Notes
Bosnia Bosna (Босна)
Herzegovina Hercegovina (Херцеговина) German spelling, English name pronounced the same

Bulgaria
 Bulgaria Balgariya (България)
English name Endonym Notes
Balkan Mountains Stara Planina (Стара Планина)
Danube river Dunav (Дунав)
Philippopolis Plovdiv (Пловдив) Archaic
Rhodope Mountains Rodopi (Родопи)
Sofia Sofiya (София)
Southern Dobruja Dobrudzha (Добруджа) Bulgarian half of former Dobruja region
Thrace Trakiya (Тракия)

Canada

Numerous places in the predominantly French speaking province of Quebec have historically had English exonyms; in most cases, the exonym was a straight translation of the place's French name, with only one major city which ever had an English exonym that was entirely different from its original French name. With a few exceptions, such as Quebec City, these are no longer widely used. Exonyms are also commonly seen in regards to First Nations and Inuit peoples and communities; although government and media sources have evolved in recent years toward using these places' native endonyms, common usage may still favour the older exonyms.

 Canada
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Arctic Red River Tsiigehtchic Gwich'in Archaic
Big Trout Lake Kitchenuhmaykoosib Oji-Cree
Cambridge Bay Iqaluktuuttiaq Inuinnaqtun
Chesterfield Inlet Igluligaarjuk (ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒑᕐᔪᒃ) Inuktitut
Fort Franklin Délįnę Sahtu Archaic
Fort Hope Eabametoong Ojibwe
Fort Norman Tulita Sahtu Archaic
Fraserville Rivière-du-Loup French Archaic
Frobisher Bay Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) Inukitut Archaic
Gjoa Haven Uqsuqtuuq (ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᖅ) Inukitut
Holman Ulukhaktok Inuinnaqtun Archaic
Lansdowne House Neskantaga Oji-Cree
Mount Royal Mont-Royal French
Quebec City Québec French
Queen Charlotte Island Haida Gwaii Haida Archaic
Rankin Inlet Kangiqliniq (ᑲᖏᕿᓂᖅ) Inukitut
Saint Andrew Saint-André-d'Argenteuil French Archaic
Saint John Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu French Archaic
Summer Beaver Nibinamik (ᓃᐱᓇᒥᐦᐠ) Ojibwe
Three Rivers Trois-Rivières French Archaic
Two Mountains Deux-Montagnes French Archaic
Whale Cove Tikiraqjuaq (ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ) Inukitut

Cambodia

During the Khmer Rogue period (1975–1979), the country was known in English as Democratic Kampuchea, closer to the endonym than its modern English exonym. The English exonym of Cambodia is based on the French exonym, Cambodge. The endonym is sometimes used in English, but the exonym is far more common.

 Cambodia Kampuchea (កម្ពុជា)
English name Endonym Notes
Mekong River Tonle Mekongk (ទន្លេមេគង្គ)
Sihanoukville Krong Preah Sihanouk (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ)
Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម)

Chile
 Chile
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Easter Island Isla de Pascua Spanish
Rapa Nui Rapa Nui

China

Some of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin, for example "Tientsin" to "Tianjin". Other apparent exonyms are the result of the English name being based on one of the other varieties of Chinese besides Mandarin. Additionally, certain names which may now be considered exonyms actually preserve older Mandarin pronunciations which have changed in the intervening centuries.[7][8] For all areas in mainland China, names written in Chinese are written in simplified characters. For all areas in the special administrative regions (SARs), the names will be written in traditional characters.

See also: Pinyin and Chinese postal romanization
 China Zhōngguó (中国)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Amoy Amoy Min Nan[9]
Xiàmén (厦门) Mandarin
Paotou Bāotóu (包头) Mandarin Obsolete English spelling
Buɣutu qota (ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script
Baotou (Баотоу) Russian
Canton Guǎngzhōu (广州) Mandarin Archaic
Chungking Chóngqìng (重庆) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Chengtu Chéngdū (成都) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
East China Sea Dōnghǎi (东海) Mandarin
Foochow Fúzhōu (福州) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Forbidden City Gùgōng / Zĭjìnchéng (故宫 / 紫禁城) Mandarin Literally means "Ancient Palace"

and "Purple Forbidden City" respectively

Fukien Fújiàn (福建) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Hangchow Hángzhōu (杭州) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Hohhot Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) / Hūshì (呼市) Mandarin
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script
Khukh-khoto (Хух-Хото) Russian
Hokkien Fújiàn (福建) Hokkien
Hong Kong Hoeng1 gong2 (香港) Cantonese
Xiānggǎng Mandarin
Inner Mongolia Nèi Mĕnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin
Öbür mongɣul (ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) Mongolian script
Vnutrennyaya Mongoliya

(Внутренняя Монголия)

 Russian
Kalgan Zhāngjiākŏu (张家口) Mandarin Archaic
Kashgar Kāshí (喀什) Mandarin
Kashgar (قەشقەر‎) Uighur
Kweilin Guìlín (桂林) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Kveilinz Zhuang
Lop Nor / Lop Nur Luóbùpō (罗布泊) Mandarin
Lob Nughur (ᠯᠣᠪ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ) Mongolian script
Lop Nur (لوپنۇر) Uighur
Macau Ou3 mun2 (澳門) Cantonese
Àomén (澳门) Mandarin
Mekong River Méigōnghé (湄公河) Mandarin
Mukden Mukden Manchu[10] Archaic
Shěnyáng (沈阳) Mandarin
Nanking Nánjīng (南京) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Nei Mongol Nèi Mĕnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin
Öbür mongɣul Mongolian script
Vnutrennyaya Mongoliya

(Внутренняя Монголия)

 Russian
Pacific Ocean Tàipíng Yáng (太平洋) Mandarin
Peking Běijīng (北京) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Port Arthur Dàlián (大连) Mandarin Archaic
Santow / Swatow Shàntóu (汕头) Mandarin Archaic
Sian Xī'ān (西安) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Sinkiang Xīnjiāng (新疆) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Soochow Sūzhōu (苏州) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
South China Sea Nánhǎi (南海) Mandarin
Tibet Xīzàng (西藏) Mandarin
Bod (བོད) Tibetan
Tsingtao Qīngdăo (青岛) Mandarin Archaic, change in romanization
Urumqi Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) Mandarin
Ürümqi (ئۈرۈمچى) Uighur
Yangtze River Cháng Jiāng (长江) Mandarin rus

Croatia
 Croatia Hrvatska
English name Endonym Notes
Danube river Dunav
Dalmatia Dalmacija
Istria Istra
Ragusa Dubrovnik Historical exonym
Zara Zadar Historical exonym

Cuba
 Cuba
English name Endonym Notes
Havana (La) Habana

Cyprus
 Cyprus Kýpros/ Kıbrıs
English name Endonym Notes
Place Language
Famagusta Ammokhóstos (Αμμόχωστος) Greek
Gazimaǧusa Turkish
Kyrenia Girne Turkish
Kerýneia (Κερύνεια) Greek
Limassol Lemesós (Λεμεσός) Greek
Limasol Turkish
Nicosia Lefkoşa Turkish
Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) Greek

Czechia

Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With some exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder rivers), this is no longer done by most sources.[11]

Czechs prefer for their country to be referred to as Czechia in English, as the country adopted it as its official short name in 2016. However, many English speakers still call the country Czech Republic.

 Czechia Česko
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Beskids Beskydy Czech
Bohemia Čechy Czech Latin name
Bohemian Forest Šumava Czech
Bohemian Karst Český kras Czech
Bohemian Paradise Český ráj Czech
Bohemian Switzerland České Švýcarsko Czech
Budweis České Budějovice Czech Archaic, German name
Carlsbad Karlovy Vary Czech Archaic, German name
Elbe river Labe Czech German name
Fichtel Mountains Smrčiny[4] Czech German name
Franzensbad Františkovy Lázně Czech Archaic, German name
Giant Mountains Krkonoše Czech Archaic
Hanakia Haná Czech Archaic
Lachia Lašsko Czech
Marienbad Mariánské Lázně Czech Archaic, German name
Moravia Morava Czech Latin name
Moravian Slovakia Slovácko Czech
Moravian Wallachia Valašsko Czech
Oder river Odra Czech German name
Ore Mountains Krušné hory Czech
Pilsen Plzeň Czech Archaic, German name
Prague Praha Czech
Silesia Sleszko Czech
Ślōnsk Silesian
Sudetenland Sudety Czech
Upper Palatinate Forest Český les Czech

Denmark
 Denmark Danmark
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Copenhagen København Danish
Elsinore Helsingør Danish Dated
Funen Fyn Danish
Jutland Jylland Danish
Sleswick Schleswig Low Saxon
Slesvig Danish
The Scaw Skagen Danish Dated
Zealand Sjælland Danish

Greenland

Several places were known under Danish names, or a variant of them. Now only the local Greenlandic is used.

 Greenland Kalaallit Nunaat
English name Endonym Notes
Frederikdshab Paamiut Obsolete
Godthab Nuuk Obsolete
Jacobshaven Ilulissat Obsolete
Sondre Stromfjord Kangerlussuaq Obsolete
Sondrestrom Kangerlussuaq Obsolete
Thule Qaanaaq Obsolete

Egypt
 Egypt Miṣr (مصر)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Alexandria Al-Iskandariyya (الإسكندرية‎) Egyptian Arabic
Alexandria (ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) Coptic
Eskendereyya (اسكندرية‎) Egyptian Arabic
Rakote (ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ) Coptic
Cairo Al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر‎) Egyptian Arabic
Giza Al-Jīzah (الجݐزة) Standard Arabic
El-Gīzeh (الجيزة‎) Egyptian Arabic
Luxor Al-Uqṣur (الاقصر) Standard Arabic
Babe (ⲡⲁⲡⲉ) Coptic
Loqṣor (الأقصر‎) Egyptian Arabic
Memphis Manf (مَنْف‎) Standard Arabic
Memfi (ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ) Coptic
Nile river An-Nīl (النݐل) Standard Arabic
En-Nīl (النݐل) Egyptian Arabic
Port Said Bur Sa'īd (بور سعݐد) Standard Arabic
Bor Sa'īd (بورسعيد‎) Egyptian Arabic
Suez As-Suways (السوݐس) Standard Arabic

Estonia
 Estonia Eesti
English name Endonym Notes
Lake Peipus Peipsi järv

Finland
 Finland Suomi
English name Endonym Notes
Karelia Karjala From Latin
Lapponia Lappi From Latin
Ostrobothnia Pohjanmaa From Latin, compare Swedish Österbotten
Savonia Savo From Latin
Tavastia Häme From Latin

France
 France
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bay of Biscay Golfe de Gascogne French
Brittany Breizh Breton
Bretagne French
Burgundy Bourgogne French
Camerick Cambrai French Obsolete
Corsica Corse French
Corsica Tuscan Tuscan is the native local language of Corsica
Cressy Crécy-en-Ponthieu French
Dauphiny Dalfinat Occitan
Darfenât Arpitan
Dauphiné French Archaic
Dunkirk Dunkerque French
English Channel La Manche French
Flanders Flandre French
French Riviera Côte d'Azur French
Gascony Gascogne French
Gasconha Gascon
Lyons Liyon Arpitan
Lyon French Archaic
Marseilles Marseille French Archaic
Marselha Occitan
Normandy Normandie French
Normaundie Norman
Picardy Picardie French
Rheims Reims French Archaic
Rhine river Rhin French
Rone Rouen French Obsolete
Savoy Savoie French
Savouè Arpitan
Ushant Eusa Breton
Ouessant French

Georgia
 Georgia Sakartvelo (საქართველო)
English name Endonym Notes
Caucasus Kavkasioni (კავკასიონი)
Tiflis Tbilisi (თბილისი) Obselete

Germany
See also: List of English exonyms for German toponyms and Names of Germany

This list does not include German place names with ß written with "ss" or umlauts being removed in some writing.

 Germany Deutschland
English name Endonym Notes
Name[4][5] Language
Aix-la-Chapelle Aachen Standard German Archaic
Oche Ripuarian
Baltic Sea Ostsee Standard German
Bavaria Bayern Standard German
Bay of Lübeck Lübecker Bucht Standard German German name means "Lübeck Bight"
Bay of Mecklenburg Mecklenburger Bucht Standard German German name means "Mecklenburg Bight"
Bay of Meldorf Meldorfer Bucht Standard German German name means "Meldorf Bight"
Bay of Pomerania Pommersche Bucht Standard German German name means "Pomeranian Bight"
Bay of Wismar Wismarer Bucht Standard German German name means "Wismar Bight"
Black Forest Schwarzwald Standard German
Brunswick Braunschweig Standard German Archaic
Brunswiek Low Saxon
Cleves Kleve Standard German Archaic
Coblence Koblenz Standard German Archaic
Coblenz Koblenz Standard German Dated
Cologne Kölle Ripuarian
Köln Standard German
Constance Konstanz Standard German Dated
Danube river Donau Standard German
Eastphalia Oostfalen Low Saxon
Ostfalen Standard German
Egge Hills Eggegebirge Standard German German name means "Egge Mountains"
Franconia Franken Standard German
Frankn Austro-Bavarian
Franconian Jura Frankenalb Standard German Frankenjura also used in German
Frankfort Frangford (am Maa) Hessian
Frankfurt (am Main) Standard German Archaic
Hamelin Hameln Standard German
Hanover Hannober Low Saxon
Hannover Standard German
Haßberge Hills Haßberge Standard German
Heligoland deät Lun Heligolandic North Frisian
Hälilönj Bökingharde North Frisian
Helgoland Standard German
Hesse Hessen Standard German
Hessia Hessen Standard German
Hither Pomerania Vorpommern Standard German
Hohwacht Bay Hohwachter Bucht Standard German
Jade Bight Jadebusen Standard German
Kaufungen Forest Kaufunger Wald Standard German
Kiel Canal Nordostseekanal Standard German
Knüll Knüllgebirge Standard German German name also used in English
Lake Constance Bodensee Standard German
Lower Bavarian Upland Niederbayerisches Hügelland Standard German
Lusatia Lausitz Standard German
Łužica Upper Sorbian
Łužyca Lower Sorbian
Mayence Mainz Standard German Archaic
Mentz Mainz Standard German Archaic ,British English
Moselle river Mosel Standard German
Musel Moselle Franconian
Munich Minga Austro-Bavarian
München Standard German
Nuremberg Narrnberch East Franconian
Nürnberg Standard German
Ore Mountains Erzgebirge Standard German
Palatinate Palz Palatinate German
Pfalz Standard German
Pomerania Pommern Standard German
Prussia Preußen Standard German
Ratisbon Regensburg Standard German Archaic
Rengschburch Austro-Bavarian
Rhenish Massif Rheinisches Schiefergebirge Standard German
Rhine river Rhein Standard German
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha Standard German English now uses translation Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Saxony Sachsen Standard German
Sassen Low Saxon
Swabia Schwaben Standard German
Szczecin Lagoon Stettiner Haff Standard German
Thuringia Thüringen Standard German
Tréier Moselle Franconian
Treves Trier Standard German Archaic, French name
Western Pomerania Vorpommern Standard German
Westphalia Westfalen Low Saxon
Standard German

Greece

The exonym for Greece in English comes from Magna Graecia, which was a historical region in Italy colonized by the Greeks. The endonym Ellás comes from Helen of Troy, the legendary Greek figure whose abduction caused the Greek city-states to unite and fight against Troy during the Trojan War.

 Greece Elládha/ Ellás (Ελλάδα/ Ἑλλάς)
English name Endonym Notes
Attica Attikí (Αττική)
Athens Athína (Αθήνα)
Boetia Voiotía (Βοιωτία)
Corfu Kérkyra (Κέρκυρα)
Corinth Kórinthos (Κόρινθος)
Crete Kríti (Κρήτη)
Cyclades Kykládhes (Κυκλάδες)
Dodecanese Dhodhekánisa (Δωδεκάνησα)
Epirus Ipeiros (Ήπειρος)
Euboea Evvoia (Εύβοια)
Heraklion Irákleio (Ηράκλειο)
Icaria Ikaría (Ικαρία)
Ithaca Itháki (Ιθάκη)
Lepanto Náfpaktos (Νάυπακτος) Archaic
Macedonia Makedonía (Μακεδονία)
Mediterranean Sea Mesógeios thálassa (Μεσόγειος θάλασσα)
Missolonghi Mesológi (Μεσολόγγι)
Naupactus Náfpaktos (Νάυπακτος) Greek name also used in English
Navarino Pýlos (Πύλος) Archaic
Patras Pátra (Πάτρα)
Peloponnese Pelopónnisos (Πελοπόννησος)
Philippi Fílippoi (Φίλιπποι)
Piraeus Peiraiás (Πειραιάς)
Rhodes Ródhos (Ρόδος)
Rhodope Mountains Rodhópi (Ροδόπη)
Salonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Archaic
Samothrace Samothráki (Σαμοθράκη)
Sparta Spárti (Σπάρτη)
Thebes Thíva (Θήβα)
Thessalonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek name also used in English
Thessaly Thessalía (Θεσσαλία)
Thrace Thráki (Θράκη)
Zante Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) Archaic

Hungary
 Hungary Magyarország
English name Endonym Notes
Carpathian Mountains Kárpátok
Danube river Duna

Iceland
 Iceland Ísland
English name Endonym Notes
Westman Islands Vestmannaeyjar Dated

India


 India Bhārat (भारत)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Allahbad Prayagraj Dated
Bangalore Bengaluru Kannada
Benares Varanasi Dated
Bombay Mumbai Marathi Dated
Calcutta Kolkata (কলিকাতা) Bengali Dated
Cawnpore Kanpur Obsolete
Delhi Dilli (दिल्ली) Hindi
Ganges River Ganga (गंगा) Hindi
Indus River Sindhū (सिन्धु )
Jaypore Jaipur Obsolete
Laccadive Islands Lakshadweep Obsolete
Madras Chennai Tamil Dated
Pondicherry Puducherry Dated
Poona Pune Dated
Simla Shimla Obsolete

Indonesia
 Indonesia
English Name Endonym Note
Name Language
Borneo Kalimantan Bahasa Indonesia

Iran
 Iran Irān (اݐران)
English name Endonym Note
Name Language
Bushire Bushehr(بوشهر) Persian Obsolete
Isfahan Ešfahān (اصفهان) Persian
Meshed Mashhad (مشهد) Persian Obsolete
Teheran Tehran (تهران) Persian Obsolete

Iraq
 Iraq Al-Irāq (العراق)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Euphrates river Al-Furāt (الفرات) Standard Arabic
Firat Kurdish
Pǝrāth (ܦܪܬ‎) Syriac
Mosul Al-Mawṣil (الموصل) Standard Arabic
Māwṣil (ܡܘܨܠ‎) Syriac
Mosil (مووسڵ‎) Kurdish
Tigris river Deqlath (ܕܹܩܠܵܬ) Syriac
Dîcle (دیجلە) Kurdish
Dijla (دجله) Standard Arabic

Ireland
Main article: Place names in Ireland

The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations, or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. The exceptions to this are listed here:

 Ireland Éire
English name Endonym Notes
Arklow an tInbhear Mór
Carlingford Cairlinn
Connaught Connacht Dated
Dalkey Deilginis
Dursey Baoi Bhéarra
Oileán Baoi
Dublin Baile Átha Cliath
Fastnet Carraig Aonair
Haulbowline Inis Sionnach
Howth Binn Éadair
Lambay Reachrainn
Leinster Laighin
Leixlip Léim an Bhrádain
Meath Mí
Munster Mumhan
Oxmantown Baile Lochlannach
Saltee Na Sailtí
Selskar Seilsceir
Skerries Na Sceirí
Strangford Loch Cuan
Ulster Ulaidh
Waterford Port Láirge
Wexford Loch Garman
Wicklow Cill Mhantáin

Israel

The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems (romanization of Hebrew) vary from the familiar spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917).[12]

 Israel Yisrael (ישראל)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Acre Akka (عكّا) Standard Arabic Greek name
Ako (עכו) Modern Hebrew
Beersheba Bir Alsbae (بئر السبع‎) Standard Arabic
Beer Sheva (באר שבע) Modern Hebrew
Capernaum Kfar Naḥum (כפר נחום) Modern Hebrew Latin name
Galilee HaGalil (הגליל) Modern Hebrew
Jaffa Yafa (يافا) Standard Arabic based on the Arabic name
Yafo (יפה) Modern Hebrew
Joppa Yafa (يافا) Standard Arabic Greek name, dated
Yafo (יפה) Modern Hebrew
Jordan River Nahr al-Urdun (نهر الأردن) Standard Arabic
Nahar ha-Yarden (נהר הירדן) Modern Hebrew
Jerusalem Al-Quds (القُدس) Standard Arabic Latin name
Yerushalayim (יורשלים) Modern Hebrew
Mediterranean Sea Al-Baḥr al-Abyaḍ al-Mutawassiṭ (البحر الأبيض المتوسط) Standard Arabic
ha-Yam ha-Gadol (הים התיכון) Modern Hebrew
Nazareth Natzrat (נצרת) Modern Hebrew Greek name
Sea of Galilee Imat Tbria (بحيرة طبريا) Standard Arabic
Yam Kinnerot (הים כנרות) Modern Hebrew
Safed Safed (صفد) Standard Arabic Arabic name
Tzfat (צפת) Modern Hebrew
Tiberias Tabariyya (طبريا) Standard Arabic Greek name
Tverya (טבריה) Modern Hebrew

Italy
 Italy Italia
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Apulia Puglia Standard Italian
Pùglia Neapolitan
Capitoline Hill Campidoglio Standard Italian
Florence Firenze Standard Italian French name
Genoa Genova Standard Italian
Zêna Ligurian
Herculaneum Ercolano Standard Italian English uses different names for the ancient and modern places
Janiculum Gianicolo Standard Italian Latin name
Latium Lazio Standard Italian English uses different names for the ancient and modern places
Leghorn Livorno Standard Italian Obsolete
Lombardy Lombardéa Lombard French name
Lombardia Standard Italian
Mantua Mantua Lombard
Mantova Standard Italian
Milan Milan Lombard
Milano Standard Italian
Montferrat Montferrato Standard Italian French name
Monfrà Piedmontese
Naples Napoli Standard Italian French name
Napule Neapolitan
Padua Padova Standard Italian
Pàdova Venetian
Piedmont Piemont Piedmontese
Piemonte Standard Italian
Pompeii Pompei Standard Italian Latin name
Rome Roma Standard Italian French name
Rubicon river Rubicone Standard Italian
Sardinia Sardegna Standard Italian
Sicily Sicilia Standard Italian
Sicilian
Sienna Siena Standard Italian Obsolete
Syracuse Sarasusa Sicilian
Siracusa Standard Italian
The Marches Marche Standard Italian Obsolete
Tiber Tevere Standard Italian Latin name
Tuscany Toscana Standard Italian
Turin Torino Standard Italian
Turin Piedmontese
Trent Trento Standard Italian Obsolete
Tyrol Tirolo Standard Italian
Venice Venesia Venetian
Venezia Standard Italian French name
Vesuvius Vesuvio Neapolitan
Standard Italian Latin name

Japan
 Japan Nihon, Nippon (日本)
English name Endonym Notes
Bonin Islands Ogasawara Guntō (小笠原群島)
East China Sea Higashi-shina-kai (東シナ海) Shina (シナ) is an exonym sometimes an exonym used for China
Iwo Jima Iō-tō (硫黄島) Alternative reading of endonym
Liancourt Rocks Takeshima (竹島)
Pacific Ocean Taihei-yō (太平洋)
Ryūkyū Islands Nansei-shotō (南西諸島)
Ryūkyū-shotō (琉球諸島)
Volcano Islands Kazan Rettō (火山列島)

Laos
 Laos Lāo (ລາວ)
English name Endonym Notes
Vientiane Wīang chan (ວຽງຈັນ) from French
Viangchan[13] Unofficial alternative spelling in English
Wiangchan[14] Unofficial alternative spelling in English
Louangphabang Luang Prabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) Phonetic spellings of the name in English,

endonym is also an acceptable spelling in English

Luang Phabang
Mekong River Maenam Khong (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ)
Savannakhet Kaysone Phomvihane (ໄກສອນ ພົມວິຫານ)

Latvia
 Latvia Latvija
English name Endonym Notes
Courland Kurzeme
Lettgallia Latgale Dated
Semigallia Zemgale Dated

Lebanon
 Lebanon Lubnān (لبنان)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Sidon Ṣaydā (صيدا) Standard Arabic
Tyre Ṣūr (صور) Standard Arabic
Tripoli Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic

Libya
 Libya Libiyā (ليبيا)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Cyrenaica Barqah (برقة) Standard Arabic
Fezzan Fezzan (ⴼⵣⵣⴰⵏ) Berber
Fizzān (فزان) Standard Arabic
Misrata Miṣrātah (مصراتة) Standard Arabic
Sirte Sirt (سرت) Standard Arabic
Tripoli Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic
Ṭrables Berber
Ṭrābləs Maghrebi Arabic
Tripolitania Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic
Ṭrables Berber
Ṭrābləs Maghrebi Arabic

Lithuania
 Lithuania Lietuva
English name Endonym Notes
Neman river Nemunas
Nieman river Nemunas Dated
Samogitia Žemaitija
Sudovia Sudūva
Yotvingia Dainava

Malaysia
 Malaysia
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Malacca Melaka Malay
Penang Island Pulau Pinang Malay

Mexico
 Mexico
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Rocky Point Puerto Peñasco Spanish Dated

Moldova
 Moldova
English name Endonym Notes
Kishinev Chişinău Obsolete

Mongolia
 Mongolia Mongγol Ulus (Монгол Улc/ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ)
English name Endonym (Cyrillic/ Mongolian) Notes
Ulan Bator Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар/ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) Obselete

Morocco
 Morocco Al-Magrib (المغرب)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Casablanca Ad-Dār Al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) Standard Arabic
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) Berber
Fez Fās (ⴼⴰⵙ) Berber
Fās (فاس) Standard Arabic
Tangier Ṭanja (ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ) Berber
Ṭanjah (طنجة) Standard Arabic

Myanmar
 Myanmar Myanma (မြန်မာ)
English name Endonym Notes
Mekong River Megaung Myit (မဲခေါင်မြစ်)
Naypyidaw Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်)
Pagan Bagan (ပုဂံ) Dated
Rangoon Yangon (ရန်ကုန်မြို့) Dated

Netherlands
 Netherlands Nederland
English name Endonym Notes
Brill Brielle Obsolete
Dort Dordrecht Obsolete
Flushing Vlissingen Obsolete
Guelders Gelderland Dated
Leyden Leiden Dated
Meuse river Maas French name
Rhine river Rijn
Ryswick Rijswijk Obsolete
The Hague Den Haag

Norway
 Norway Noreg, Norge
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bear Island Bjørnøya Norwegian
North Cape Davvenjárga Northern Sami
Nordkapp Norwegian

North Korea

The endonym of North Korea, Chosǒn, alternatively spelled as Chosun, Chosen, or Joseon, is named after the last dynasty of Korean kings before Korea became a Japanese colony, the Joseon dynasty. Sometimes the name Pukchosŏn (North Joseon) is used by South Koreans to distinguish North Korea from themselves, but North Koreans generally dislike being referred to as North Korea since they consider all Koreans as being citizens of the same divided country and since the North Korean government considers itself as being the sole legitimate government for the whole of Korea.

 North Korea Chosǒn (조선)
English name Endonym Notes
Diamond Mountain Kǔmgang San (금강산) English now uses rough translation Mount Kumgang
Tumen River Duman Gang (두만강) Mandarin endonym
Sea of Japan Josŏn Donghae (조선동해)
See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute
Yalu River Amnok Gang (압록강) Mandarin endonym

Palestine
 Palestine Filasṭīn (فلسطين‎)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bethlehem Beyt Laḥm Levantine Arabic
Bayta Laḥm (بيت لحم) Standard Arabic
Bet Leḥem (בית לחם) Modern Hebrew
Gaza City Ġazzah (غزة) Standard Arabic
'Aza (עזה) Modern Hebrew
Hebron Al-Ḵalīl (الخليل) Standard Arabic
Ḥevron (חברון) Modern Hebrew
Mediterranean Sea Al-Baḥr al-Abyaḍ al-Mutawassiṭ (البحر الأبيض المتوسط) Standard Arabic
ha-Yam ha-Gadol (הים התיכון) Modern Hebrew
Jericho Arīḥā (أريحا) Standard Arabic
Yeriḥo (יריחו ) Modern Hebrew
Jerusalem Al-Quds (القُدس) Standard Arabic Latin name
Yerushalayim (יורשלים) Hebrew
Jordan River Nahr al-Urdun (نهر الأردن) Standard Arabic
Nahar ha-Yarden (נהר הירדן) Hebrew

Poland
 Poland Polska
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Auschwitz Oświęcim Polish Dated, German name
Breslau Wrocław Polish Dated, German name
Carpathian Mountains Karpaty Polish
Cracow Kraków Polish Obsolete
Danzig Gdańsk Polish Dated, German name
Galicia Galicja Polish
Giant Mountains Karkonosze Polish Dated
Kashubia Kaszëbë Kashubian
Kaszuby Polish
Kuyavia Kujawy Polish
Mazovia Mazowsze Polish
Mazuria Mazury Polish
Oder river Odra Polish
Pomerania Pomorze Polish
Silesia Śląsk Polish
Ślōnsk Silesian
Vistula river Wisła Polish
Warsaw Warszawa Polish

Portugal
 Portugal
English name Endonym Notes
Azores Açores Spanish name
Braganza Bragança Dated, Spanish name
Lisbon Lisboa
Oporto Porto Obsolete
Tagus river Tejo Latin name

Romania
 Romania România
English name Endonym Notes
Bucharest București
Carpathian Mountains Carpați
Danube river Dunǎrea
Jassy Iași[15] Obsolete
Northern Dobruja Dobrogea Romanian half of former Dobruja region
Transylvania Transilvania
Wallachia Țara Românească
Valahia

Russia
 Russia Rossiya (Россия)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Archangel Arkhangelsk (Архангельск) Russian Dated
Arctic Ocean Severnyj Ledovityj okean (Северный Ледовитый океан) Russian
Black Sea Chernoje more (Черное море) Russian
Caucasus Kavkaz (Кавказ) Russian
Caspian Sea Kaspijskoje more (Каспийское море) Russian
Grozny Groznyj (Грозный) Russian
Sölƶa-Ġala (Соьлжа-ГӀала) Chechen
Moscow Moskva (Москва) Russian
Orel Oryol (Орёл) Russian Obsolete
Pacific Ocean Tikhiy okean (Тихий океан) Russian
Plescow Pskov (Псков) Russian Obsolete
Saint Petersburg Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) Russian

Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Arabia As-Sa'ūdīyah (السعودية)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Arabian Sea Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar (البحر العربي) Standard Arabic
Gulf of Aden Ḫalīǧ ʻAdan (خليج عدن) Standard Arabic
Jeddah Jiddah (جدة) Standard Arabic
Mecca Makkah (مکة) Standard Arabic
Medina Al-Madīnah (المدينة) Standard Arabic
Persian Gulf Al-Khalīj al-'Arabī (الخليج العربي) Standard Arabic The name translates into "Arabian Gulf"
See also: Persian Gulf naming dispute
Red Sea Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) Standard Arabic
Riyadh Er-Riyāḍ (الرياض‎) Najdi Arabic
Ar-Riyāḍ (الرياض) Standard Arabic

Serbia
 Serbia Srbija (Србија)
English name Endonym Notes
Balkan Mountains Stara Planina (Стара Планина)
Belgrade Beograd (Београд) French name
Danube river Dunav (Дунав)

Slovakia
 Slovakia Slovensko
English name Endonym Notes
Carpathian Mountains Karpaty
Cassow Košice Obsolete
Danube river Dunaj
Gerlach Peak Gerlachovský štít
Maple Mountains Javorníky
Slovak Ore Mountains Slovenské rudohorie

Slovenia
 Slovenia Slovenija
English name Endonym Notes
Carinthia Koroška
Inner Carniola Notranjska
Karawanks Karavanke
Karst Kras
Lower Carniola Dolenjska
Slovene Littoral Primorska
Styria Štajerska
Upper Carniola Dolenjska

South Africa

Many South African towns have multiple names due to the number of languages. Additionally, some places have been renamed from English and Afrikaans.

 South Africa
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Aliwal North Maletswai Dated
Cape Town ǁHui!gaeb Khoekhoe
Kaapstad Afrikaans
iKapa Xhosa
Fish Hoek Vishoek Afrikaans
Grahamstown Grahamstad Afrikaans Dated in Afrikaans and English
iRhini Xhosa
Makhanda iRhini Xhosa
Queenstown Komani Dated
Simon's Town Simonstad Afrikaans

South Korea

The South Korean endonym, Hanguk, means the "Han nation", which refers to the Korean culture as a whole and not just South Koreans, as the South Korean government considers itself to be the sole legitimate government over the whole of Korea. South Koreans sometimes call their country Namhan (literally South Korea) to distinguish themselves from North Korea.

 South Korea Hanguk (한국)
English name Endonym Notes
Liancourt Rocks Dokdo (독도)
Port Hamilton Geomundo (거문도)
Pusan Busan (부산시) Dated
Quelpart Jeju (제주도) Obsolete
Sea of Japan Donghae (동해)
See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute

Spain

English uses Spanish-language exonyms for some places in non-Spanish speaking regions of Spain.

 Spain España
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Andalusia Andalucía Spanish
Biscay Bizkaia Basque
Vizkaya Spanish
Castile Castilla Spanish
Catalonia Catalunya Catalan Latin name
Corunna A Coruña Galician Obsolete
Douro Duero Spanish Portuguese name
Majorca Mallorca Catalan Dated
Minorca Menorca Catalan Dated
Navarre Nafarroa Basque
Pampeluna Pamplona Spanish Dated
Saragossa Zaragoza Spanish Dated
Seville Sevilla Spanish
Tagus Tajo Spanish Latin name
Teneriffe Tenerife Spanish Obsolete, French name
The Groyne A Coruña Galician Obsolete

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon in English until 1972.

 Sri Lanka Shri Lanka (ශ්‍රී ලංකා)/ Ilaṅkai (இலங்கை)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Batticaloa Madakalapuwa (මඩකලපුව) Sinhala
Maṭṭakkaḷappu (மட்டக்களப்பு) Tamil
Chilaw Cilāpam (சிலாபம்) Tamil
Halawta (හලාවත) Sinhala
Colombo Kolamba (කොළඹ) Sinhala
Kolumpu (கொழும்பு) Tamil
Galle Galla (ගාල්ල) Sinhala
Kali (காலி) Tamil
Jaffna Yalnapam (யாழ்ப்பாணம்) Tamil
Yapanaya (යාපනය) Sinhala
Kandy Kanti (கண்டி) Tamil
Mahanuwara (මහනුවර) Sinhala
Mutwal Modara (මෝදර) Sinhala
Mukattuvāram (முகத்துவாரம்) Tamil
Negombo Meegumuwa (මීගමුව) Sinhala
Nirkolompu (நீர்கொழும்பு) Tamil
Trincomalee Thrikunamalaya (ත්‍රිකුණාමළය) Sinhala
Tirukōṇamalai (திருகோணமலை) Tamil

Sudan
 Sudan As-Sūdān (السودان)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Khartoum Al-Ḵurṭūm (الخَرطوم) Standard Arabic
El-Ḵortūm (الخَرطوم) Sudanese Arabic
Nile river An-Nīl (النيل) Standard Arabic
En-Nīl (النيل) Sudanese Arabic
Omdurman Omm Dormān (أُم درمان) Sudanese Arabic
Umm Durmān (أُم درمان) Standard Arabic

Sweden
 Sweden Sverige
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dalecarlia Elfdalian Latin name; Swedish name also used
Dalarna Swedish
Gothenburg Göteborg Swedish
North Bothnia Norrbotten Swedish Swedish name also used
Scania Skåne Swedish Latin name
The Dales Elfdalian Obsolete; translation of Swedish name
Dalarna Swedish
West Bothnia Västerbotten Swedish Swedish name also used in English

Switzerland
See also: List of English exonyms for German toponyms

Historically, English-language sources borrowed French-language names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This is no longer done, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places.[16]

  Switzerland Schweiz/ Suisse/ Svizzera/ Svizra
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Basle Basel Standard German Obsolete
Berne Bern Standard German Obsolete
Geneva Genève French
Genf Standard German
Lucerne Luzerne Standard German
Rhine River Rhein Standard German
Valais Wallis Standard German

Syria
 Syria Sūrīyah (سورية)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Aleppo Ḥalab (حلب) Standard Arabic
Levantine Arabic
Damascus Dimašq (دمشق) Standard Arabic
Dimaš' (دمشق) Levantine Arabic
Euphrates River Al-Furat (الفرات) Standard Arabic
Latakia Al-Lāḏiqīyah (اللاذقية) Standard Arabic
El-Lādi'iyyeh (اللاذقية) Levantine Arabic

Thailand

Thailand was known as Siam in English until the Siamese revolution of 1932. The Thai name for the country, Prathet Thai, literally means "Thai Kingdom".

 Thailand Prathet Thai (ประเทศไทย)
English name Endonym Notes
Bangkok Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) Old name
Mekong River Maenam Khong (แม่น้ำโขง)
Singora Songkhla (สงขลา) Obsolete

Taiwan

The main island of Taiwan was formerly known in English as Formosa. All Chinese names are written in traditional characters. The Mandarin names are written in Hanyu Pinyin.

 Taiwan Táiwān (臺灣)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hualien Huālián (花蓮) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Hoa-liân (花蓮) Hokkien
Fâ-lièn (花蓮) Hakka
Kaohsiung Gāoxióng (高雄) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Keelung Jīlóng (基隆) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Ke-lâng (雞籠) Hokkien
Kinmen Jīnmén (金門) Mandarin Transliteration Jinmen used in sources from China
Kimmûi (金門) Hokkien Semi-transliteration Kimoi also used in English
Pehoe Penghu (澎湖) Mandarin Obsolete, from Min Nan name Phênô
Phîⁿ-ô͘ (澎湖) Hokkien
Pescadores Penghu (澎湖) Mandarin Dated, Portuguese name
Phîⁿ-ô͘ (澎湖) Hokkien
Quemoy Jīnmén (金門) Mandarin Dated, English name pronounced like modern transliteration Kimoi
Kimmûi (金門) Hokkien
Taichung Táizhōng (臺中) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Taipei Táiběi (臺北) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Taitung Táidōng (臺東) Mandarin Current English name is standard in local romanization, uses Chinese postal romanization
Tamsui Dànshŭi (淡水) Mandarin
Tām-chúi (淡水) Hokkien

Tunisia
 Tunisia Tūnis (تونس)
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Gabès Qābis (قابس) Standard Arabic
Maghrebi Arabic Pronounced similar to English name
Sfax Ṣafaqus (صفاقس) Standard Arabic
Sifaks (ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ) Berber
Ṣfāqes (صفاقس‎) Maghrebi Arabic
Sousse Susa Berber
Sūsah (سوسة) Standard Arabic
Sūseh (سوسة) Maghrebi Arabic

Turkey
 Turkey Türkiye
English name Endonym Notes
Adalia Antalya Dated
Adrianople Edirne Dated
Alexandretta İskenderun Dated
Anemurium Anamur Dated
Antioch Antakya Dated
Bosphorus Boǧaziçi
Byzantium İstanbul Dated
Caeserea Kayseri Dated
Cappadocia Kapadokya
Claudiopolis Mut Dated
Constantinople İstanbul Dated
Dardanelles Çanakkale Boǧazı
Edessa (Sanlı)urfa Dated
Ephesus Efes Dated
Euphrates river Fırat
Gallipoli Gelibolu Dated
Halicarnassus Bodrum Dated
Heraclea Pontica Karadeniz Ereǧli Dated
Iconium Konya Dated
Imbros Gökçeada
Istanbul İstanbul Some consider Istanbul to be an English exonym of İstanbul.[17]

Normally spelled without İ in English, even in sources which would otherwise use it.[18]

Kerasous Giresun Dated
Laranda Karaman Dated
Magnesia ad Sipylum Manisa Dated
Mediterranean Sea Akdeniz
Nicaea Iznik Dated
Nicomedia Izmit Dated
Pergamon Bergama Dated
Philadelphia Alaşehir Dated
Prusa Bursa Dated
Scutari Üsküdar Dated[19]
Seleucia Silifke Dated
Smyrna İzmir Dated
Tenedos Bozcaada
Thrace Trakya
Tigris river Dicle
Tralles Aydın Dated
Trebizond Trabzon Dated

Ukraine
 Ukraine Ukrayina (Україна)
English name Endonym Notes
Black Sea Chorne more (Чорне море)
Chernobyl Chornobyl (Чорнобиль) Russian name
Crimea Krym (Крим) Region claimed by Russia, but many nations do not recognize it as part of Russia[20]
Galicia Halychyna (Галичина)
Gorlovka Horlivka (Горлівка) Archaic, Russian name
Kharkhov Kharkhiv (Харків) Archaic, Russian name
Kiev Kyiv (Київ) Russian name
Krivoy Rog Kryvyi Rih (Кривиі Ріг) Archaic, Russian name

United Kingdom

Scotland

The places listed are where Scottish Gaelic and Scots are mainly used or where the Scottish Gaelic/ Scots names don't regularly correspond to the English one.

 Scotland Alba
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Achmore An t-Acha Mòr Scottish Gaelic
Aird of Sleat Àird Shlèite Scottish Gaelic
Alexandria Magh Leamhna Scottish Gaelic
Applecross A'Chomraich Scottish Gaelic
Ardvasar Àird a Bhàsair Scottish Gaelic
Arinagour Àirigh na Gobhar Scottish Gaelic
Balivanich Baile a Mhanaich Scottish Gaelic
Ballygrant Baile a Ghràna Scottish Gaelic
Barra Barraigh Scottish Gaelic
Barvas Barabhas Scottish Gaelic
Bayble Pabail Scottish Gaelic
Bearsden Cille Phàdraig Ùr Scottish Gaelic Formerly Kilpatrick
Beauly A'Mhanachainn Scottish Gaelic
Benbecula Beinn na Fadhla Scottish Gaelic
Bernisdale Beàrnasdal Scottish Gaelic
Bishopbriggs Coille Dobhair Scottish Gaelic Formerly Cadder
Bo'ness (Borrowstounness) Ceann an Fhàil Scottish Gaelic Formerly Kinneil
Bowmore Bogh Mòr Scottish Gaelic
Bracadale Bracadal Scottish Gaelic
Bridgend Beul an Àtha Scottish Gaelic
Breasclete Breascleit Scottish Gaelic
Broadford An t-Àth Leathann Scottish Gaelic
Cairngorms Am Monadh Ruadh Scottish Gaelic
Cairnryan Machair An Sgithich, Cairn Rioghainne Scottish Gaelic
Callinish Calanais Scottish Gaelic
Calgary Calgarraidh Scottish Gaelic
Camastianavaig Camas Dìonabhaig Scottish Gaelic
Campbeltown Ceann Loch Chille Chiaran Scottish Gaelic
Carinish Càirinis Scottish Gaelic
Carloway Càrlabhag Scottish Gaelic
Castlebay Bàgh a Chaisteal Scottish Gaelic
Cleadale Clèadail Scottish Gaelic
Coll Cola Scottish Gaelic
Colonsay Colbhasa Scottish Gaelic
Craighouse Taigh na Creige Scottish Gaelic
Craignure Craig an Iobhar Scottish Gaelic
Daliburgh Dalabrog Scottish Gaelic
Dingwall Inbhir Pheofharain Scottish Gaelic
Dufftown Baile Bhainidh Scottish Gaelic
Dunvegan Dùn Bheagain Scottish Gaelic
Edinbane An t-Aodann Bàn Scottish Gaelic
Eigg Eige Scottish Gaelic
Elgol Ealaghol Scottish Gaelic
Eriskay Èirisgeigh Scottish Gaelic
Flowerdale Am Baile Mòr Scottish Gaelic
Fort Augustus Cille Chuimein Scottish Gaelic Formerly Kilwhimin
Fort William An Gearasdan Scottish Gaelic
Fortrose A' Chananaich Scottish Gaelic
Harlosh Hèarrlois Scottish Gaelic
Harris Na Hearadh Scottish Gaelic
Holywood, Dumfriesshire Doire Chonaill Scottish Gaelic Formerly Dercongal
Howmore Tobha Mòr Scottish Gaelic
Iona Ì Chaluim Chille Scottish Gaelic
Islay Ìle Scottish Gaelic
Isle of Lewis Leodhas Scottish Gaelic
Isle of Mull Muile Scottish Gaelic
Isle of Skye Sgitheneach Scottish Gaelic
Isleornsay Eilean Iarmain Scottish Gaelic
Jura Diùra Scottish Gaelic
Kincardineshire A' Mhaorainn Scottish Gaelic Sometimes called The Mearns
Kyleakin Caol Àcain Scottish Gaelic
Kylerhea Caol Reatha Scottish Gaelic
Laurencekirk Coinmheadh Scottish Gaelic Formerly Conveth
Laxdale Lacadal Scottish Gaelic
Leurbost Liùrbost Scottish Gaelic
Leverburgh An t-Òbh Scottish Gaelic Formerly Obbe
Linlithgow Gleann Iucha Scottish Gaelic
Lochboisdale Loch Baghasdail Scottish Gaelic
Lochmaddy Loch nam Madadh Scottish Gaelic
Lochnagar Beinn Chìochan Scottish Gaelic
Milovaig Miolabhaig Scottish Gaelic
Muck Muc Scottish Gaelic
Newtonferry Port nan Long Scottish Gaelic
Orsay Orasaigh Scottish Gaelic
Port Askaig Port Asgaig Scottish Gaelic
Port Charlotte Port Sgioba Scottish Gaelic
Port Ellen Port Ìlain Scottish Gaelic
Portnaguran Port nan Giùran Scottish Gaelic
Portnahaven Port na-hAbhainn Scottish Gaelic
Port of Ness Port Nis Scottish Gaelic
Portree Port Righ Scottish Gaelic
Raasay Ratharsair Scottish Gaelic
River Forth An Abhainn Dubh Scottish Gaelic
Rodel Roghadal Scottish Gaelic
Rothesay Baile Bhòid Scottish Gaelic
Saint Kilda Hiort Scottish Gaelic Main island called Hirta
Salen An t-Sàilean Scottish Gaelic
Scalpay Sgalpaigh Scottish Gaelic
Scarinish Sgarainis Scottish Gaelic
Skigersta Sgiogarstaigh Scottish Gaelic
Soay Sòdhaigh Scottish Gaelic
South Queensferry Cas Chaolais Scottish Gaelic Formerly Caschillis
Staffa Stafa Scottish Gaelic
Stein Steinn Scottish Gaelic
Stoneybridge Staoinebrig Scottish Gaelic
Stornoway Steòrnabhagh Scottish Gaelic
Tain Baile Dubhthaich Scottish Gaelic
Tarbert Tairbeart Scottish Gaelic
Tarskavaig Tarsgabhaig Scottish Gaelic
The Cobbler Beinn Artair Scottish Gaelic Also called Ben Arthur
Tigharry Taigh a'Gherraidh Scottish Gaelic
Tiree Tiriodh Scottish Gaelic
Tobermory Tobar Mhoire Scottish Gaelic
Torrin Na Torrain Scottish Gaelic
Troon An Truthail Scottish Gaelic
Uist Uibhist Scottish Gaelic
Ulva Ulbha Scottish Gaelic
Vatersay Bhatarsaigh Scottish Gaelic
Wishaw Camasneachdain Scottish Gaelic

Wales
See also: Welsh exonyms and Welsh placenames

English is the most used language in some of the places listed below. The rest of the locations mainly use Welsh.

 Wales Cymru
English name Endonym Notes
Aberdovey Aberdyfi Dated
Abergavenny Y Feni
Ammanford Rhydaman
Anglesey Ynys Môn
Bala Lake Llyn Tegid
Bardsey Island Ynys Enlli
Barmouth Abermaw
Beaumaris Biwmaris
Bonvilston Tresimwn
Brecknockshire Bycheiniog
Brecon Aberhonddu
Brecon Beacons Bannau Brycheiniog
Bridgend Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
Builth Wells Llanfair-ym-Muallt
Buckley Bwcle
Caldey Island Ynys Bŷr
Cardiff Caerdydd
Caerleon Caerllion
Ca(e)rnavon Caernafon Dated
Cardigan Aberteifi
Cardiganshire Ceredigion Dated
Carmarthen Caerfyddin
Chepstow Cas-gwent
Chirk Y Waun
Conway Conwy Dated
Cowbridge Y Bont-faen
Denbigh Dinbych
Devil's Bridge Pontarfynach
Dolgelley Dolgellau Dated
Ebbw Vale Glyn Ebwy
Fishguard Abergwaun
Flint Y Fflint
Glamorgan Morgannwg
Goodwick Wdig
Gower Peninsula Gŵyr
Great Orme Y Gogarth
Haverfordwest Hwlfford
Hawarden Penarlâg
Hay-on-Wye Y Gelli Gandryll
Holyhead Caergybi
Holywell Treffynnon
Knighton Tref-y-clawdd
Lampeter Llanbedr Pont Steffan
Llandovery Llanymddyfri
Llantwit Major Lanilltud Fawr
Menai Bridge Porthawethwy
Menai Strait Afon Menai Welsh name means "River Menai"
Merionethshire Meirionydd
Milford Haven Aberdaugleddau
Mold Yr Wyddgrug
Monmouth Trefynwy
Monmouthshire Sir Fynwy
Montgomeryshire Trefaldwyn
Mountain Ash Aberpennar
Neath Castell-nedd
Newbridge Trecelyn
Newport Casnewydd
Newtown Y Drenewydd
Northop Llaneurgain
Pembrokeshire Penfro
Pont Neath Vaughan Pontneddfechan Dated
Port Dinorwic Y Felinheli Dated
Portmadoc Porthmadog Dated
Presteigne Llanadras
Puffin Island Ynys Seiriol
Radnorshire Maesyfed
Rhondda Cynon Taf Aberpenna
Rhymney Rhymni
River Severn Hafren
River Towy Afon Tywi
River Usk Afon Wysg
River Wye Afon Gwy
Snowdon Yr Wyddfa
Snowdonia Eryri
St. Asaph Llanelwy
St. David's Tyddewi
Swansea Abertawe
Tenby Dynbich-y-pysgod
Tintern Dindyrn
Towyn Tywyn Dated
Usk Brynbuga
Vale of Glamorgan Bro Morgannwg
Welshpool Y Trallwng
Whitland Hendy-gwyn
Wrexham Wrecsam

United States

Several places in the United States have additional names in various Native languages.

 United States
English name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Allegheny River Ohi:'i:o Seneca
Mount McKinley Denali Koyukon Dated,
See also: Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute
Mount Rainier Tacoma Salish
Red House Joë'hesta Seneca

Vietnam

All towns often are spelled without diacritics.

 Vietnam Việt Nam
English name Endonym Notes
Annamite Range Dãy Trường Sơn
Black River Sông Đà
Cantho Cần Thơ
Cholon Chợ Lớn
Dalat Đà Lạt
Danang Đà Nẵng
Dienbien Phu Điện Biên Phủ
Faifo[21] Hội An Obsolete
Gulf of Tonkin Vịnh Bắc Bộ
Haiphong Hải Phòng
Halong Bay Vịnh Hạ Long
Hanoi Hà Nội
Ho Chi Minh City Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (TPHCM) formerly known as Saigon, though both names are used colloquially,
See also: Names of Ho Chi Minh City
Hue Huế
Marble Mountains Ngũ Hành Sơn Vietnamese name means "Five Elements Mountains"
Mekong River Sông Mê Kông / Sông Cửu Long
Perfume River Sông Hương
Red River Sông Hồng
Saigon Sài Gòn former name of Ho Chi Minh City, though both names are used colloquially,
See also: Names of Ho Chi Minh City
South China Sea Biển Đông
West Lake Tây Hồ

See also

References
  1. Peeter Päll, Estonia, "Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?" UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems (2002)
  2. Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman - 2007- Page 16 "2.2.11 This brings us on to the question of romanization. Does the application of a romanization system turn an endonym into an exonym? In his GeoNames 2000 paper Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?, Peeter Päll argued convincingly.."
  3. M. B. Hooker Laws of South-East Asia: The pre-modern texts 1986 - Page 23 "Place names such as Rangoon, Mandalay, Pegu and Moulmein have been left in the English form which is familiar to the non-Burmese reader. Personal names also have been left in the old romanization which seems to be familiar to.."
  4. Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.
  5. Worsch, Wolfgang (2004). Langenscheidt Muret-Sanders Großwörterbuch, Teil II, Deutsch-Englisch , Langenscheidt KG, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Zurich, New York, pp. 1269-1272. ISBN 3-468-02126-7.
  6. Willemyns, Roland. Dutch: Biography of a Language. Oxford University Press. 2013.
  7. Kaske, Elisabeth (2008). "The Politics of Language in Chinese Education". Brill. p. 52.
  8. Man, Bosat (June 1990). "Backhill/Peking/Beijing" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (19): 5.
  9. Chew, Phillis Ghim-Lian (2013). Emergent Lingua Francas and World Orders: The Politics and Place of English as a World Language. Routledge. p. 254.
  10. Forêt, Philippe (2000). Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. University of Hawaii Press. p. xv.
  11. Webb, Adrian. The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919. 2008.
  12. Dorit Diskin Ravid Spelling Morphology 2012- Page 10 "For example, in the Hebraist tradition, current v would be transcribed as either w or b following Hebrew graphemes – so that official place names on road signs in Israel can be quite misleading to non-Hebrew readers traveling around Israel."
  13. "Viangchan definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  14. "Wiang Chan". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  15. Robert D. Kaplan. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. 1993. (Picador, 2014.) p. 119. ISBN 9781466868304
  16. Bewes, Diccon. Swiss Watching: Inside the Land of Milk and Honey. p.vii. 2012.
  17. Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman, Vienna 2007 Page 210 [lists Istanbul, as an English exonym of İstanbul. Istanbul appears to be the only English exonym listed for any Turkish city].
  18. Lonely Planet Turkey ed. Verity Campbell 2007 Page 233 "There are also flights between İzmir and Europe on various European airlines (see p672). With the launch of İzmir Airlines, direct flights to Europe will greatly increase, and İzmir is billed to become one of Turkey's biggest hubs." and Page 291 "Original İznik tiles are antiquities and cannot be exported from Turkey, but new tiles make great, if not particularly cheap, souvenirs."
  19. James Steele (1990). Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide. Scorpion. pp. 161–162. ISBN 0-905906-72-1.
  20. "General Assembly Adopts Resolution Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw Its Armed Forces from Crimea, Expressing Grave Concern about Rising Military Presence | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  21. Jean-Pierre Duteil Alexandre de Rhodes' Histoire du royaume du Tonkin 1999 Page 37 "Tourane se développe aux dépends de Faifo à la fin du XVIfle siècle, et l'éclipsé à peu près complètement au XTXe. "Faifo" doit son nom au "marché" (phô) de Hôi an (Hôi-an phô). "Tourane" correspondrait à la prononciation chinoise de .."
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