Near-close front unrounded vowel

Near-close front unrounded vowel
ɪ
IPA number 319
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɪ
Unicode (hex) U+026A
X-SAMPA I
Kirshenbaum I
Braille ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) 
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The near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, i.e. a small capital letter i. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.[2] Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.[3] Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.[4] Despite that, some modern writings[5] still use it.

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ɪ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed [i̽] or [ï̞]), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ is near-close near-front unrounded vowel.[6] However, some languages have the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel, a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of [ɪ], though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized [i]. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation)[7][8][9] as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),[10][11] and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ɪ⟩) in narrow transcription. Certain sources[12] may even use ⟨ɪ⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel, but that is rare. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ (or ⟨i⟩), see close-mid front unrounded vowel.

In some other languages (such as Danish, Luxembourgish and Sotho)[13][14][15][16] there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal [i] and [e]), which can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ̟⟩, ⟨i̞⟩ or ⟨e̝⟩.

Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol ⟨i⟩, which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[17]meter[ˈmɪ̞ˑtɐr]'meter'Close-mid. Allophone of /ɪə/ in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [ɪə̯ ~ ɪ̯ə ~ ɪə].[17] See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicKuwaiti[18]بِنْت‎[bɪnt]'girl'Corresponds to /i/ in Classical Arabic.[18][19] See Arabic phonology
Lebanese[19]لبنان‎[lɪbnɛːn]'Lebanon'
Burmese[20]မျီ[mjɪʔ]'root'Allophone of /i/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.[20]
Chickasaw[21][pi̞sɜ]'she looks
at him'		Fully front;[21] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
ChineseShanghainese[22]一 / ih[ɪ̞ʔ˥]'one'Close-mid; appears only in closed syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɛ/ ([e̠]), which appears only in open syllables.[22]
CipuTirisino dialect[23]n-upití[n ù pì̞tí̞]'while he stepped'Fully front;[23] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
CzechBohemian[24]byli[ˈbɪlɪ]'they were'The quality has been variously described as near-close near-front [ɪ][24] and close-mid front [ɪ̟˕].[25] It corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[25] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[13][15]hel[ˈhe̝ːˀl]'whole'Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[13][15] It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.[26] The Danish vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ⟩ is pronounced similarly to the short /e/.[27] See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[28][29][30]blik [blɪk]'glance'The Standard Northern realization is near-close [ɪ],[28][29] but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid [ɪ̞].[30] Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal [i].[31] See Dutch phonology
EnglishCalifornian[7]bit [bɪ̞t]'bit'Close-mid.[7][8] See English phonology
General American[8]
Estuary[32][bɪʔt]Can be fully front [ɪ̟], near-front [ɪ] or close-mid [ɪ̞], with other realizations also being possible.[32]
Norfolk[33]
Received Pronunciation[9][34]Close-mid [ɪ̞] for younger speakers, near-close [ɪ] for older speakers.[9][34]
Some speakers of West Midlands English[35]The height varies between near-close [ɪ] and close-mid [ɪ̞]; can be close [i] instead.[35]
General Australian[36][bɪ̟t]Fully front;[36] also described as close [i].[37] See Australian English phonology
Inland Northern American[38][bɪt]The quality varies between near-close near-front [ɪ], near-close central [ɪ̈], close-mid near-front [ɪ̞] and close-mid central [ɘ].[38]
Philadelphian[39]The height varies between near-close [ɪ] and close-mid [ɪ̞].[39]
Northern England[40]
Welsh[41][42][43]Near-close [ɪ] in Abercrave and Port Talbot, close-mid [ɪ̞] in Cardiff.[41][42][43]
Irish[44][bɪθ̠]Near-front [ɪ]; can be fully front [ɪ̟] in some Dublin accents.[45]
New Zealand[46][47]bed[be̝d]'bed'The quality varies between near-close front [e̝], near-close near-front [ɪ], close-mid front [e] and close-mid near-front [e̠].[46] It is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨e⟩. In the cultivated variety, it is mid [e̞].[47] See New Zealand English phonology
Some Australian speakers[48]Close-mid [e] in General Australian, may be even lower for some other speakers.[48] See Australian English phonology
Some South African speakers[49]Used by some General and Broad speakers. In the Broad variety, it is usually lower [ɛ], whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid [e] instead.[49] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨e⟩. See South African English phonology
Faroese[50]lint[lɪn̥t]'soft'See Faroese phonology
FrenchQuebec[51]petite[pət͡sɪt]'small'Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables.[51] See Quebec French phonology
Galician[52][53]onte[ˈɔn̪t̪ɪ]'yesterday'Unstressed allophone of /i/ and /e/.[52][53] See Galician phonology
Gayo[54]tingkep[tɪŋˈkəp]'window'Possible allophone of /i/ and /e/; in both cases the backness varies between fully front and near-front.[54]
GermanStandard[55][56][57]bitte [ˈbɪtə]'please'Described variously as fully front [ɪ̟],[55] near-front [ɪ][56] and close-mid [ɪ̞].[57] For some speakers, it may be as high as [i].[58] See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialect[59]Wind[ʋɪ̞n̪t̪]'wind'Close-mid.[59]
Some Swiss dialects[60][61]Chìng[ɣ̊ɪŋː]'child'The example word is from the Bernese dialect.
Hindustani[62]इरादा/ارادہ‎[ɪˈɾäːd̪ä]'intention'See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian[63]visz[vɪs]'to carry'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[10][11]vinur[ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ]'friend'Close-mid.[10][11] See Icelandic phonology
Kaingang[64]firi [ɸɪˈɾi]'rattlesnake'Atonic allophone of /i/ and /e/.[65]
LatinClassical [66]nix[nɪks]'snow'
LimburgishMost dialects[67][68]hin[ɦɪ̞n]'chicken'Near-close [ɪ][68] or close-mid [ɪ̞],[67] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Weert dialect[69]zeen[zɪːn]'to be'Allophone of /eə/ before nasals.[69]
Low German[70]licht[lɪçt]'(he) lies'
Luxembourgish[14]Been[be̝ːn]'leg'Fully front, may be as high as [iː] for some speakers.[14] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩. See Luxembourgish phonology
Maltese[71]Ikel[ɪkɛl]'food'
Mongolian[72]хир[xɪɾɘ̆]'hillside'
Northern PaiuteMono Lake dialect[73]üdütü[ɪdɪtɪ]'hot'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩.
NorwegianUrban East[74][75]litt[li̞tː]'a little'Fully front;[74][75] also described as close [i].[76] See Norwegian phonology
PortugueseBrazilian[77]cine[ˈsinɪ]'cine'Reduction and neutralization of unstressed /e/ (can be epenthetic), /ɛ/ and /i/. Can be voiceless. See Portuguese phonology
RipuarianKerkrade dialect[78]rikke[ˈʀɪkə]'to reach'
RomanianBanat dialect[79]râu[rɪw]'river'Corresponds to [ɨ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[80][81]дерево [ˈdʲerʲɪvə]'tree'Backness varies between fully front and near-front. It occurs only in unstressed syllables.[80][81] See Russian phonology
Sandawe[82]dtine[tì̞né]'trap'Fully front;[82] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Saterland Frisian[83]Dee[de̝ː]'dough'Phonetic realization of /eː/ and /ɪ/. Near-close front [e̝ː] in the former case, close-mid near-front [ɪ̞] in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to /ɛː/ ([e̠ː]).[83]
ScotsGlenoe dialect[84]spuin[spɪn]'spoon'May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ̈⟩.
Sema[85]pi[pì̞]'to say'Fully front;[85] also described as close [i].[86]
Shiwiar[87]Allophone of /i/.[87]
Sinhalese[88][ˈpi̞ɾi̞mi̞]'male'Fully front;[88] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Slovak[89][90]rýchly[ˈri̞ːxli̞]'fast'Typically fully front.[89] See Slovak phonology
SloveneStandard[91]mira[ˈmɪ̀ːɾä]'myrrh'Allophone of /i/ before /r/.[91] See Slovene phonology
Sotho[16]ho leka[hʊ̠lɪ̟kʼɑ̈]'to attempt'Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[16] See Sotho phonology
SpanishEastern Andalusian[92]mis[mɪ̟ː]'my' (pl.)Fully front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[92]
SwedishCentral Standard[93][94]sill [s̪ɪ̟l̪ː]'herring'The quality has been variously described as close-mid front [ɪ̟˕],[93] near-close front [ɪ̟][94] and close front [i].[95] See Swedish phonology
Tamambo[96]cili[xi̞li̞]'to tickle'Fully front;[96] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Temne[97]pim[pí̞m]'pick'Fully front;[97] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Tera[98]pili[pí̞lí̞]'table mat'Fully front;[98] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩.
Turkish[99]müşteri[my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ]'customer'Allophone of /i/ described variously as "word-final"[99] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[100] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[101][102]ходити[xoˈdɪtɪ]'to walk'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[103]być[bɪt͡ʃ]'to be'Allophone of /i/ after hard consonants.[103] See Upper Sorbian phonology
West FrisianStandard[104][105]ik[ɪk]'I'See West Frisian phonology
Hindeloopers[106]beast[bɪːst]'beast'Corresponds to /ɪə/ in Standard West Frisian.
Yoruba[107]Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ĩ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ĩ] instead.[107]

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ "IPA Fonts: General Advice". International Phonetic Association. 2015. With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel (ɪ, U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the dental click (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)
  3. ↑ Sans-serif fonts with serifed ɪ (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans.
    On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on ɪ as well as capital I.
    Finally, both are serifless in Calibri.
  4. ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 167.
  5. ↑ Such as Árnason (2011)
  6. ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 13, 168, 180.
  7. 1 2 3 Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
  8. 1 2 3 Wells (1982), p. 486.
  9. 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 90.
  10. 1 2 3 Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  11. 1 2 3 Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  12. ↑ Such as Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012).
  13. 1 2 3 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  14. 1 2 3 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  15. 1 2 3 Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  16. 1 2 3 Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  17. 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 119.
  18. 1 2 Ayyad (2011), p. ?.
  19. 1 2 Khattab (2007), p. ?.
  20. 1 2 Watkins (2001), p. 293.
  21. 1 2 Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2001), p. 288.
  22. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  23. 1 2 McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
  24. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  25. 1 2 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–229.
  26. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  27. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
  28. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 128.
  29. 1 2 Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  30. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  31. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  32. 1 2 Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
  33. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  34. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 291.
  35. 1 2 Clark (2004), p. 137.
  36. 1 2 Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  37. ↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  38. 1 2 Gordon (2004), pp. 294, 296.
  39. 1 2 Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  40. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  41. 1 2 Tench (1990), p. 135.
  42. 1 2 Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  43. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  44. ↑ Wells (1982), pp. 421–422.
  45. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 422.
  46. 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  47. 1 2 Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
  48. 1 2 Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 65, 67.
  49. 1 2 Bowerman (2004), pp. 936–937.
  50. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  51. 1 2 Walker (1984), pp. 51–60.
  52. 1 2 Regueira (2010), pp. 13–14.
  53. 1 2 Freixeiro Mato (2006), p. 112.
  54. 1 2 Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
  55. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 87.
  56. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013), p. 234.
  57. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  58. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  59. 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  60. ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
  61. ↑ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 247.
  62. ↑ Ohala (1999), p. 102.
  63. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  64. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  65. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  66. ↑ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  67. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  68. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  69. 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. ?.
  70. ↑ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  71. ↑ Borg (1997), p. ?.
  72. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  73. ↑ Babel, Houser & Toosarvandani (2012), p. 240.
  74. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
  75. 1 2 Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 18.
  76. ↑ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15–16.
  77. ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  78. ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
  79. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  80. 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969), p. 37.
  81. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
  82. 1 2 Eaton (2006), p. 237.
  83. 1 2 Peters (2017), p. ?.
  84. ↑ Gregg (1953).
  85. 1 2 Teo (2012), p. 368.
  86. ↑ Teo (2014), p. 27.
  87. 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  88. 1 2 Perera & Jones (1919), pp. 5, 9.
  89. 1 2 Pavlík (2004), pp. 93, 95.
  90. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
  91. 1 2 Jurgec (2007), p. 3.
  92. 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  93. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  94. 1 2 Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  95. ↑ Dahlstedt (1967), p. 16.
  96. 1 2 Riehl & Jauncey (2005), p. 257.
  97. 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
  98. 1 2 Tench (2007), p. 230.
  99. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  100. ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  101. ↑ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
  102. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  103. 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
  104. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  105. ↑ de Haan (2010), pp. 332–333.
  106. ↑ van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  107. 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

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