Mongolian script

• Traditional: n q/k, (Gamma, ү)/g, b, p, s, š, t, d, l, m, č...[24][16]^:7
• Modern: n, b, p, q/k, ү/g, m, l, s, š, t, d, č...[24][16]^:7
• Other modern orderings that apply to specific dictionaries also exist.[25]

Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:

• The back, masculine,[26] hard, or yang[27] vowels a, o, and u.
• The front, feminine,[26] soft, or yin[27] vowels e, ö, and ü.
• The neutral vowel i, able to appear in all words.

Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel quality of visually separated vowels and suffixes are likewise affected by those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutal vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.[2]^{:11, 39}[28]^:10[29]^:4[25]

Two examples of the two kinds of letter separation: with the suffix ‑un ( ) and the final vowel ‑a ( )

A separated final form of vowels a or e is common, and can appear at the end of a word, word stem, or suffix. This form requires a final-shaped preceding consonant and an inter-word gap in between. The vowels themselves appear as ᠎ᠠ ⟨⟩, and with consonants as ‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ q‑a, ‍ᠷ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ r‑a/r‑e, etc.^(?) This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen . In digital typesetting, these forms are triggered by inserting a U+180E ᠎ MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR (HTML ᠎ · MVS) between the consonant and vowel.[2]^{:30, 77}[30]^:42[4]^:38–39[29]^:27[19]^:534–535

The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ^(?) qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').[31]^:3[19]^:535

Its form could be confused with that of the identically shaped traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified further down. That form however, is more commonly found in older texts, and more commonly takes the forms of ⟨ᠲ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ tur/tür or ⟨ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ dur/dür instead.[28]^:15[32][4]^:46

1925 logo of Buryat–Mongolian newspaper ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ᠃ Buriyad Mongγol‑un ünen 'Buryat-Mongol truth' with the suffix  ᠤᠨ^(?) ‑un.

All case suffixes, as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap. In digital typesetting, this gap is represented by a U+202F   NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE (HTML   · NNBSP). A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to a stem.[2]^{:30, 73}[28]^:12[32][33][29]^:28[19]^:534

Single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a/e, i, or u/ü,[2]^:30 as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ^(?) γaǰar‑a 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ^(?) edür‑e 'on the day',[2]^:39 or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ^(?) ulus‑i 'the state' etc.[2]^:23 Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form (medial/variant-shaped u in the two-letter suffix  ᠤᠨ^(?) ⟨⟩ ‑un/‑ün being exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo).[2]^:30[19]^:27

Following the graphic compound of a proper name such as that of ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota (the city of Hohhot), the vowels of a suffix get determined based on those of the latter part of said compound.[2]^:30[4]^:44[34]^:88

Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).[25][4]^:39

A dash indicates a non-applicable position for that letter.[2]^:15[28]^:60[4]^:37[31]^:2–3[17]^:3–4[34]^{:27, 30}[25]

Parentheses enclose glyphs or positions whose corresponding sounds are not found in native Mongolian words.[2]^:14–15[28]^:9–10[4]^:37[31]^:3–5[34]^:27

Palatalized phonemes have been excluded. These are conditioned by a following i.[30]^:178

Letter[2]:17, 18[1]:546
‑a	a	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration[35]
‑а	а	Cyrillic transliteration[13][35]
—	ᠠ	Isolate
	ᠠ‍	Word-initial
	‍ᠠ‍	Medial
	‍ᠠ	Connected final
᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨⟩	—	Separated final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 7]
‑a	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑а	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠠ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix-initial
ᠠ(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɑ/;[25][36] Khalkha /a/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• ‍ᠠ᠋^(?) ⟨⟩ = connected galik final.[2]^:26–28[4]^:38–39
• Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (e), the shape of adjacent consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), and position in syllable sequence (n, ng, q, γ, d).[32]
• The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, f, KA-g, and KHA-k), and to the right in all other cases.
• Derived from Old Uyghur aleph, written twice for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with A using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:17, 18–19[1]:546
‑e	e	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑э	э	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠡ	Isolate
	ᠡ‍	Word-initial
	‍ᠡ‍	Medial
	‍ᠡ	Connected final
᠎ᠡ(?) ⟨⟩	—	Separated final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 8]
‑e	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑э	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠡ‍	Separated suffix-initial
ᠡ(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

• Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;[25][36] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a words consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).[32]
• ᠡ᠋‍ = a traditional initial form.[39]^:6
• The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, QA-k, and GA-g), and to the right in all other cases.
• Derived from Old Uyghur aleph.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:17, 19[1]:546
i	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
и	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠢ	Isolate
ᠢ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠢ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
[lower-alpha 9]	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠢ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 11]
‑i	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑и	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠢ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix-initial
ᠢ(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

• Transcribes Chakhar /i/ or /ɪ/;[25][36] Khalkha /i/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Today often absorbed into a preceding syllable when at the end of a word.
• Written medially with the single stroke after a consonant, and with two after a vowel (with rare exceptions like ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠ naima 'eight' or ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠᠨ naiman 'eight'/tribal name).[2]^:31[28]^{:9, 39}[4]^:38
• ‍ᠢ᠋‍ = a handwritten Inner Mongolian variant on the sequence yi (as in ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ / ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ sayin 'good' being written ᠰᠠᠢ᠋ᠨ sain).[28]^:58[4]^:38[40]^:346
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with I using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɔ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ɔ/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Written identically to u in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[2]^:19[28]^:9–10
• ‍ᠣ᠋ = the final form used in loanwords (as in ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠣ᠋ radio).[4]^:35[23]
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with W using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Diphthongs & doubled vowels[2]:30–32
u‑a	uu‑a	uu	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
у‑а	уу‑а	уу	Cyrillic transliteration
—	—	ᠤᠤ(?) ⟨⟩[lower-alpha 13]	Isolate
		ᠤᠤ‍	Word-initial
		‍ᠤᠤ‍	Medial
‍ᠤ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩[lower-alpha 14]	‍ᠤᠤ᠎ᠠ(?)	‍ᠤᠤ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 15]
‑u	‑u	‑un	‑ud	‑uruγu	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑у	‑у	‑ун	‑уд	‑уругу	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠤ(?)	—	—	—	Suffix
	—	ᠤᠨ(?)	ᠤᠳ(?)
		—	—	ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ(?)

• Transcribes Chakhar /ʊ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ʊ/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Written identically to o in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[2]^:19[28]^:9–10
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with V using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /o/;[25][36] Khalkha /o/[ɵ], /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Written identically to ü in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[2]^:20[28]^:9–10
• ‍ᠥ᠋ = an alternative final form; also used in loanwords.[4]^:39
• The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,[1]^:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with O using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Diphthongs & doubled vowels[2]:30–32
üü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
үү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠦᠦ(?) ⟨⟩[lower-alpha 17]	Isolate
—	Word-initial
	Medial
‍ᠦᠦ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 18]
‑ü	‑ü	‑ün	‑ügei	‑üd	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑ү	‑ү	‑үн	‑үгэи	‑үд	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠦ(?)	—	—	—	Suffix
	—	ᠦᠨ(?)		ᠦᠳ(?)
		—	ᠦᠭᠡᠢ(?)	—

• Transcribes Chakhar /u/;[25][36] Khalkha /u/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Written identically to ö in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[2]^:20[28]^:9–10
• ‍ᠦ᠋ = an alternative final form; also used in loanwords.[4]^:39 Additionally used in native and modern Mongolian ᠰᠦ᠋^(?) sü 'milk' (Classical Mongolian ᠰᠦ^(?) sü or ᠰᠦᠨ sün).[11]^{:741, 744}[4]^:39
• The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,[1]^:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with U using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Stands in for e in loanwords,[4]^:38[36] as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa / европ yevrop.[23]
• Produced with ⇧ Shift+E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:17, 20–21[1]:546[20]:212–213
n	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
н	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠨ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠨ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠨ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠨ	Final

C-V syllables[13]:8
n‑a	n‑e	na	ne	ni	no	nu	nö	nü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
н‑а	н‑э	на	нэ	ни	но	ну	нө	нү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠨᠠ		ᠨᠢ	ᠨᠣ᠋		ᠨᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠨᠠ‍		ᠨᠢ‍	ᠨᠣ‍		ᠨᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠨᠠ‍		‍ᠨᠢ‍	‍ᠨᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠨ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠨᠠ		‍ᠨᠢ	‍ᠨᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /n/;[25][36] Khalkha /n/, and /ŋ/.[30]^:40–42
• Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
• Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.[2]^:20[1]^:546[29]^:6[25] Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words.[4]^:37
• Derived from Old Uyghur nun.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 114}[4]^:35
• Produced with N using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /ŋ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ŋ/.[30]^:40–42
• Transcribes /ng/ in Tibetan ང /nga/; Sanskrit ङ /ṅa/.[2]^:28
• Derived from Old Uyghur nun-kaph digraph.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 115}[4]^:35
• Produced with ⇧ Shift+N using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /b/;[25][36] Khalkha /p/, /w/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• For Classical Mongolian, Latin v is used only for transcribing foreign words, so most в (v) in Mongolian Cyrillic correspond to б (b) in Classical Mongolian.
• Derived from Old Uyghur pe.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 115}[4]^:35
• Produced with B using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /p/;[25][36] Khalkha /pʰ/.[30]^:40–42
• Only at the beginning of Mongolian words (although words with an initial p tend to be foreign).[31]^:5[34]^:27[25]
• Transcribes /p/ in Tibetan པ /pa/.[41]^{:(ᢒ?) 96, 155, 247}[2]^:28
• Galik letter, derived from Mongolian b.[4]^:35
• Produced with P using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

C-V syllables[2]:15[13]:19
q‑a	q‑e	qa	qe	qi	qo	qu	qö	qü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х‑а	х‑э	ха	хэ	хи	хо	ху	хө	хү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠬᠠ	—		ᠬᠣ᠋		—		Isolate
—		ᠬᠠ‍	—		ᠬᠣ‍		—		Word-initial
—		‍ᠬᠠ‍	—		‍ᠬᠣ‍		—		Medial
‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩	—				‍ᠬᠣ		—		Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /x/;[25][36] Khalkha /x/.
• Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–115}[4]^:35
• Produced with H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:14, 17, 24–25[1]:546[20]:212–213
k	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
	Word-initial
	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /x/;[25][36] Khalkha /x/.
• Undistinguished from GA-g.[2]^{:15, 24}[28]^:9
• Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113, 115}[4]^:35
• Produced with H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:14, 17, 21–22[1]:546[20]:212–213
γ	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
г	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠭ	Word-initial
‍ᠭ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ	Final

C-V syllables[2]:15[13]:21
γ‑a	γ‑e	γa	γe	γi	γo	γu	γö	γü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
г‑а	г‑э	га	гэ	ги	го	гу	гө	гү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠭᠠ	—		ᠭᠣ᠋		—		Isolate
—		ᠭᠠ‍	—		ᠭᠣ‍		—		Word-initial
—		‍ᠭᠠ‍	—		‍ᠭᠣ‍		—		Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩	—				‍ᠭᠣ		—		Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɣ/;[25] Khalkha /ɢ/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
• Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.[2]^:21[1]^:546[29]^:5[25]
• May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[2]^:36–37[4]^:7 Qaγan (ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ) 'Khagan' for instance, is read as Qaan unless reading classical literary Mongolian. Some exceptions like tsa-g-aan 'white' exist.
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–115}[4]^:35
• Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:14–15, 17, 24–25[1]:546[20]:212–213
g	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
г	Cyrillic transliteration
(⟨⟩)	Word-initial
‍ᠭ᠍‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ᠋(?) ⟨⟩	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /g/;[25][36] Khalkha /g/.
• Undistinguished from QA-k.[2]^{:15, 24}[28]^:9 When it must be distinguished from k medially, it can be written twice (as in ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ öggügsen 'given', compared with ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ükügsen 'dead').[28]^:59[23]
• Occurs word-initially with a consonant following it in loanwords, such as ᠭᠱᠠᠨ^(?) gšan 'moment', or ᠭᠷᠠᠮᠮ^(?) gramm 'gram'.[2]^{:15, 32, 34}[23] The final form is also found written like the bow-shaped Manchu final ‍ᡴ᠋ k.[42][4]^:39
• May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[2]^:36–37[4]^:7 Deger for instance, is read as deer. Some exceptions like ügüi 'no' exist.
• Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113, 115}[4]^:35
• Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

C-V syllables[13]:8
m‑a	m‑e	ma	me	mi	mo	mu	mö	mü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
м‑а	м‑э	ма	мэ	ми	мо	му	мө	мү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠮᠠ		ᠮᠢ	ᠮᠣ᠋		ᠮᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠮᠠ‍		ᠮᠢ‍	ᠮᠣ‍		ᠮᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠮᠠ‍		‍ᠮᠢ‍	‍ᠮᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠮ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠮᠠ		‍ᠮᠢ	‍ᠮᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /m/;[25][36] Khalkha /m/.[30]^:40–42
• Derived from Old Uyghur mem.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with M using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

C-V syllables[13]:8
l‑a	l‑e	la	le	li	lo	lu	lö	lü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
л‑а	л‑э	ла	лэ	ли	ло	лу	лө	лү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠯᠠ		ᠯᠢ	ᠯᠣ᠋		ᠯᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠯᠠ‍		ᠯᠢ‍	ᠯᠣ‍		ᠯᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠯᠠ‍		‍ᠯᠢ‍	‍ᠯᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠯ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠯᠠ		‍ᠯᠢ	‍ᠯᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /l/;[25][36] Khalkha /ɮ/.[30]^:40–42
• Not occurring word-initially in native words.[28]^:10
• Forms a ligature with a preceding "bow"-shaped consonant in loanwords such as ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ^(?) blam-a 'lama' from Tibetan བླ་མ་ Wylie: bla-ma.[2]^{:15, 32}[4]^:36
• Derived from Old Uyghur hooked resh.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with L using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

C-V syllables[13]:41
s‑a	s‑e[12]	sa	se	si	so	su	sö	sü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
с‑а	с‑э	са	сэ	си	со	су	сө	сү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠰᠠ		ᠰᠢ	ᠰᠣ᠋		ᠰᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠰᠠ‍		ᠰᠢ‍	ᠰᠣ‍		ᠰᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠰᠠ‍		‍ᠰᠢ‍	‍ᠰᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠰ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠰᠠ		‍ᠰᠢ	‍ᠰᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /s/, or /ʃ/ before i;[28]^:58[25] Khalkha /s/, or /ʃ/ before i. Before a morpheme boundary however, there is no change of s to /ʃ/ before an i.[28]^:84
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with S using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /ʃ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ʃ/.
• Final š is only found in modern Mongolian words.[2]^:15[4]^:37
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–114}[4]^:35
• Produced with X using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /t/;[25][36] Khalkha /t/.[30]^:40–42
• Syllable-initially undistinguished from d in native words.[2]^:23[28]^:9[25]
• Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial) and lamedh (medial).[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Positional variants on taw ⟨ᠲ‍/‍ᠲ᠋‍/‍ᠲ⟩ are used consistently for t in foreign words.[2]^:23[4]^:37
• Produced with T using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:13, 17, 23[1]:546[20]:212, 214
d	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
д	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠳ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠳ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠳ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠳ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 31]
‑d	‑da	‑de	‑du	‑dü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑д	‑да	‑дэ	‑ду	‑дү	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠳᠠ‍(?)		ᠳᠤ‍(?)		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /d/;[25][36] Khalkha /t/, and /tʰ/.[30]^:40–42
• Syllable-initially undistinguished from t in native words.[2]^:23[28]^:9[25] When it must be distinguished from t medially, it can be written twice, and with both medial forms (as in ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ qudduγ 'well', compared with ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭ qutuγ 'holy').[28]^:59[23] Alternatively, a dot can be used to the right of the letter (as in sedkil 'thought').[11]^:680[2]^:26
• The belly-tooth-shaped form is used before consonants (syllable-final), the other before vowels.[28]^:58[29]^:5
• Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial, belly-tooth-shaped medial, and final) and lamedh (other medial form).[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Positional variants on lamedh ⟨ᠳ᠋‍/‍ᠲ‍/‍ᠳ᠋⟩ are used consistently for d in foreign words.[2]^:23 (As in ᠳ᠋ᠧᠩ dēng / дэн den, ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ded / дэд ded, or ᠡᠳ᠋ ed / эд ed).[23]
• Produced with D using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

• Transcribes Chakhar /t͡ʃ/;[25][36] Khalkha /t͡ʃʰ/, and /t͡sʰ/ (Mongolian Cyrillic ч, and ц, respectively).[25]^:§ 1.2[31]^:2
• In Buryat, a derived letter with two dots on the right ⟨ᡸ⟩ was used in places where č was pronounced as š.[43]
• Derived from Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade.[28]^:59[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with Q using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

C-V syllables[13]:28
ǰ‑a	ǰ‑e	ǰa	ǰe	ǰi	ǰo	ǰu	ǰö	ǰü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ж‑а	ж‑э	жа	жэ	жи	жо	жу	жө	жү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩[lower-alpha 33]		ᠵᠠ[lower-alpha 34]		ᠵᠢ	ᠵᠣ᠋		ᠵᠥ᠋		Isolate
—		ᠵᠠ‍		ᠵᠢ‍	ᠵᠣ‍		ᠵᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠵᠠ‍		‍ᠵᠢ‍	‍ᠵᠣ‍				Medial
		‍ᠵᠠ		‍ᠵᠢ	‍ᠵᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /d͡ʒ/;[25][36] Khalkha /d͡ʒ/, and d͡z (Mongolian Cyrillic ж, and з, respectively).[25]^:§ 1.2[31]^:2
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh (initial), and Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade (medial).[28]^:59[1]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[4]^:35
• Produced with J using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Letter[2]:14, 17, 24[1]:546[20]:212, 214
y	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
й	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠶ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Word-initial
ᠶ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩
‍ᠶ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠶ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

C-V syllables[13]:25
y‑a	y‑e	ya	ye	yi	yo	yu	yö	yü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
й‑а	й‑э	йа	йэ	йи	йо	йу	йө	йү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠶᠠ		ᠶᠢ	ᠶᠣ᠋		ᠶᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠶᠠ‍		ᠶᠢ‍	ᠶᠣ‍		ᠶᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠶᠠ‍		‍ᠶᠢ‍	‍ᠶᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠶ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠶᠠ		‍ᠶᠢ	‍ᠶᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 35]
‑y	‑yi	‑yin	‑yuγan	‑yügen	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑й	‑йи	‑йин	‑йуган	‑йүгэн	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠶᠢ(?)	ᠶᠢᠨ(?)	—		Suffixes
	—		ᠶᠤᠭᠠᠨ	ᠶᠦᠭᠡᠨ(?)

• Transcribes Chakhar /j/;[25][36] Khalkha /j/.[30]^:40–42
• The unhooked initial and medial forms are older ones.[1]^{:545, 546}[4]^:40
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, through borrowed Manchu hooked yodh.[1]^:545[28]^:59
• Produced with Y using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]