Philippine Negrito languages
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other,[1] and are listed here merely as an aid to identification.
Classification
Lobel (2013)
Lobel (2013)[1] lists the following Black Filipino (i.e., Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic groups.
- Northern Luzon
(Lobel (2010)[2] lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of Luzon Island, listed from north to south.)
- Dupaningan Agta (Northern Luzon branch)
- Pahanan Agta
- Casiguran Agta
- Umiray Dumaget
- Remontado Dumagat
- Inagta Alabat
- Manide (unclassified)
- Inagta Partido
- Inagta Rinconada
Furthermore, Robinson & Lobel (2013)[3] argue that Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, and Paranan do not belong to the Northern Cordilleran branch, but rather a new branch that they call Northeastern Luzon, which they consider to be a primary branch of the Northern Luzon (Cordilleran) group.
- Zambales Mountains
- Ayta Mag-indi
- Ayta Mag-anchi
- Ayta Abellen
- Ayta Ambala
- Ayta Bataan (aka Ayta Magbukun)
- Southern Luzon
- Inagta Rinconada
- Inagta Partido
- Manide
- Inagta Alabat (and Inagta Lopez)
- Southern Philippines
- Inata (possibly 2 dialects)
- Inati (Inete) (2 dialects?)
- Mamanwa
- Batak (5-8 dialects)
- Iraya (Mangyan)
- Ata/Tigwa/Matigsalug Manobo
- Extinct varieties
- Mount Iraya Agta (AKA East Lake Buhi Agta)
- Inagta Alabat
- Dicamay Agta: spoken on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela; reportedly exterminated by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974 (Headland 2003:7)
- Villa Viciosa Agta
Reid (1994)
Reid (1994) lists the following Negrito languages.[4]
- North Agta
- Arta - 12 remaining speakers in Aglipay, Quirino, in 1990
- Alta
- North Alta - spoken in Aurora Province
- South Alta (Kabuluen) - spoken in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan Provinces
- Central Agta - spoken in eastern Luzon; includes Umiray
- South Agta
- Sinauna
- Ayta - 6 different languages spoken in the Zambales Mountains according to Wimbel (1986):[5]
- Other Philippine Negrito languages
Ethnologue adds extinct and unclassified Katabaga of southern Luzon.
Unique vocabulary
Lobel (2010)[6] lists the following percentage of unique vocabulary items out of 1,000 compared words in these Negrito languages, which Reid (1994)[7] suggests are lexical remnants from the pre-Austronesian substrata that these Negrito languages may have. Manide and Umiray Dumaget have the most unique vocabulary items.
- Manide: 28.5%
- Umiray Dumaget: 23%
- Inate: 9%
- Mamanwa: 7%
- Batak: 1%
- Inagta Rinconada; Inagta Partido: 2%
Other Southeast Asian languages with high proportions of unique vocabulary of possible isolate origin include the Enggano language of Indonesia and the Kenaboi language of Malaysia.
Reid (1994)
Reid (1994)[4] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements in Philippine Negrito languages.
No. | Gloss | Reconstructed form | Attested branches |
---|---|---|---|
1. | rattan | *lati | North Agta, Alta |
2. | rat | *kuyəŋ | North Agta, Alta, Central Agta |
3. | ashamed | *aməs | North Agta, Alta, Central Agta |
4. | vein | *litid | North Agta, Alta, Central Agta |
5. | bury, inter | *tapuR | North Agta, Alta, Central Agta |
6. | pity, kindness | *Rəbi | North Agta, Arta, Alta |
7. | snake | *babak | Alta, Central Agta, Sinauna |
8. | thirst | *pələk | North Agta, Arta |
9. | hunt | *purab | North Agta, Arta |
10. | deer, buck | *b[ia]dut | North Agta, Arta |
11. | fingernail | *[l]usip | North Agta, Arta |
12. | penis | *g[ia]ləŋ | North Agta, Arta |
13. | wall | *gəsəd | North Agta, Arta |
14. | dog, puppy | *lapul | North Agta, Arta |
15. | fire | *dukut | North Agta, Arta |
16. | hair, feather | *pulug | North Agta, Arta |
17. | boil (v.) | *ləbut | North Agta, Alta |
18. | forget | *liksap | North Agta, Alta |
19. | summit | *taltay/*taytay | North Agta, Alta |
20. | forehead | *[l]aŋas | North Agta, South Agta |
21. | summit | *kurut | North Agta, South Agta |
22. | fragrant | *səlub | Arta, Alta |
23. | buttocks | *sula | Alta, Central Agta |
24. | fast | *paripari | Alta, Central Agta |
25. | know (s.o.) | *abuyan | Alta, Central Agta |
26. | leaf | *agid | Alta, Central Agta |
27. | man, male | *patud | Alta, Central Agta |
28. | see | *lawi[g] | Alta, Central Agta |
29. | wall | *sagbuŋ | Alta, Central Agta |
30. | shoulder | *sugbuŋ/*subuŋ(-an) | Alta, South Agta |
31. | run | *kaldit | Alta, South Agta |
32. | betel leaf | *li[t]lit | Alta, Ayta |
33. | waterfall | *gərəy | Central Agta, Sinauna |
34. | accompany | *ilan | North Alta, South Alta |
35. | know | *ənul | North Alta, South Alta |
36. | lazy | *b[ia]kət | North Alta, South Alta |
37. | pregnant | *tuyud | North Alta, South Alta |
38. | sleep | *puləd | North Alta, South Alta |
39. | heavy | *dəgi | North Agta |
40. | thick | *bagəl | North Agta |
41. | bitter | *təkak | North Agta |
42. | butterfly | *lullu/*lilli | North Agta |
43. | dry in sun | *sarun | North Agta |
44. | hear | *tima[n, ŋ] | North Agta |
45. | hunt | *lagum | North Agta |
46. | mountain | *amugud | North Agta |
47. | old (obj.) | *ligid | North Agta |
48. | sun | *pamalak | North Agta |
49. | termite | *sarik | North Agta |
50. | throw (away) | *tugbak | North Agta |
51. | fingernail | *lu/*[l]udis | North Agta |
52. | run | *buyut | North Agta |
53. | wing | *kəpig | North Agta |
54. | throw | *b[ia]sag | North Agta |
55. | waterfall | *sənad | North Agta |
56. | shoulder | *dapi | North Agta |
57. | call | *dulaw | North Agta |
58. | sweat | *asub | North Agta |
59. | butterfly | *lumlum/*limlim | North Agta |
60. | sit | *tugkuk | North Agta |
61. | thirst | *g[ia]mtaŋ | North Agta |
62. | urine | *sitəb | North Agta |
63. | walk | *sugut | North Agta |
64. | hear | *sanig | North Agta |
65. | rattan | *karat | North Agta |
66. | run | *gutuk | North Agta |
67. | salt | *b[ia]gəl | North Agta |
68. | afternoon | (ma-)*lutəp | Arta |
69. | arrive | *digdig | Arta |
70. | bone | *sagnit | Arta |
71. | butterfly | *pippun | Arta |
72. | drink | *tim | Arta |
73. | ear | *ibəŋ | Arta |
74. | lime | *ŋusu | Arta |
75. | man, male | *gilaŋ(-an) | Arta |
76. | mosquito | *buŋur | Arta |
77. | old (man) | *dupu | Arta |
78. | one | *sipaŋ | Arta |
79. | rain | *punəd | Arta |
80. | run | *gurugud | Arta |
81. | say, tell | *bud | Arta |
82. | sleep | *idəm | Arta |
83. | two | *təlip | Arta |
84. | burn | *təmuk | North Alta |
85. | call | *ŋuk | North Alta |
86. | collapse | *bəwəl | North Alta |
87. | depart | *əg[ʔk]aŋ | North Alta |
88. | fruit | *ian | North Alta |
89. | hear | *tibəŋ | North Alta |
90. | hit, strike | *pu[ʔk]na | North Alta |
91. | lie down | *ədsaŋ | North Alta |
92. | locust | *pəsal | North Alta |
93. | long | *lə[ʔk]aw | North Alta |
94. | penis | *gəyət | North Alta |
95. | put, place | *dətun | North Alta |
96. | red | *silit | North Alta |
97. | seek | *alyuk | North Alta |
98. | stand | *payuŋ | North Alta |
99. | wait | *tanud | North Alta |
100. | ant | *il[əu]m | South Alta |
101. | black | *lit[əu]b | South Alta |
102. | blow (v.) | *uswa | South Alta |
103. | burn | *tiduk | South Alta |
104. | bury, inter | *laba | South Alta |
105. | butterfly | (ma-)*lawak | South Alta |
106. | buttocks | *timuy | South Alta |
107. | call | *gawi | South Alta |
108. | carabao | *uduŋ(-an) | South Alta |
109. | cry | *kəbi | South Alta |
110. | deep | *tanaw | South Alta |
111. | fall (v.) | *pagpag | South Alta |
112. | fight/quarrel | *itaw | South Alta |
113. | fingernail | *lunu | South Alta |
114. | loincloth | *g[ia]nat | South Alta |
115. | long (time) | *təwali | South Alta |
116. | other (diff.) | *kalad | South Alta |
117. | put, place | *bənu | South Alta |
118. | rain | *dəsu | South Alta |
119. | sit | *laŋad | South Alta |
120. | stand | *piad | South Alta |
121. | tail | *lambuŋ | South Alta |
122. | three | *saŋay | South Alta |
123. | tree, wood | *lab[ia]t | South Alta |
124. | true | *kuduR | South Alta |
125. | vagina | (i-)*plaŋ | South Alta |
126. | widow, widower | (na-)*dit | South Alta |
127. | wind | *kabu(-an) | South Alta |
128. | bone | *kaks(-an) | Central Agta |
129. | call | *ulaŋ | Central Agta |
130. | climb | *dawit | Central Agta |
131. | crocodile | (maŋ-)*atu | Central Agta |
132. | feather | *putput | Central Agta |
133. | hair | *sapuk | Central Agta |
134. | hunt | *ikag | Central Agta |
135. | ladle | *lukuy | Central Agta |
136. | long (time) | *luy | Central Agta |
137. | no, not | *eyen | Central Agta |
138. | pound | *buntul | Central Agta |
139. | rain | *tapuk | Central Agta |
140. | run | *g[ia]kan | Central Agta |
141. | sand | *laŋas | Central Agta |
142. | sit | *lipa | Central Agta |
143. | sleep | *pida | Central Agta |
144. | stand | *[uə]di | Central Agta |
145. | sweat | *aldut/*ald[ia]t | Central Agta |
146. | vagina | *kin(-an) | Central Agta |
147. | water, river | *urat | Central Agta |
148. | white | *lapsay | Central Agta |
149. | fire | *adiŋ | South Agta |
150. | mosquito | *kubuŋ | South Agta |
151. | shoulder | *mugmug(-an) | South Agta |
152. | sleep | *lubat | South Agta |
153. | child | *ubun | Sinauna |
154. | leaf | *hayin | Sinauna |
155. | sit | *səna | Sinauna |
156. | stone | *igaŋ | Sinauna |
157. | wind | *rugus | Sinauna |
158. | see | *ələw | Ayta |
References
- 1 2 Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
- ↑ Lobel, Jason William. 2010. Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 2.
- ↑ Robinson, Laura C. and Jason William Lobel (2013). "The Northeastern Luzon Subgroup of Philippine Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 52.1 (2013): 125-168.
- 1 2 Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages." In Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37-72.
- ↑ Wimbish, John. 1986. The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study. In Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, vol. 30:133-142.
- ↑ Lobel, Jason William. 2010. Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 2.
- ↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 33: 37-72.
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
- Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
External links
- Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
- Cognate sets for Austronesian languages