Athens, Georgia

Athens, officially Athens–Clarke County, is a consolidated city–county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia. Athens lies about 70 miles (110 kilometers) northeast of downtown Atlanta. The University of Georgia, the state's flagship public university and an R1 research institution, is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County, referred to jointly as Athens–Clarke County.[4] As of 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau's estimated population of the consolidated city-county (all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart) was 126,913; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064.[5] Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia, and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area,[6] which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.[7] Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta–Athens–Clarke County–Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area, a trading area.[8]

Athens, Georgia
Consolidated city–county
Athens–Clarke County
City Hall in Downtown Athens
Nickname(s): 
"The Classic City"
Location in Clarke County and the state of Georgia
Coordinates: 33°57′N 83°23′W
CountryUnited States
StateGeorgia
CountyClarke
Named forAthens, Greece
Government
 • MayorKelly Girtz[1]
Area
 • Consolidated city–county118.2 sq mi (306.2 km2)
 • Land117.8 sq mi (305.0 km2)
 • Water0.5 sq mi (1.2 km2)
Elevation
636 ft (194 m)
Population
 (2010)[2]
 • Consolidated city–county115,452
 • Estimate 
(2019)
126,913
 • Density851.5/sq mi (328.8/km2)
 • Metro
209,271
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
30601, 30602, 30603, 30604, 30605, 30606, 30607, 30608, 30609, 30612
Area code(s)706
FIPS code13-03440[3]
Websiteathensclarkecounty.com

The city is dominated by a pervasive college town culture and music scene centered in downtown Athens, next to the University of Georgia's North Campus.[9] Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M., the B-52's, Widespread Panic, Drive-By Truckers and Neutral Milk Hotel. The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls. The 2020 book, Cool Town: How Athens, Georgia, Launched Alternative Music and Changed American Culture, describes Athens as the model of the indie culture of the 1980s.[10]

History
Historic American Buildings of Athens in 1936

In the late 18th century, a trading settlement on the banks of the Oconee River called Cedar Shoals stood where Athens is today.[11] On January 27, 1785, the Georgia General Assembly granted a charter by Abraham Baldwin for the University of Georgia as the first state-supported university. Sixteen years later, in 1801, a committee from the university's board of trustees selected a site for the university on a hill above Cedar Shoals, in what was then Jackson County. On July 25, John Milledge, one of the trustees and later governor of Georgia, bought 633 acres (256 hectares) from Daniel Easley and donated it to the university. Milledge named the surrounding area Athens after the city that was home to the Platonic Academy of Plato and Aristotle in Greece.[12]

City Hall on College Avenue in Downtown Athens, seen across Washington Street

The first buildings on the University of Georgia campus were made from logs. The town grew as lots adjacent to the college were sold to raise money for the additional construction of the school. By the time the first class graduated from the university in 1804, Athens consisted of three homes, three stores, and a few other buildings facing Front Street, now known as Broad Street. Completed in 1806 and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin College was the first permanent structure of the University of Georgia and of the city of Athens. This brick building is now known as Old College.

Athens officially became a town in December 1806 with a government made up of a three-member commission.[13] The university and town continued to grow with cotton mills fueling the industrial and commercial development. Athens became known as the "Manchester of the South" after the city in England known for its mills. In 1833 a group of Athens businessmen led by James Camak, tired of their wagons getting stuck in the mud, built one of Georgia's first railroads, the Georgia, connecting Athens to Augusta by 1841, and to Marthasville (now Atlanta) by 1845. In the 1830s and 1840s, transportation developments and the growing influence of the University of Georgia made Athens one of the state's most important cities as the antebellum era neared the height of its development. The university essentially created a chain reaction of growth in the community which developed on its doorstep.[14]

During the American Civil War,[15] Athens became a significant supply center when the New Orleans armory was relocated there to what is now called the Chicopee building. Fortifications can still be found along parts of the North Oconee River between College Avenue and Oconee Street. In addition, Athens played a small part in the ill-fated Stoneman's Raid when a skirmish was fought on a site overlooking the Middle Oconee River near what is now the old Macon Highway.[16] A Confederate memorial stands on Broad Street near the University of Georgia Arch.

During Reconstruction, Athens continued to grow. The form of government changed to a mayor-council government with a new city charter on August 24, 1872, and Henry Beusse was elected as the first mayor of Athens.[17] Beusse was instrumental in the city's rapid growth after the Civil War. After serving as mayor, he worked in the railroad industry and helped bring railroads to the region, creating growth in many of the surrounding communities. Freed slaves moved to the city, where many were attracted by the new centers for education such as the Freedmen's Bureau. This new population was served by three black newspapers: the Athens Blade, the Athens Clipper, and the Progressive Era.[18]

In the 1880s, as Athens became more densely populated, city services and improvements were undertaken. The Athens Police Department was founded in 1881 and public schools opened in fall of 1886. Telephone service was introduced in 1882 by the Bell Telephone Company. Transportation improvements were also introduced with a street paving program beginning in 1885 and streetcars, pulled by mules, in 1888.

Broad Street in Downtown Athens near North Campus of the University of Georgia

By its centennial in 1901, Athens had experienced a century of development and growth. A new city hall was completed in 1904. An African-American middle class and professional class grew around the corner of Washington and Hull Streets, known as the "Hot Corner", where the Morton Building was constructed in 1910.[19] The theater at the Morton Building hosted movies and performances by black musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, and Duke Ellington. In 1907 aviation pioneer Ben T. Epps became Georgia's first pilot on a hill outside town that would become the Athens-Ben Epps Airport.

During World War II, the U.S. Navy built new buildings and paved runways to serve as a training facility for naval pilots. In 1954, the U.S. Navy chose Athens as the site for the Navy Supply Corps school. The school was in Normaltown in the buildings of the old Normal School. It closed in 2011 under the Base Realignment and Closure process. The 56-acre (23-hectare) site is now home to the University of Georgia/Medical College of Georgia Medical Partnership, the University of Georgia College of Public Health, and other health-related programs

In 1961, Athens witnessed part of the civil rights movement when Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first two black students to enter the University of Georgia.[20] Despite the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954, the Athens–Clarke County school district remained segregated until 1964.

Timeline
Timeline of Athens, Georgia

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the balance has a total area of 118.2 square miles (306.1 km2), of which 117.8 square miles (305.1 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (0.41%) is water.

Athens lies within the humid subtropical climate zone, with hot, humid summers and mild to moderately cold winters. Annual rainfall averages 49.7 inches (1,260 mm). Light to moderate snowfall can occur in winter. In the spring, frequent thunderstorms can sometimes become severe, even producing tornadoes. The city itself sits on a series of anomalous hills, unique to the Piedmont region.

Climate

Athens has a humid subtropical climate.[40] Its climatic regime is in many ways typical of Southeastern United States with hot summers transitioning into cool winters, but with precipitation being consistently high throughout the year. Normal monthly temperatures range from 43.5 °F (6.4 °C) in January to 80.6 °F (27.0 °C) in July; on average, maxima reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and stay below 40 °F (4 °C) on 58 and 5.8 days annually, and there are 48 days annually with a minimum at or below freezing.[41]

Official record temperatures range from −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 21, 1985 to 109 °F (43 °C) on June 29, 2012;[41] the record cold daily maximum is 18 °F (−8 °C) on January 30, 1966, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 79 °F (26 °C) as recently as August 11, 2007.[41] Temperatures rarely fall below 10 °F (−12 °C), having last occurred January 7, 2014.[41] The average window for freezing temperatures is November 5 to March 24, allowing a growing season of 225 days.[41]

Precipitation is relatively well spread (though the summer months are slightly wetter), and averages 46.3 inches (1,180 mm) annually, but has historically ranged from 28.61 in (727 mm) in 1954 to 71.39 in (1,813 mm) in 1964.[41] Snowfall is sporadic, averaging 2.9 inches (7.4 cm) per winter, but has reached 13.6 inches (34.5 cm) in 2010–2011.[41]

Climate data for Athens, Georgia (Ben Epps Airport), 1981–2010 normals,[42] extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 80
(27)		 83
(28)		 89
(32)		 97
(36)		 100
(38)		 109
(43)		 108
(42)		 107
(42)		 108
(42)		 100
(38)		 86
(30)		 80
(27)		 109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 71
(22)		 73
(23)		 81
(27)		 87
(31)		 92
(33)		 97
(36)		 98
(37)		 97
(36)		 94
(34)		 86
(30)		 78
(26)		 71
(22)		 98
(37)
Average high °F (°C) 53.9
(12.2)		 58.2
(14.6)		 66.2
(19.0)		 74.0
(23.3)		 81.8
(27.7)		 88.7
(31.5)		 91.4
(33.0)		 89.9
(32.2)		 84.0
(28.9)		 74.4
(23.6)		 65.2
(18.4)		 55.7
(13.2)		 73.6
(23.1)
Average low °F (°C) 33.1
(0.6)		 36.3
(2.4)		 42.5
(5.8)		 49.3
(9.6)		 58.2
(14.6)		 66.4
(19.1)		 69.8
(21.0)		 69.3
(20.7)		 62.7
(17.1)		 51.5
(10.8)		 42.4
(5.8)		 35.0
(1.7)		 51.4
(10.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 17
(−8)		 20
(−7)		 26
(−3)		 34
(1)		 45
(7)		 56
(13)		 63
(17)		 61
(16)		 50
(10)		 36
(2)		 26
(−3)		 20
(−7)		 17
(−8)
Record low °F (°C) −4
(−20)		 3
(−16)		 11
(−12)		 26
(−3)		 37
(3)		 45
(7)		 55
(13)		 53
(12)		 30
(−1)		 24
(−4)		 7
(−14)		 2
(−17)		 −4
(−20)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.05
(103)		 4.48
(114)		 4.43
(113)		 3.15
(80)		 3.00
(76)		 4.18
(106)		 4.47
(114)		 3.53
(90)		 3.94
(100)		 3.55
(90)		 3.82
(97)		 3.73
(95)		 46.33
(1,178)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.4
(3.6)		 0.6
(1.5)		 0.8
(2.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.1
(0.25)		 2.9
(7.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.4 9.5 9.3 8.2 8.7 10.8 10.5 9.1 7.7 6.8 8.6 9.9 109.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.8 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.7
Source: NOAA[41][43]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1810273—
18501,661—
18603,848131.7%
18704,25110.5%
18806,09943.5%
18908,63941.6%
190010,24518.6%
191014,91345.6%
192016,74812.3%
193018,1928.6%
194020,65013.5%
195028,18036.5%
196031,35511.3%
197044,34241.4%
198042,549−4.0%
199045,7347.5%
2000100,266119.2%
2010115,45215.1%
Est. 2019126,913[2]9.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[44]

As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 100,266 people, 39,239 households, and 19,344 families residing in the city. The population density was 851.5 people per square mile (328.8/km2). There were 41,633 housing units at an average density of 353.6 per square mile (136.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.71% White, 27.37% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 3.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.11% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.39% of the population.

The large population increase from 1990 to 2000 reflects the altered boundaries that came with the consolidation of Athens and Clarke County, not just the influx of new residents.

There were 39,239 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.7% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 31.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,118, and the median income for a family was $41,407. Males had a median income of $30,359 versus $23,039 for females. The per capita income for the balance was $17,103. About 15.0% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government
  • Legislative: The government is headed by an elected mayor and 10 elected commissioners from 10 equally divided districts. Previously, they have been formed from 8 geographical districts and 2 super-districts covering districts 1–4 and 5–8
  • Executive: The Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County's day-to-day operations are overseen by a manager appointed by the Mayor and Commission. There are 26 main departments, divisions and offices under the managerial group
  • Judicial: Athens-Clarke County houses Magistrate, Juvenile, Municipal, Probate, State and Superior Courts. Superior Court covers the Western Judicial Circuit, which also includes Oconee County.[45]

Economy

Businesses
Downtown Athens at the intersection of Clayton Street and College Avenue

Athens is home to a growing number of young technology companies including Docebo, Roundsphere, and Cogent Education. The city is also home to more established technology companies such as Partner Software, Peachtree Medical Billing, and Digital Insight.

Athens is home to several pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotechnology companies such as Merial and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The University of Georgia also hosts its own biotechnology research centers mostly from the lower east side of town bordering Oconee county.

Independent publisher Hill Street Press is headquartered here. Authors with previous, or current, residence in the city include Pulitzer Prize winners Deborah Blum and Edward Larson, as well as Judith Ortiz Cofer, Reginald McKnight and Coleman Barks.

Tourism

Each spring, there are bicycle races collectively known as the Twilight Series. One of these races is the Athens Twilight Criterium.

Competitiveness

In 2010, the average household rent in Athens was $962. The national average was $1,087.[46] Of the Athens population 25 years of age or older, 39.3% have earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[47]

Arts and culture

The Georgia Museum of Art at the University of Georgia has been, since 1982, the official state art museum. Culture coexists with the university students in creating an art scene, music scene and intellectual environment. The city has music venues, restaurants, bars, and coffee shops that cater to its creative climate.

Points of interest
Formal garden at the State Botanical Garden of Georgia at the University of Georgia

Music
Main article: Music of Athens, Georgia
Georgia Theatre

The music of Athens, Georgia, includes a wide variety of popular music and was an important part of the early evolution of alternative rock and new wave. The city is well known as the home of chart-topping bands like R.E.M. and The B-52s, and several long-time indie /rock hip-hop groups. The Athens music scene grew in the early 1970s and later during the 1980s with the Georgia Theatre and 40 Watt Club as the aforementioned bands scored breakout hits. Other notable bands were Widespread Panic, Dreams So Real, Indigo Girls, Vigilantes of Love, Matthew Sweet, The Method Actors, Love Tractor, Pylon, Flat Duo Jets, The Primates, Modern Skirts, The Whigs, and Corey Smith. In his insider book, Party Out of Bounds: The B-52's, R.E.M., and the Kids Who Rocked Athens, Rodger Lyle Brown has described the indie rock scene in Athens.[52]

National acts that have come out of Athens include: The Whigs, Reptar, Danger Mouse, Dreams So Real, Jucifer, Servotron, Vic Chesnutt, Drive-By Truckers, Elf Power, Neutral Milk Hotel, Lera Lynn, The Sunshine Fix, Colt Ford, Brantley Gilbert, Corey Smith, Harvey Milk, The Olivia Tremor Control, of Montreal, Widespread Panic, Perpetual Groove, Five Eight, Dead Confederate, Thayer Sarrano, Jet by Day, and Mothers. R.E.M. members Michael Stipe, Mike Mills and Peter Buck still maintain residences in Athens. The photo book, Athens Potluck, by Jason Thrasher documents the musical legacy of the town.[53]

Every summer since 1996 the city has hosted AthFest, a nonprofit music and arts festival in the downtown area.[54]

Education

Clarke County School District

The Clarke County School District supports grades pre-school to grade twelve. The district consists of fourteen elementary schools, four middle schools, and three high schools (one non-traditional).[55] The district has 791 full-time teachers and 11,457 students as of 2010.[56]

Private schools
The Arch in Downtown Athens

Colleges and universities

Media
See also: List of newspapers in Georgia (U.S. state), List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state), and List of television stations in Georgia (U.S. state)

Newspapers

The Athens Banner-Herald publishes daily. UGA has an independent weekly newspaper, The Red & Black. Flagpole Magazine is an alternative newspaper publishing weekly. Classic City News is a free alternative local news source.

Radio and television

Local radio stations include:

  • WPLP-LP Bulldog 93.3 FM is Athens' locally owned and operated adult album alternative station
  • WPUP 100.1 FM, Athens top 40 station featuring all of today's hits. Owned by Cox Radio
  • WMSL 88.9 FM, a religious station featuring traditional Christian music and teaching
  • WUOG 90.5 FM, UGA's student-run radio station
  • WUGA 91.7 and 94.5 FM, an affiliate of Georgia Public Broadcasting and National Public Radio also broadcasting from the UGA campus
  • WPPP-LP 100.7 FM (Hot 100), a low-power, non-commercial alternative/progressive rock station
  • WRFC (AM) 960 AM, ESPN Radio (formerly Athens' local Top 40 music station during the 1960s and 1970s). Owned by Cox Radio.
  • WGAU 1340 AM, news and talk. Owned by Cox Radio.
  • WXAG 1470 AM, urban gospel music

In addition, WFSH-FM 104.7 FM, a contemporary Christian music station, is licensed to Athens but based in Atlanta. Atlanta-based Rhythmic Top 40 station WSBB-FM (95.5 The Beat) was formerly licensed to Athens (and also the former home of country station WNGC, which now broadcasts at 106.1) but has since changed its city of license to Doraville, Georgia.

Athens is part of the Atlanta television market. Two Atlanta-market television stations, WGTV (channel 8) and WUVG (channel 34), are licensed to Athens, though their transmitters are in the Atlanta metropolitan area. WGTV broadcasts from the top of Stone Mountain. From 2009 until 2015, UGA operated a television station, WUGA-TV (formerly WNEG-TV) from studios on the UGA campus, but maintained its transmitter near Toccoa, its city of license; what is now WGTA has since moved its studios back to Toccoa after being sold by UGA.

The 1940 film The Green Hand was shot in Athens, using local townspeople and students and faculty from the University of Georgia as its cast. The film had its premiere in Athens in January 1940, at an event attended by Governor Eurith D. Rivers.

The movie Darius Goes West was shot in Athens.[67]

In 2000, the fictional Ithaca University scenes in Road Trip were filmed on the North Campus of the University of Georgia.[68]

In 2012, Trouble with the Curve was partially filmed at The Globe in downtown Athens.[69] In the same year, The Spectacular Now was filmed entirely in Athens and the surrounding area.[70]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Highways

The city is the focus of U.S. Highways U.S. Route 29 (US 29), US 78, US 129, US 441, and Georgia State Route 72 (SR 72), and near the eastern terminus of SR 316 and the southern terminus of SR 106. Other state routes in Athens are SR 8 and SR 15, which follow US 29 and US 441 respectively, SR 10 which follows US 78 east and west of Athens but deviates to US 78 Bus. to go through Athens, and SR 15 Alt. which starts at the SR 10 Loop interchange at Milledge Avenue and follows Milledge and Prince Avenues to US 129 which it follows to the north. The SR 10 Loop serves as a limited-access perimeter. The city is bisected east to west by Broad Street/Atlanta Highway (US 78 Bus. and SR 10) and north to south by Milledge Avenue (SR 15 Alt.). Lumpkin Street, Prince Avenue (SR 15 Alt.), North Avenue, and Oconee Street (US 78 Bus.) along with Broad Street are major thoroughfares radiating from downtown. College Station Road and Gaines School Road are major thoroughfares on the east side of Athens, along with US 78 east (Lexington Road). On the west side, most major thoroughfares intersect US 78 Bus. (Broad Street/Atlanta Highway), including Alps Road/Hawthorne Avenue, Epps Bridge Parkway, and Timothy Road/Mitchell Bridge Road.

Airports

Athens-Ben Epps Airport (FAA code AHN) has been operational since 1917. It is east of downtown outside Georgia State Route 10 Loop and north of US Route 78. AHN qualifies for air service to be provided under the Essential Air Service provisions. SeaPort Airlines provides commercial air service to Nashville International Airport, TN. Until 2012, Georgia Skies and Wings Air provided commercial air service to Atlanta, and until 2008 (prior to either airline's current AHN service), US Airways provided service to Charlotte. Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) is the primary point of departure and arrival for Athenians due to the relative lack of air service to AHN.[71]

Alternative

Athens encourages use of alternative transportation. Bike lanes are provided on major thoroughfares. A rail-to-trail redevelopment is being considered to connect Downtown with the East Side. Organizations such as BikeAthens support and encourage biking. Skateboarding and small scooters are also common sights around UGA campus and Downtown.

Public transit
Bus

Athens Transit provides intracity transit seven days per week.[72] UGA Campus Transit provides fare-free 24 hours/5 days a week transit around the University of Georgia campus, Milledge Avenue and Prince Avenue on the way to UGA's newest campus, the Health Sciences Campus.[73] Southeastern Stages, a subsidiary of Greyhound Lines,[74] provides intercity bus services.[75] Low cost curbside bus service to Atlanta and Charlotte is also provided by Megabus.

Rail

Athens has no direct passenger rail service; the closest Amtrak stations are in Atlanta, Gainesville, and Toccoa. Until the 1950s and 1960s the Seaboard Air Line Railroad's daily Cotton Blossom (ended, 1955), Washington - Atlanta, Silver Comet, New York - Birmingham and Tidewater (ended, 1968), Norfolk - Birmingham service made stops at the SAL's Athens depot at College Avenue and Ware Street, north of downtown. Train service to Athens ended with the last run of the Silver Comet in 1969.[76][77] Until the early 1950s, the Central Railroad of Georgia ran mixed passenger and freight trains south to Macon's Terminal Station.[78][79]

Freight service is provided by CSX[80] and Athens Line,[81] the latter having leased tracks from Norfolk Southern. The Georgia Department of Transportation has proposed the city as the terminus of a commuter line that links Atlanta and Gwinnett County along the Georgia 316 corridor.[82]

Utilities

Electric service in Athens-Clarke is provided by three customer-owned electric cooperatives, Walton EMC, Rayle EMC and Jackson EMC, as well as by Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company. Water utility is provided by the city. Garbage is provided by private companies according to customer purchase, though the city does offer municipal garbage pick up as a service. Natural gas is supplied by Atlanta Gas Light through various marketers within the deregulated market.

Healthcare

Sister cities

The City of Athens maintains trade development programs, cultural, and educational partnerships in a twinning agreement with Bucharest, Romania.[83]

Notable Persons

References
  1. Holland, Maggie (May 22, 2018). "BREAKING: Kelly Girtz claims victory as Athens-Clarke County's next mayor". The Red & Black.
  2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. "Unification of Athens & Clarke County". athensclarkecounty.com. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  5. "2017 U.S. Census Estimates–List of Counties". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  6. U.S. Whitehouse OMB Bulletin No. 05-02 Appendix (Code 12020*) Archived March 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  7. "2017 U.S. Census Estimates–List of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  8. "Statistical data" (PDF). census.gov.
  9. "Behind the Music in Athens, Georgia – Garden & Gun". Garden & Gun. November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  10. Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Cool Town How Athens, Georgia, Launched Alternative Music and Changed American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
  11. Easom, Maxine Pinson, Patsy Hawkins Arnold, and Gary L. Doster. Across the River: The People, Places, and Culture of East Athens. 2019.
  12. Hynds, Ernest C. (1974; 2009 ed.). Antebellum Athens and Clarke County, Georgia, pp. 2-4. University of Georgia Press.
  13. Hynds 1974, p. 9.
  14. Antebellum Athens and Clarke County, Georgia, By Ernest C. Hynds, page 41
  15. Stegeman, John F. (1964). These men she gave : Civil War diary of Athens, Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820334585. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  16. Seibert, David. "The Stoneman Raid". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  17. Thomas, Frances Taliaferro (2nd ed. 2009). A Portrait of Historic Athens and Clarke County, p. 293. University of Georgia Press.
  18. Thomas 2009, pp. 115-17.
  19. Doster, Emily Jean & Doster, Gary L. (2011). Athens, pp. 98-99. Arcadia Publishing.
  20. Dyer, Thomas G. (1985).The University of Georgia: A Bicentennial History, 1785–1985, p. 329. University of Georgia Press.
  21. Britannica 1910.
  22. Scholl Center for American History and Culture. "Georgia: Individual County Chronologies". Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: Newberry Library. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  23. Hellmann 2006.
  24. "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  25. "Historical Timeline: History of Athens-Clarke County". Athens-Clarke County Unified Government. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  26. "(Clarke County: Athens)". Explore Georgia's Historical Markers. Georgia Historical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  27. Federal Writers' Project 1940.
  28. Hynds 1974.
  29. "Athens, Georgia". Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities. Jackson, Mississippi: Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  30. "Movie Theaters in Athens, GA". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  31. John Companiotte (2016). History of Golf in Georgia. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-62585-559-6.
  32. Thomas 2009.
  33. Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "Georgia", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636
  34. American Association for State and Local History (2002). "Georgia: Athens". Directory of Historical Organizations in the United States and Canada (15th ed.). ISBN 0759100020.
  35. "History of Society". Athens Historical Society. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  36. "Athensclarkecounty.com". Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County. Archived from the original on March 2, 2000 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
  37. "Georgia". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2009 – via HathiTrust.
  38. "Athens-Clarke County, Georgia". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  39. Civic Impulse, LLC. "Members of Congress". GovTrack. Washington DC. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  40. "Athens, Georgia Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  41. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  42. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  43. "Station Name: GA ATHENS BEN EPPS AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  44. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  45. "General Info About Athens-Clarke County". Athensclarkecounty.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  46. "Rent Jungle Statistics". Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  47. "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". www.census.gov. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  48. Reed, Ryan. "R.E.M., Neutral Milk Hotel Donate Items to Save Iconic Church Steeple" (November 3, 2014) Retrieved November 14, 2014
  49. "Best Bars – Esquire". Esquire.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  50. "Allen's Hamburgers announces it's closing". Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  51. "Sandy Creek Park | Athens-Clarke County, GA - Official Website". sandycreekpark.com. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  52. Brown, Rodger Lyle. Party Out of Bounds: The B-52's, R.E.M., and the Kids Who Rocked Athens, 25th Anniversary edition, Published in association with the University of Georgia Music Business Program, The University of Georgia Press. Athens: [Georgia], 2016.
  53. Jason Thrasher, Athens Potluck, Deeds Publishing, 2017.
  54. "AthFest - Music Arts Film & Kids Festival, Music Education, Athens, GA Half-Marathon". athfest.com. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  55. Georgia Board of Education. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  56. School Stats. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  57. "Al Huda Islamic Center of Athens, Georgia". www.alhudaislamiccenterofathens.org. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  58. University of Georgia. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  59. Athens Technical College. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  60. AU-UGA Medical Partnership Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  61. AU-UGA Medical Partnership Health Science Campus Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  62. AU CON Campuses Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  63. AU CON History Retrieved December 7, 2016
  64. a private liberal arts institution in Demorest
  65. Piedmont College- Athens Campus Archived July 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  66. "Piedmont At A Glance". Piedmont.edu. February 8, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  67. Phil Hall (2009). The History of Independent Cinema. BearManor Media. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-59393-335-7.
  68. "Road Trip (2000)". IMDb. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  69. "Athens sees itself in "Trouble with the Curve"". September 21, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  70. "Soaking up the spotlight". August 17, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  71. "Athens-Ben Epps Airport". Athensairport.net. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  72. "Home". Athens Transit. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  73. "University of Georgia Campus Transit System". Transit.uga.edu. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  74. Athens, GA Greyhound Bus Station Intercity Bus Service
  75. "Welcome Traveler, to SOUTHEASTERN STAGES, Inc. Providing Motorcoach Services Since 1933". Southeasternstages.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  76. Seaboard Air Line Railroad Timetable, 1954
  77. "Athens depots". railga.com.
  78. Official Guide of the Railways, January 1950, Central of Georgia section, Table 12
  79. Central of Georgia timetable, fall/winter, 1954-1955, Table 12 (freight only)
  80. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  81. "The Athens Line". Railga.com. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  82. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  83. "Videanu, primarul care dă în gropi". Gândul (in Romanian). August 26, 2006. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  84. Hannan, Caryn (1999). Georgia Biographical Dictionary. State History Publications. p. 143. ISBN 9781878592422.
  85. "Jeff Daniels". IMDb. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  86. Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
  87. "Todd Grant Kimsey obituary". Athens Banner-Herald. September 23, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  88. "Major League Baseball – Brian McCann". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  89. Fowler, Betty Alice (2009). "Lucy May Stanton (1875–1931)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 25, 2013.

Bibliography
Published in 19th century
Published in 20th century
Published in 21st century
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.