Philippine languages

Philippine
Geographic; distribution	Philippines; Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia; Eastern Sabah, Malaysia; Orchid Island, Taiwan
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Borneo-Philippine (?) Philippine; ; ;
Proto-language	Proto-Philippine
Subdivisions	Batanic; Northern Luzon; Central Luzon; North Mangyan; Umiray Dumaget; Greater Central Philippine; Ati; Kalamian; South Mindanao; Minahasan; Sangiric;
ISO 639-2 / 5	phi
Glottolog	None
	The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)

In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a proposal by Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991, 2005) that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.^[1]^[2]^[3] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.^[4]

Classification

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into the following subgroups:

Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Formosa)
Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano and Pangasinan)
Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
Greater Central Philippine languages
- Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog, Bikol languages and Visayan languages)
- Palawan languages (3 languages)
- Subanen languages (6 languages)
- Danao languages (3 languages, including Maguindanao and Maranao)
- Manobo languages (15 languages)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)

In addition, the Ati, Umiray Dumaget, Manide, and Inagta Alabat languages are unclassified within the Philippine family, and are considered by Reid (2013)^[5] to be early splits from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.

Reid (2018)

Lawrence Reid (1982^[6], 2017^[7], 2018^[8]) rejects the genetic unity of the Philippine languages, and considers the Philippine languages to form a linkage rather than a unified genetic subgroup. Reid (2018)^[8] lists the following branches and languages as separate Malayo-Polynesian branches.

Inati (first-order Malayo-Polynesian subgroup)
Bashiic (3 languages)
Northern Luzon (47 languages)
Central Luzon (10 languages)
Central Philippine (52 languages)
Kalamianen (2 languages)
(other branches)

Reid (2013)^[5] accepts the following branches as well-defined subgroups spoken within the geographical Philippines.

Vocabulary comparison

Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Proto-Austronesian		əsa isa	*duSa	*təlu	*Səpat	*lima	*Cau	*Rumaq	*asu	*niuR	*qalejaw	*baqeRu	*i-kita	*n-anu	*Sapuy
Batanic (Bashiic)	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Yami (Tao)		ása	dóa (raroa)	tílo (tatlo)	apat (ápat)	lima	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	vayo	yaten	ango	apoy
Ivatan		asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	lima	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango	apoy
Northern Luzon	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Ilokano	ibbong awan	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	lima	tao	balay	aso	niog	aldaw	baro	sitayo	ania	apoy
Ibanag	awan	tadday	dua	tallu	appa'	lima	tolay	balay	kitu	niuk	aggaw	bagu	sittam	anni	afi
Gaddang		antet	addwa	tallo	appat	lima	tolay	balay	atu	ayog	aw	bawu	ikkanetam	sanenay	afuy
Pangasinan		sakey	dua duara	talo talora	apat apatira	lima	too	abong	aso	niyog	ageo	balo	sikatayo	anto	pool
Central Luzon	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Kapampangan	ala	métung isâ	adwâ	atlû	ápat	lima	táu	balé	ásu	ngúngut	aldô	báyu	íkatamu	nánu	api
Central Philippine	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Tagalog	wala	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	lima	tao	bahay	aso	niyog	araw	bago	tayo	ano	apoy
Bikol	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Central Bikol	wara	saro	duwa	tulo	upat	lima	tawo	harong	ayam	niyog	adlaw	ba-go	kita	ano	kalayo
Rinconada Bikol		əsad	darwā	tolō	əpat	lima	tawō	baləy	ayam	noyog	aldəw	bāgo	kitā	onō	kalayō
Visayan	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Waray	waray	usa sayo	duha	tulo	upat	lima	tawo	balay	ayam ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Hiligaynon	walay	isa	duwa	tatlo	apat	lima	tawo	balay	ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Asi		usa	ruha	tuyo	upat	lima	tawo	bayay	iro	nidog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ni-o	kayado
Romblomanon		isa	duha	tuyo	upat	lima	tawo	bayay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Onhan		isya	darwa	tatlo	ap-at	lima	tawo	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Kinaray-a	wara	sara	darwa	tatlo	apat	lima	taho	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita tatən	ano	kalayo
Aklanon	uwa	isaea sambilog	daywa	tatlo	ap-at	lima	tawo	baeay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kaeayo
Cebuano	wala	usa	duha	tulo	upat	lima	tawo	balay	iro	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	unsa	kalayo
Tausug		isa hambuuk	duwa	tu	upat	lima	tau	bay	iru'	niyug	adlaw	ba-gu	kitaniyu	unu	kayu
Danao	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Mëranaw		isa	dowa	t'lo	phat	lima	taw	walay	aso	neyog	gawi'e	bago	tano	tonaa	apoy
South Mindanao (Bilic)	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Tboli		sotu	lewu	tlu	fat	lima	tau	gunu	ohu	lefo	kdaw	lomi	tekuy	tedu	ofih
Minahasan	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Tombulu (Minahasa)		esa	zua rua	telu	epat	lima	tou	walé	asu	po'po'	endo	weru	kai kita	apa	api
Sangiric	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Sangirese		sembau esa'	darua	tatelu	epa'	lima	tau	balé	kapuna'	bango'	elo	wuhu	kité	tawé	putung
Gorontalo-Mongondow	0	1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Gorontalo		tuwewu	duluwo	totolu	opato	limo	tawu	bele	'apula	sekat	dulahu	bohu	'ito	wolo	tulu
Mongondow		inta'	dua	tolu	opat	lima	intau	baloi	ungku'	cekut	singgai	mobagu	kita	onda	tulu'

References

↑ Zorc, R.D. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
↑ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
↑ Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez. Current issues in Philippine linguistics pangaral kay Lawrence A. Reid. 2005: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
↑ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
1 2 Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
↑ Reid, Lawrence. 1982. The demise of Proto-Philippines. In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers, ed. by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington, and Stephen Wurm, 201-216. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 75. Canberra: Australian National University.
↑ Reid, Lawrence. 2017. Revisiting the position of Philippine languages in the Austronesian family. The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
1 2 Reid, Lawrence A. 2018. "Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009006

K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.

External links

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[1] Zorc, R.D. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.

[2] Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.

[3] Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez. Current issues in Philippine linguistics pangaral kay Lawrence A. Reid. 2005: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.

[4] Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)

[Reid2013-5] 1 2 Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.

[6] Reid, Lawrence. 1982. The demise of Proto-Philippines. In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers, ed. by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington, and Stephen Wurm, 201-216. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 75. Canberra: Australian National University.

[7] Reid, Lawrence. 2017. Revisiting the position of Philippine languages in the Austronesian family. The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.

[Reid2018-8] 1 2 Reid, Lawrence A. 2018. "Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009006