Bilabial trill

Bilabial trill
ʙ
IPA number 121
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʙ
Unicode (hex) U+0299
X-SAMPA B\
Kirshenbaum b<trl>
Braille ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)&#x20;⠃ (braille pattern dots-12)&#x20;
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The bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ʙ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B\.

In many of the languages in which the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalized bilabial stop with trilled release, [mbʙ]. That developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high back vowel like [mbu]. In such instances, the sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following [u]. However, the trills in Mangbetu may precede any vowel and are sometimes preceded by only a nasal.

A few languages, such as Mangbetu of Congo and Ninde of Vanuatu, have both a voiced and a voiceless bilabial trill.[1][2]

There is also a very rare voiceless alveolar bilabially trilled affricate, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (written ⟨tᵖ̃⟩ in Everett & Kern) reported from Pirahã and from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wari’ and Oro Win. The sound also appears as an allophone of the labialized voiceless alveolar stop /tʷ/ of Abkhaz and Ubykh, but in those languages it is more often realised by a doubly articulated stop [t͡p]. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y].

Features

Features of the bilabial trill:

  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Kele[3] [ᵐʙulim] 'face'
Kom [ʙ̥ɨmɨ] 'to believe'
Komi-Permyak[4] [ʙuɲgag] 'dung beetle' Generally paralinguistic. This is the only true word it is found in.
Lizu[5][6] [tʙ̩˥˩] 'bean' Syllabic; allophone of /u/ after initial /pʰ, p, b, tʰ, t, d/.[5]
Medumba [mʙʉ́] 'dog'
Neverver[7] [naɣaᵐʙ̥] 'fire, firewood'
Ngwe Lebang dialect [àʙɨ́ ́] 'ash'
Nias simbi [siʙi] 'lower jaw'
Pará Arára[8] [ʙ̥uta] 'to throw away' rare, voiceless
Pirahã kaoáíbogi [kàò̯áí̯ʙòˈɡì] 'evil spirit' Allophone of /b/ before /o/
Pumi[6] [pʙ̩˥] 'to dig' Syllabic; allophone of /ə/ after /pʰ, p, b, tʰ, t, d/.
Sercquiais fritt [ʙ̥rɪt] 'crop'
Titan[3] [ᵐʙutukei] 'wooden plate'
Ubykh[3] [t͡ʙ̥aχəbza] 'Ubykh language' Allophone of /tʷ/. See Ubykh phonology
Unua[9] [ᵐʙue] 'pig'
Wari’ [t͡ʙ̥ot͡ʙ̥oweʔ] 'chicken'
Sangtam [t ͡ʙʰʌ ̀][10] 'plate' Phonemic, as /t ͡ʙ/, found in /t ͡ʙaŋ/ 'needle'[10]

The Knorkator song "[Buchstabe]" (the actual title is a glyph) on the 1999 album Hasenchartbreaker uses a similar sound to replace "br" in a number of German words (e.g. [ˈʙaːtkaʁtɔfəln] for Bratkartoffeln).

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Linguist Wins Symbolic Victory for 'Labiodental Flap'. NPR (2005-12-17). Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  2. ↑ LINGUIST List 8.45: Bilabial trill. Linguistlist.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  3. 1 2 3 Ladefoged (2005:165)
  4. ↑ Wichmann, Yrjö; Uotila, T. E. (1942). Syrjänischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptzügen der Formenlehre. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  5. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013:78)
  6. 1 2 Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli" (Archive). In Languages and Linguistics 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
  7. ↑ See pp.33-34 of: Barbour, Julie (2012). A Grammar of Neverver. Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110289619.
  8. ↑ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010). "3". A Phonological Description of “Pet Talk” in Arara (PDF) (MA). SIL Brazil. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  9. ↑ Dimock (2005:19)
  10. 1 2 Coupe, Alexander (2016), "Prestopped bilabial trills in Sangtam", Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, 10-14 August 2015 .

References

  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Dimock, Laura (2005). "The Bilabial Trill in Unua" (PDF). Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics. 17: 17–33. ISSN 1170-1978.
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
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