Tutong language

Tutong
Tutong 2
Region Brunei
Native speakers
 17,000 (2006)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 ttg
Glottolog tuto1241[2]

The Tutong language, also known as Tutong 2, is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in Brunei. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the Tutong District of Brunei.

Classification

Tutong is an Austronesian language and belongs to the Rejang-Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sarawak, Malaysia.[3] Tutong is related to the Belait language and roughly 54% of the words come from a common root.[4]

Language use

Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and code-mix or code-shift with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.[5] The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0-6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.[3][6] This means it is considered endangered.

Nonetheless, there is interest in revitalizing the language. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD).[7] Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's Language Agency) published a Tutong-Malay, Malay-Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.[3][7]

Resources

  • Haji Ramlee Tunggal. 2005. Struktur Bahasa Tutong. Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
  • Noor Azam OKMB Haji-Othman. 2005. Changes in the linguistic diversity of Negara Brunei Darussalam: An ecological perspective. Leicester: University of Leicester dissertation.

References

  1. ↑ Tutong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tutong". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. 1 2 3 "Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam?". Oceanic Linguistics. 34. doi:10.2307/3623110.
  4. ↑ Nothofer, Bernd. 1991 . The languages of Brunei Darussalam. In H. Steinhauer (ed.) Papers in Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics A-81:1
  5. ↑ Clynes, Adrian. "Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei". Language Documentation and Conservation. 6.
  6. ↑ "Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei". Oceanic Linguistics. 49. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0063.
  7. 1 2 "Strategies for revitalizing endangered Borneo languages: A comparison between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia". Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 14.
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